103,243 research outputs found
Sthenaster emmae Mah 2010
No full textSthenaster emmae Mah et al. 2010 Figure 17 A–D In situ images of this species were identified based on the distinctive arrangement of abactinal plates as well as the wide superomarginal interradial plates. This is contrasted with those in Gilbertaster which are more elongate. Color in life of this species is white on the disk surface with darker orange plates. Arms are a more solid colored light orange. A second morphotype, of what is interpreted as a smaller individual was a uniform pink-brown in color. New observations of this species in conjunction with the extensive survey observations of Okeanos Explorer throughout the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent regions show occurrence to be limited to the southeastern coastal region of North America, specifically, the Savannah Banks and Central Plateau Scarp region. Feeding & Other Observations Imagery collected by the Okeanos Explorer are the first clear observations of this species in situ and apparently feeding on prey. Initial determination of the predatory status of Sthenaster emmae was based primarily on gut contents of the holotype, which included spicules from Eunicella modesta (Verrill 1883) as well as unclear video. Video observations captured one small individual on a denuded stalk projecting from dead Lophelia. Other imagery captured Sthenaster with a swollen disk possibly hunched over an unidentified prey item. Occurrence: Savannah Banks and off the coast of Jacksonville, FL, Central Plateau Scarp and Richardson’s Jellyfish, 252– 874 m. Images Examined Central Plateau Scarp, 30.924592, -78.088036, 874 m, EX 1903L2_IMG_20190629 T 165108Z_ ROVHD.jpg (small individual) Central Plateau Scarp, 30.925962, -78.089989, 865 m, EX 1903L2_IMG_20190629 T 184639Z_ ROVHD.jpg (swollen) Central Plateau scarp, 30.924906, -78.088884, 870 m EX 1903L2_IMG_20190629 T 173638Z_ ROVHD.jpg (swollen) Richardson’s Jellyfish, 30.924993, -78.089565, 865 m, EX 1903L2_IMG_20190701 T 180214 Z_ ROVHD.jpgPublished as part of Mah, Christopher L., 2020, New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer, pp. 201-260 in Zootaxa 4766 (2) on pages 237-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4766.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/376401
T-MAH: A Token Passing MAC protocol for Ad Hoc Networks
No full text(T-MAH), discussed in this paper, is a distributed medium access protocol designed for wireless multi-hop networks. With T-MAH access scheme the network is organized in clusters (called Token Groups) with a Token Group Head as the leader of the group. In each single cluster is used a token based technique, i.e. each node in the cluster is allowed to transmit the user data only after has received a particular packet (called token) and the time slot has not been expired. The combination of a controlled MAC protocol and a hierarchical network division, reduces the number of the error due to packet collision and permits a good channel reutilization. I
Letter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
Mah{Abbah dalam Wirid Dala<Il Al-Khaira<T : Study Kasus pada Jama>‘ah Pengajian Majlis Ta‘li>m Ar-Roh}mah Kradenan Pekalongan
No full textMah}abbbah merupakan anugerah dan karunia Tuhan yang diberikan kepada setiap manusia. Tuhan membekali manusia dengan cinta dalam menjalani kehidupannya didunia ini, sehingga cinta pada dasarnya adalah fit}ra>h manusia. Dalam dunia sufisme, cinta merupakan salah satu tema sentral yang obyeknya adalah Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Cinta kepada Allah juga bukan hal yang baru karena sejak semula Rosulullah SAW telah mengajarkan ajaran cinta tersebut. Cinta adalah perasaan yang menyenangkan jiwa dan mendamaikan hati. Cinta dapat ditingkatkan mencapai puncaknnya. Dan puncaknya yang paling tinggi hanyalah kepada Allah SWT semata. Cinta mempunyai peranan penting dalam kehidupan umat manusia. Karena itulah, cinta sangat luar biasa dan mengubah segalannya.
Dalam Islam juga diajarkan bahwa ketika ingin mengetahui agama secara utuh. Maka harus memahami terlebih dahulu tentang 3 pilar yaitu Iman, Islam dan Ihsa>n. Dan ini harus dilakukan secara seimbang. Dalam menjalankan agama yang utuh bisa dilakukan dengan amalan dz\ikir maupun wirid yang dilakukan secara istiqa<mah.
Dari latar belakang diatas, memunculkan masalah yang ingin diketahui oleh peneliti yaitu tentang bagaimana pengamalan Dala>il Al-Khaira>t oleh jamail Al-Khaira>t. Unsur-unsur MAH{ABBAH yang terdapat dalam pengamalan wirid Dala>il Al-Khaira>t. Dan juga ingin mengetahui signifikansinnya dalam pembinaan moral dalam melakukan wirid Dala>il Al-Khaira>t.
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan (fiels research) dengan pendekatan kualitatif, yang menggunakan metode pengumpulan data dengan metode observasi, metode interview, dan metode dokumentasi. Sedangkan dalam analisis data penulis menggunakan metode analisis data deskriftif.
Adapun hasil penelitian yang telah diperoleh peneliti adalah dalam pengamalan wirid ini dilaksanakan secara istiqa>mah dan setiap hari bacaanya sudah ditentukan. Adannya unsur-unsur MAH{ABBAH didalam pengamalan wirid yaitu Ridla> , Syauq, dan Uns. Dalam signifikansi pembinaan moralnya dengan seseorang membaca bacaan tersebut dengan istiqa>mah maka hati seseorang akan merasa damai. Karena sering dibaca maka akan menimbulkan rasa cinta kepada Rosulullah SAW. Seseorang lama kelamaan akan mempunyai pribadi/suri tauladan yang seperti Rosulullah SAW. Dan setelah cinta kepada Rosulullah akan mempunyai rasa cinta kepada Allah SWT. Dan MAH{ABBAH terhadap Allah SWT akan memberikan pengertian bahwa makna dan tujuan hidup yang sebenarnya
PENERAPAN METODE MAH}FU>Z}A>T MUFRADA>T BAHASA ARAB DI MI NU BAITUL MUKMININ GETAS PEJATEN JATI KUDUS TAHUN PELAJARAN 2017/2018
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) Penerapan metode mah}fu>z}a>t mufrada>t Bahasa Arab di MI NU Baitul Mukminin Getas Pejaten jati Kudus Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018, 2) Faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat dalam Penerapan metode mah}fu>z}a>t mufrada>t Bahasa Arab di MI NU Baitul Mukminin Getas Pejaten jati Kudus Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018.
Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian field research atau penelitian lapangan yang dilakukan peneliti di kelas dan di ruang guru (kantor) menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan melalui 1) Observasi pembelajaran Bahasa Arab menggunakan metode mah}fu>z}a>t mufrada>t, penyetoran hafalan mufrada>t yang dilakukan peserta didik di kelas dan di ruang guru, 2) Wawancara kepala madrasah mengenai metode-metode pembelajaran Bahasa Arab dan lingkungan madrasah, dengan guru Bahasa Arab kelas VI mengenai penerapan metode mah}fu>z}a>t mufrada>t, faktor pendukung dan penghambat serta perkembangan peserta didik. Wawancara dengan peserta didik mengenai penghafalan kosa kata serta kesulitan yang mereka alami saat menghafal kosa kata 3) Dokumentasi mengenai Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP), buku produk hasil belajar peserta didik yaitu buku kosa kata serta data peserta didik kelas VI. Sumber data diperoleh dari kepala madrasah, guru dan peserta didik yang kemudian dilakukan reduksi data mengenai pembelajaran metode mah}fu>z}a>t mufrada>t, penghafalan kosa kata, proses penyetoran hafalan serta buku produk hasil belajar peserta didik yaitu buku mufrada>t. Kemudian data mengenai proses penghafalan kosa kata, penyetoran hafalan, serta buku mufrada>t dan proses active recall tersebut disajikan kemudian dilakukan verifikasi.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Penerapan metode mah}fu>z}a>t mufrada>t Bahasa Arab di kelas VI dapat dikategorikan baik dan sesuai. Pada penerapan metode tersebut, guru juga mengupayakan agar peserta didik menjadi disiplin dan bertanggung jawab, karena mereka dituntut untuk mengejar target hafalan yang telah ditentukan dengan cara menyetorkan hafalan mereka. Penerapan metode tersebut menjadikan peserta didik memiliki produk hasil belajar Bahasa Arab yaitu buku mufrada>t yang berisi kosa kata yang telah mereka hafal. Penerapan metode tersebut berhasil untuk membantu peserta didik belajar Bahasa Arab dan meningkatkan hasil belajar mereka. 2) Faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat dalam penerapan metode mah}fu>z}a>t mufrada>t Bahasa Arab di MI NU Baitul Mukminin adalah sebagai berikut: Faktor pendukung yang pertama adalah dari kesungguhan guru, Kedua kondisi dan kesungguhan dari peserta didik. Faktor penghambat datang dari psikologis peserta didik serta latar belakang keluarga peserta didik
KAUM MUHA<JIRI<N DAN ANS{A<R DALAM TAFSIR AL-MI<ZA<N KARYA AL-‘ALLA<MAH T{ABA<T{ABA<’I<
No full textxxii
ABSTRAK
Jumiati, 2023. “Kaum
Muha>jiri>n dan
Ans}a>r Dalam Tafsir
al-Mi>za>n Karya al-
‘Alla
>mah T{aba>t}aba>’i>”. Skripsi Program Studi Ilmu Al-Qur’an dan Tafsir
Fakultas Ushuluddin Adab dan Dakwah Institut Agama Islam Negeri
Palopo. Dibimbing oleh Fauziah Zainuddin dan Amrullah Harun.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang sahabat Nabi Muhammad saw. dari golongan
Muha>jiri>n dan
Ans}a>r menurut pandangan ulama Sunni dan Syi‘ah. Rumusan
masalah dalam penelitian ini meliputi: bagaimana gambaran umum kaum
Muha>jiri>n dan
Ans}a>r serta bagaimana penafsiran al-‘Alla
>mah T{aba>t}aba>’i> mengenai
ayat-ayat
Muha>jiri>n dan
Ans}a>r. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui
gambaran umum kaum
Muha>jiri>n dan
Ans}a>r serta bagaimana penafsiran al-
‘Alla
>mah T{aba>t}aba>’i> mengenai ayat-ayat
Muha>jiri>n dan
Ans}a>r. Jenis penelitian ini
yaitu library research (pustaka) dengan pendekatan ilmu tafsir. Metode yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah maudu’i (metode tematik). Adapun sumber
data dalam penelitian ini adalah al-Qur’an dan kitab-kitab tafsir serta sumber
pustaka pendukung lainnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kaum
Muha>jiri>n adalah orang-orang yang berhijrah dari Mekah ke Madinah. Meskipun
sebelumnya kaum muslimin pernah berhijrah ke tempat lain selain Madinah,
namun gelar
Muha>jiri>n baru disematkan pada mereka setelah hijrah ke Madinah.
Adapun kaum muslimin di Madinah disebut
Ans}a>r karena mereka telah menolong
kaum muslimin yang datang dari Mekah, tidak hanya berupa harta dan tempat
tinggal, namun juga berupa perlindungan untuk kaum muslimin. Ayat-ayat
mengenai kaum
Muhajirin dan
Ansar terdapat dalam QS al-Taubah/9: 100 dan
117. Al-‘Alla>mah T{aba>t}aba>’i menafsirkan QS al-Taubah/9: 100 dimulai dari
al-
Sa>
biqu>
n al-Awwalu>
n yaitu orang-orang yang pertama kali memeluk Islam dari
golongan
Muha>jiri>n,
Ans}a>r, lalu orang-orang yang mengikuti mereka dalam hal
kebaikan, orang-orang yang salat menghadap dua kiblat, melakukan Bai’at Badr
dan Bai’at Ridwan, berhijrah dari Mekah ke Habasyah dan Habasyah ke Madinah.
Pujian yang Allah Swt. berikan kepada kaum
Muha>jiri>n dan
Ans}a>r tergantung pada
keimanan dan amal saleh dalam artian Allah Swt. memuji kaum
Muha>jiri>n dan
Ans}a>r serta orang-orang yang mengikuti mereka dan rida terhadap mereka selama
mereka berada dalam keimanan. Sementara mengenai QS al-Taubah/9: 117,
T{aba>t}aba>’i> menafsirkan bahwa kaum Muhajirin dan Ansar adalah golongan yang
senantiasa berada dalam kesetiaan mengikuti Nabi saw. walau dalam kondisi yang
sulit sekalipun.
Kata Kunci:
Muha>jiri>n,
Ans}a>r, Tafsir
al-Mi>za>n, al-‘Alla
>mah T{aba>t}aba>’i
Ophidiaster colossus Mah 2021, n. sp.
No full text<i>Ophidiaster colossus</i> n. sp. <p>Figure 13A–E</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species epithet is <i>colossus</i> for “large” in reference to this species’ great size.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Strongly stellate species (R/r=5.2–6.6) with tapering arms, thick body, arms and disk massive, with a continuous granular abactinal cover. Papular pores 10–50, 20–30 on most. Enlarged madreporite. Pedicellariae paddle-like with teeth like projections along edge of each valve sitting in hourglass shaped pit. Two furrow spines per adambulacral plate with one enlarged subambulacral spine for every two furrow spines. R up to 14.7 cm.</p> <p> <b>Occurrence.</b> New Caledonia, 380–480 m</p> <p> <b>Taxonomic comments.</b> <i>Ophidiaster colossus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> shares most similarity with other massive deep-sea <i>Ophidiaster</i> -like and some <i>Tamaria</i> species. Among these <i>Ophidiaster</i> spp., this includes the Atlantic <i>Ophidiaster reyssi</i> Sibuet, 1977, which occurs at 350 m in the Azores. It shares a general resemblance in that it displays the same massive arm and disk and similar plate shape and abactinal and papular pore arrangement. Subambulacral spines of <i>Ophidiaster reyssi</i> are more circular in shape than those in <i>O. colossus</i> which are more teardrop in outline.</p> <p> This species also invites comparison with the South Pacific <i>Tamaria giffordensis</i>, which co-occurs with <i>Ophidiaster colossus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> in the New Caledonia region. This latter species differs in the number of papular rows (six versus eight in <i>Ophidiaster colossus</i> <b>n. sp.</b>) but also in pedicellariae shape, with <i>T. giffordensis</i>, bearing forceps-like pedicellariae in alveolar pits versus the more paddle-like pedicellariae in <i>O. colossus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> which sit in hourglassshaped pits. Pedicellariae in <i>T. giffordensis</i> are also highly abundant, occurring on nearly every abactinal plate and adjacent to the adambulacral plates, whereas those in <i>Ophidiaster colossus</i> <b>n. sp.</b> are present only on a minority of plates, occurring irregularly on abactinal papular regions and elsewhere (see description). Granulation is much coarser in <i>Ophidiaster colossus</i> (4 to 8 along a 5.0 mm line) than in <i>T. giffordensis</i> (6 to 10 along a 5.0 mm line). There are fine striations in the actinal granulation in <i>T. giffordensis</i>, absent in <i>O. colossus</i>.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Body strongly stellate (R/r=5.2–6.6), Arms tapering, dome-like to polygonal in cross-section. In largest specimen (R=14.7) arms and disk are massive with heavily developed skeleton. Interradial arcs acute forming narrow “fold” between arms. Surface covered by granulated integument. Skeleton tessellate, papulae in eight distinct serial rows.</p> <p>Disk strongly convex. Serial papular rows converge on disk forming primary circlet, surrounding anus. Papular serial rows forming more irregular network on disk. Granules coarse and densely spaced, eight to ten along a 1.0 cm line. Papulae 10–50 per region on disk (20–30 on most) with larger specimens displaying, on average higher numbers of papulae in larger papular regions. Anus centrally located, flanked by 14–16 blunt spines, triangular in crosssection surrounded by granules coarser than others on disk. Madreporite large (0.7–1.0 cm diameter in specimens examined) with extensive, well-developed sulci, raised above disk surface. Numerous paddle-shaped pedicellariae (approximately 0.5 mm in length) present on disk and arm surface, residing in hourglass-shaped pits on abactinal surface.</p> <p>Arms displaying eight, serial papular rows with papulae present in similar numbers (20–30 per papular region, but greater in larger specimens). In the largest specimen examined (R= 14.7 cm) the papular arm series become extremely irregular especially as they continue onto plates on the disk. Abactinal arm plates round, irregular to scalar in shape. Lobate plates with three to four lobes. Granules round to polygonal, dense, present at identical densities with those on disk. Pedicellariae, identical to those on disk present on nearly every papular region on arm and covering over papular regions. Pedicellariae densities heaviest interradially between “folds” of tegument between disk and arms and along actinolateral edge adjacent to actinal plate series.</p> <p>Actinal region broad. Three to four series of actinal plates present on individuals with R<9.0 cm versus the large individual (R= 14.7 cm) showing up to eight series present. On that largest specimen, the number of plates decreases as one progresses more distally along the arm gradually declining to a single series about halfway along the arm. Granules on actinal surface coarser than those on other surfaces, with three to six present along a 1.0 mm line. Granules disk broader still with only two or three present along a 1.0 mm line. Large paddle shaped spines present in moderate abundance on actinal regions, similar in appearance to subambulacrals, approximately one per plate, but up to 20 per interradial region on some individuals (on MNHN IE-2013-6655). Paddle-shaped pedicellariae, similar to those on other surfaces but larger 0.7 mm with four to five teeth per valve, present in regular series along plate series adjacent to adambulacral plates. When present, pedicellariae most abundant proximally on actinal surface disappearing along about 60% of arm length. Pedicellariae sit in corresponding, but deep grooves on the actinal surface with hourglass-like shape. Pedicellariae largest proximally becoming smaller in size along arm. Pedicellariae presence and frequency variable among individuals. The largest individual (R=14.7) shows much fewer pedicellariae present than other smaller individuals (e.g., MNHN IE-2013-6655). Furrow spines, blunt, quadrate in shape with round to angular edges, two per adambulacral plate, quadrate in cross-section. Furrow spines variably offset along series with some showing furrow spines as longer and shorter but with some furrow spines displaying identical height. Approximately one subambulacral present for every two furrow spines.</p> <p>Adambulacral granulation/spination set away from furrow and subambulacral spines by distinct space, approximately three to five spines/granules present. Pedicellariae paddle-like with wide valves (length=~1.0–2.0 mm) each with rough edges.</p> <p>Oral plate region weakly convex, rising standing above actinal surface. Furrow spines on oral plate number identically with those on adambulacral plates. Two blunt but pointed spines, quadrate to polygonal in cross-section projecting from oral plate into mouth. Oral plate surface covered by large, coarse granules and three to four paddlelike spines identical to those on other actinal plate regions.</p> <p>Based on examination of differently sized specimens, smaller (R<8.0) individuals appear to show more conventional ophidiasterid appearance with more cylindrical arms and flattened disk. Larger individuals (R> 9.0) show more convex and irregular disk shape with thicker arms and more strongly expressed deformation on proximal arm regions.</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Holotype: MNHN IE-2013-4683. New Caledonia, 24° 55′S, 168° 22′E, 505–514 m. Coll. NORFOLK 2, CP 2082, 28 Oct. 2003. 1 wet spec. R =14.7, r=2.8.</p> <p> Paratypes: MNHN IE-2013-6655. South New Caledonia, banc Jumeau Ouest, 23º43.2′S, 168º16.2′E, 379– 391 m. Coll. Richer, IRD aboard N/ O <i>Alis</i>, campagne LITHIST, St. CP 16. 12 Aug. 1999. 1 dry spec. R =9.5, r=1.8. MNHN IE-2013-6656 (ex EcAh 4998). Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia. 23º44′S, 168º17′E, 383– 394 m. Coll. Lozouet <i>et al</i>. aboard NORFOLK 1 St. CP 1706. 25 June 2001. 1 wet spec. R =9.9, r=1.5. MNHN IE-2013-6657 (EcAs 12417). South New Caledonia, 23º03′S, 166º59′E, 464– 480 m. Coll. Richer <i>et al</i>. aboard N/ O <i>Alis</i>, campagne HALIPRO 1, CP 877. 31 March 1994. 1 dry spec. R =7.8, r=1.1. MNHN IE-2013-6658 (ex EcAh 5107). New Caledonia, 22º51′S, 167º13′E, 445– 460 m. Coll. C. Vadon aboard N/O <i>Alis</i>, campagne, MUSORSTOM 4 DW 229, 30 Sept. 1985. 1 wet spec. R =7.7, r=1.6. MNHN IE-2013-6806 (EcAs 12417). Stylaster Bank, South New Caledonia, 23º37′S, 167º41′E, 447 m. Coll., LITHIST CP 3, Richer IRD, aboard N/O <i>Alis</i>, 1 dry spec., R =6.7, r=1.0. MNHN IE-2013-9192. New Caledonia, 22°45′S, 167°4′E to 22°46′S, 167°5′E, 275– 291 m. Coll. KANACONO DW 4729, 20 Aug. 2016, 1 wet spec. R =9.6, r=1.7. MNHN IE-2013-9508. New Caledonia, 22°45′S, 167°4′E to 22°46′S, 167°5′E, 275– 291 m. Coll. KANACONO, DW 4729, 2 wet specs. R =3.5, r=0.5; R =3.4, r=0.5.</p>Published as part of <i>Mah, Christopher L., 2021, The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions, pp. 401-450 in Zootaxa 4980 (3)</i> on pages 432-434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4980.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4896889">http://zenodo.org/record/4896889</a>
Bathyporania ascendens Mah & Foltz, 2014, n. sp.
No full textBathyporania ascendens n. sp. Figure 2 A–E Etymology. Species epithet ascendens (=Latin for “ascending”) refers to the in situ observation of the animal’s climb up the upper branches of a deep-sea coral, where it was collected (Fig. 2 E). Taxonomic comparison. The phylogenetic tree shown in Fig. 1, illustrates Bathyporania as sister taxon to “ Porania ” antarctica but the single individual sampled does not clarify monophyly of Bathyporania relative to “ Porania ” antarctica. Distinction of this taxon as a separate genus is based on several characters including the more densely arranged reticulate skeleton with more lobate abactinal plates, the polylobate marginal plates arranged horizontally (versus vertically in “ P.” antarctica), the absence of an actinolateral fringe of plates, the differnce in furrow spine morphology, actinal plate arrangements and differences in disk: arm ratio, including the outline of the arms. Adult size in the holotype of Bathyporania ascendens is also much smaller than those in “ Porania ” antarctica. Shared characters between the two genera include furrow spines which are arranged transversely, a disparately sized larger superomarginal and a smaller (<50 %) sized inferomarginal plate series, as well as flattened marginal plates. The presence of a reticulate skeleton suggests affinities with Clavaporania nov. gen., which otherwise appears different from Bathyporania. Figure 1 places Bathyporania as the sister taxon to “ Porania ” antarctica (see change below). Bathyporania displays superficial resemblance with two species, Poraniomorpha abyssicola and P. tumida, which we have placed within the genus Rhegaster below. Bathyporania differs in several respects from both Poraniomorpha abyssicola and P. t u m i d a, including the presence of a broadly reticulate abactinal skeleton, spinelet-tipped abactinal and marginal plates and marginal plates with a differing lobate shape than that of Rhegaster. Character similarities are interpreted as plesiomorphies, including single papular pores, imbricate marginal plate arrangement, actinal plate arrangement, and actinal grooves aligned with inferomarginal plate contacts. Occurrence. North Pacific, Davidson Seamount. 2669 m. Although this represents first occurrence, it may share the widespread distribution that is observed in several abyssal asteroid taxa. However, given its small size there may be a bias against collection of this species by nets or submersibles. Description. Body strongly stellate with arms slender (R/r= 3.1), disk tumescent. Skeleton covered by overlying skin (underlying plates better seen in dry specimens) (Fig. 2 A, C, D). Surface smooth, but textured by underlying skeleton. Abactinal surface composed of multilobate to irregularly round plates either abutted against one another more proximally or forming an open reticulate network more distally (Fig. 2 C, D). Each plate covered by one to four widely spaced, pointed spines with tiny spinelets (<0.4 mm tall) (Fig. 2 C, D) also present on plate periphery or on contact/boundaries between plates. Plates with more than one spine larger, more lobate, more irregularly shaped. Intervening surface smooth, devoid of accessories. Madreporite round but imperfectly circular (Fig. 2 A), set on a raised portion of disk. Madreporite periphery surrounded by ~ 12 spines, each on raised bases. Papulae present single to clusters of three or four between abactinal plates but absent below marginal plate series. Superomarginals, approximately 34–36 per interadius, larger and multilobate proximally becoming smaller and oval/irregularly quadrate in outline distally (Fig. 2 D). Superomarginals arranged irregularly in series becoming more erratic distally. Superomarginals with one or two short, pointed spines, some with an additional two to four tiny spinelets present offset on plate surface. Inferomarginal plates, approximately 34–36 per interradius, smaller (50 % of superomarginal size), more elongate and oval in shape. Disparity in size and shape more pronounced proximally with superomarginals and inferomarginals approaching similar size and shape distally. Inferomarginals with zero to five short spines, usually three or four, when present in a row or an irregular cluster. Actinolateral surface flattened with distinct actinolateral boundary (Fig. 2 B). Actinal plates limited to disk, absent from arms. Actinal plates, each with a large spine present. Boundaries covered by skin. Skin folds form shallow grooves from inferomarginals to oral plate. Furrow spines, three to four, pointed and covered by skin sheath-similar to skin covering over the body surface in transverse series. Shortest spine present deep in tube foot furrow. Furrow spines aligned with spines present in regular rows that align with inferomarginal plates/spines (Fig. 2 B). Other than spines, no other accessory structures (granules, etc.), body surface covered by smooth skin. Mouth plates surface bare, six furrow spines. Pedicellariae not observed. Specimen examined. HOLOTYPE USNM 1215321. Davidson Seamount, 35 ° 37 ' 56 N, 122 ° 49 ' 35.2 W, (35.63239, - 122.826457), 2669 m, Coll. James Barry, MBARI, st. T 947 -A 15 (1 wet spec. R= 2.2 r= 0.7).Published as part of Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W., 2014, New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology, pp. 327-372 in Zootaxa 3795 (3) on pages 331-333, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/25213
Handwritten biographical information on Paulina T. McClung Merritt
No full textA handwritten biography of Paulina T. McClung Merritt by an unknown author, 1892.
Heterogeneous and tissue-specific regulation of effector T cell responses by IFN-gamma during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection.
No full textIFN-γ and T cells are both required for the development of experimental cerebral malaria during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Surprisingly, however, the role of IFN-γ in shaping the effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response during this infection has not been examined in detail. To address this, we have compared the effector T cell responses in wild-type and IFN-γ(-/-) mice during P. berghei ANKA infection. The expansion of splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during P. berghei ANKA infection was unaffected by the absence of IFN-γ, but the contraction phase of the T cell response was significantly attenuated. Splenic T cell activation and effector function were essentially normal in IFN-γ(-/-) mice; however, the migration to, and accumulation of, effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lung, liver, and brain was altered in IFN-γ(-/-) mice. Interestingly, activation and accumulation of T cells in various nonlymphoid organs was differently affected by lack of IFN-γ, suggesting that IFN-γ influences T cell effector function to varying levels in different anatomical locations. Importantly, control of splenic T cell numbers during P. berghei ANKA infection depended on active IFN-γ-dependent environmental signals--leading to T cell apoptosis--rather than upon intrinsic alterations in T cell programming. To our knowledge, this is the first study to fully investigate the role of IFN-γ in modulating T cell function during P. berghei ANKA infection and reveals that IFN-γ is required for efficient contraction of the pool of activated T cells
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