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The Myth of al-GhazÄlÄ« and Islamic Decline: A Historical Clarification and Review
Get PDFThis study aims to investigate the causes of the decline of science in the Islamic world, considering three conventional theses proposed by liberal Muslim and Western intellectuals: internal and external factors. The first thesis attributes the decline to Al-GhazÄlī’s supposed rejection of science as depicted in his TahÄfut al-falÄsifa (The Incoherence of the Philosophers), followed by the Islamic world, leading to its decline. Meanwhile, the second thesis identifies the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 1258 as the main cause. The last thesis stated that the decline causes by the banning of printing press by Ottoman Empire specifically at the time of Sultan Bayezid II in 1485 and Selim I in 1515. Applying historical analysis method, this research seeks to uncover the truth behind these theses by examining relevant literature. Surprisingly, the results contradict the initial assumptions. The first thesis is rejected as Al-GhazÄlÄ« did not reject science but rather supported it. His views were misunderstood by his detractors. Additionally, after the Al-Ghazali era, science and philosophy continued to thrive in the Islamic world. Similarly, the second thesis is also refuted as science and philosophy persisted and developed despite the Mongol invasion of Baghdad. Within a year of the invasion, the Maragha Observatory was established under the guidance of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, a renowned Muslim scientist. This observatory became a global scientific hub, making significant contributions to mathematics and astronomy. The final proposition is similarly dismissed, as the Ottoman Sultans did not categorically dismiss the concept of the printing press; instead, they opted for a temporary restriction on its utilization within particular societal segments. This action was motivated by the apprehension that unrestricted access to the printing press among specific groups could possibly result in adverse political and economic outcomes for the larger Muslim community. To offer an alternative perspective, this study utilizes Janet Abu-Lughod’s European hegemonic approach, stemming from Immanuel Wallerstein’s world-system theory. By applying this approach, the author argues that the waning of scientific advancement in the Islamic world can be traced back to Western hegemony and its dominance over the Muslim realm.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki penyebab mundurnya ilmu pengetahuan di dunia Islam, mempertimbangkan tiga tesis konvensional yang diajukan oleh intelektual Muslim liberal dan Barat: faktor internal dan eksternal. Tesis pertama mengatribusikan penurunan tersebut pada penolakan ilmu pengetahuan yang disinyalkan oleh Al-GhazÄlÄ« dalam karyanya TahÄfut al-falÄsifa (Ketidaksesuaian Para Filosof), yang kemudian diikuti oleh dunia Islam, mengakibatkan kemunduran. Sementara itu, tesis kedua mengidentifikasi invasi Mongol ke Baghdad pada tahun 1258 sebagai penyebab utama. Tesis terakhir menyatakan bahwa penurunan disebabkan oleh larangan mesin cetak oleh Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, khususnya pada masa Sultan Bayezid II pada tahun 1485 dan Selim I pada tahun 1515. Dengan menerapkan metode analisis sejarah, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap kebenaran di balik tesis-tesis ini dengan memeriksa literatur yang relevan. Hasilnya, secara mengejutkan, menentang asumsi awal. Tesis pertama ditolak karena Al-GhazÄlÄ« sebenarnya tidak menolak ilmu pengetahuan, tetapi justru mendukungnya. Pandangannya disalahpahami oleh para penentangnya. Selain itu, setelah era Al-Ghazali, ilmu pengetahuan dan filsafat terus berkembang di dunia Islam. Demikian pula, tesis kedua juga ditolak karena ilmu pengetahuan dan filsafat tetap bertahan dan berkembang meskipun invasi Mongol ke Baghdad. Dalam waktu setahun setelah invasi, Observatorium Maragha didirikan di bawah bimbingan Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, seorang ilmuwan Muslim terkemuka. Observatorium ini menjadi pusat ilmiah global, memberikan kontribusi signifikan pada bidang matematika dan astronomi. Proposisi terakhir juga ditolak, karena Sultan-sultan Utsmaniyah tidak secara kategoris menolak konsep mesin cetak; sebaliknya, mereka memilih untuk membatasi penggunaannya secara sementara dalam segmen masyarakat tertentu. Tindakan ini dipotret oleh kekhawatiran bahwa akses yang tidak terbatas kepada mesin cetak di kalangan kelompok tertentu dapat menghasilkan dampak politik dan ekonomi yang merugikan bagi komunitas Muslim yang lebih luas. Untuk menawarkan perspektif alternatif, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan hegemoni Eropa oleh Janet Abu-Lughod, yang bersumber dari teori sistem dunia Immanuel Wallerstein. Dengan menerapkan pendekatan ini, penulis berargumen bahwa penurunan kemajuan ilmiah di dunia Islam dapat ditelusuri kembali ke hegemoni Barat dan dominasinya atas ranah Muslim
Dampak Pengungsi Timur Tengah Terhadap Stabilitas Ekonomi, Sosial, Politik Italia Tahun 2015-2021
Get PDFKonflik yang terjadi di negara-negara Timur Tengah mengakibatkan keadaan yang tidak kondusif bagi penduduk lokal. Penduduk mulai merasakan tidak adanya rasa aman, terjadinya pelanggaran hak asasi manusia, serta terjadinya penurunan stabilitas ekonomi negara yang menyebabkan tidak terpenuhinya kebutuhan para penduduk seperti makanan, tempat tinggal dan fasilitas yang menjamin kehidupan yang layak untuk para penduduk lokal. Konflik yang memuncak pada tahun 2015 di Timur Tengah tersebut membuat penduduk lokal memilih untuk meninggalkan negaranya dengan mengharapkan adanya perlindungan yang di dapatkan dari masyarakat global. Pengungsi memilih negara yang letak geografisnya dekat dengan negara asal. salah satunya adalah negara Italia yang menjadi negara tujuan para pengungsi. Perpindahan yang dilakukan oleh pengungsi ini berdampak pada stabilitas ekonomi, sosial serta politik Italia yang memuncak pada tahun 2015. Adapun penelitian ini berupa penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Kerangka teori dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teori liberalisme, selain itu terdapat konsep pengungsi internasional, konsep kerjasama internasional serta konvensi 1951 Tentang Status Pengungsi juga di gunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa masuknya para pengungsi sejak tahun 2015-2021 lebih banyak memberikan dampak negatif terhadap keadaan ekonomi, sosial serta politik Italia, dibandingkan dengan dampak positif yang hanya berdampak pada stabilitas ekonomi Italia.Â
IDENTITY, CULTURE, AND SECURITY: HUNGARY'S DIFFERING POSITIONS ON MUSLIM AND NON-MUSLIM REFUGEES IN THE 2015 AND 2022 EUROPEAN REFUGEE CRISIS
Get PDFThe European refugee problem has attracted global attention, especially amid the influxes of people in 2015 and 2022. Hungary, being a member state of the European Union, shown divergent stances towards refugees originating from the Middle East and Ukraine. The purpose of this essay is to examine Hungary's unique position regarding refugees, both Muslim and non-Muslim, during times of crisis, and to clarify the underlying causes behind these positions. This analysis examines how Hungary's attitude to refugees was influenced by cultural identity and national security, using the constructivism theory proposed by Peter J. Katzenstein and the notion of Migration and Security. Research findings suggest that Hungary's position towards Muslim migrants was greatly influenced by unfavourable stigmas connected with Islam and worries regarding national security. Additionally, these beliefs were additionally shaped by the political dynamics and domestic policies of Hungary. This study provides deep insights into the interrelation of identity, culture, and national security in influencing a nation's approach to refugees.
Keywords: Refugee Crisis, Muslim Refugees, Non-Muslim Refugees, Hungar
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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