131,333 research outputs found
Pseudococcus bingervillensis Magnin 1955
No full textPseudococcus bingervillensis Magnin When Magnin described this species from IVORY COAST, Bingerville, on Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae) (Magnin 1955), he compared it with Pseudococcus njalensis Laing (Laing, 1929), now Formicococcus njalensis (Laing), a species that has since become well known as a vector of the virus causing swollen shoot disease of cacao (Hall, 1945, Strickland, 1947). According to Ben-Dov (1994) the type material of P. bingervillensis is probably lost. Magnin showed long dorsal setae on the head including those associated with the cerarii. Laing (1929) described F. njalensis originally from Sierra Leone on coffee but it is now known to occur throughout West Africa on at least 77 plant species in 30 plant families (García-Morales et al. 2019). Species in the genus Formicococcus Takahashi usually possess 18 pairs of cerarii, four of which occur on the head. Many of the cerarii each possess more than two conical cerarian setae. In an extensive study of the number of cerarii and numbers of cerarian setae on both sides of the body, on specimens from different localities and host plants in West Africa, Hall (1945) found wide variation. On the head and thorax only, the numbers of cerarii varied from 3–7 on one side, with a total of 6–36 conical cerarian setae. Specimens with the lowest counts were from Ashanti, Ghana, on Sterculia setigera (Sterculiaceae). All the specimens that Hall examined are deposited in The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH). Also listed by Hall (1945) is the host plant Alchornea cordifolia from Ghana, the same plant species as that on which Magnin’s specimens were collected. Hall (1945) also discussed the wide variation in numbers of setae and their lengths in the Formicococcus specimens he studied. Sometimes the conical cerarian setae are replaced by long flagellate setae, and Ezzat & McConnell (1956) (using the combination Planococcoides njalensis) stated that sometimes the fine dorsal setae come close enough to the cerarii to be considered as auxiliary setae. In Magnin’s illustration, most of the marginal setae on the head are long and flagellate but there are four cerarii on one side with conical setae. The Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris contains many specimens of F. njalensis, including many from Ivory Coast. Among these specimens are the following examples: 1. Côte d’Ivoire, Sakassou, N’Gata, Bois Sacré, on Alchornea cordifolia, C. Richard, 24.xi.1977, MNHN 7275 (4 slides, 3 adult females, 1 nymph) with 5 pairs of cerarii on the head containing conical setae, and a total of conical setae on each side of the body of: 14, 16, 17, 18, 13, 12. 2. Côte d’Ivoire, Toumodi, Lamto, Yaoble Baca, on Alchornea cordifolia, C. Richard, 2.xi.1977, MNHN 7148 (3 slides, 4 adult females) with 5 pairs of cerarii on the head and thorax containing conical setae and a total of conical setae on each side of the body of: 14, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 10 and 10. Although the above localities are not close to Bingerville (a suburb of the capital, Abidjan), the data show that there is much variation in the numbers of head cerarii and their conical setae on specimens from the type host plant of Magnin’s species. Also, the characters used to separate P. bingervillensis from F. njalensis in Ivory Coast fall within the range of variation in specimens of F. njalensis from other parts of West Africa. Magnin also separated his new species from F. njalensis because some cerarian and long dorsal setae had bifid tips; however, sometimes these setae become split at the tips during preparation on microscope slides. Magnin also stated that the “pores circulaires” or simple pores on the dorsal margin of his species were fewer than in F. njalensis; but Hall (1945) had already mentioned that there was some variation in their numbers in the material he had examined. We conclude that the name Pseudococcus bingervillensis Magnin is a junior synonym of Formicococcus njalensis (Laing) syn. n. We thank Gillian Watson for kindly reading the manuscript and for important comments.Published as part of Williams, D. J. & Matile-Ferrero, D., 2020, Report on two African mealybug species (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha Coccomorpha), pp. 439-440 in Zootaxa 4750 (3) on pages 439-440, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4750.3.11, http://zenodo.org/record/370745
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Conception et mise en uvre d\u27un environnement logiciel de manipulation et d\u27accès à des données réparties. Application aux grilles d\u27images médicales : le système DSEM/DM2
No full textLa vision que nous défendons est celle de grilles biomédicales partenaires des systèmes médicaux (hôpitaux), à la fois fournisseuses de puissance de calcul et plates-formes de partage d\u27informations. Nous proposons une architecture logicielle de partage d\u27images médicales réparties à grande échelle. S\u27appuyant sur l\u27existence a priori d\u27une infrastructure de grille, nous proposons une architecture multi-couche d\u27entités logicielles communicantes (DSE : Distributed Systems Engines). Fondée sur une modélisation hiérarchique sémantique, cette architecture permet de concevoir et de déployer des applications réparties performantes, fortement extensibles et ouvertes, capables d\u27assurer l\u27interface entre grille, systèmes de stockage de données et plates-formes logicielles locales (propres aux entités de santé) et dispositifs d\u27acquisition d\u27images, tout en garantissant à chaque entité une maîtrise complète de ses données dont elle reste propriétaire
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Scholarly Communication and Publishing Lunch and Learn Talk #11: The ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund
No full textAt the May 2014 talk, you will learn about the ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund--what it is, why we do it, how it works, and how the program is going so far
Estate and Gift Tax Effects of Selling a Remainder: Have D\u27Ambrosio, Wheeler and Magnin Changed the Rules?
No full textThis article traces the evolving judicial interpretation of the “adequate and full consideration” exclusion found in section 2036. Part III examines the proper application of the “adequate and full consideration” exclusion to simple sales of remainders such as those involved in D\u27Ambrosio and Wheeler and concludes that the holdings in those cases are indisputably correct. It then analyzes the possible planning opportunities these decisions offer, particularly in light of section 2702. Part IV examines the effect of the D\u27Ambrosio trilogy on spousal elections. This Part outlines the potential gift and estate tax savings this device affords and then considers how such elections should be analyzed for purposes of the “adequate and full consideration” exclusion. It concludes that spousal elections in virtually every case should be governed by the reciprocal trust doctrine. Under this approach, spousal elections do not constitute sales of remainders, and hence the holdings of the D\u27Ambrosio trilogy should not apply. Indeed, in many cases, the existing position of the Internal Revenue Service and the courts produces excessively generous results to taxpayers. However, in the relatively few cases where the reciprocal trust doctrine should not apply, the current treatment of spousal elections should change to conform to the holdings in D\u27Ambrosio, Wheeler, and Magnin
The R&D Tax Incentives
No full textThis article sets out some background information and reflections of the author on the R&D tax incentive schemes included in the Common Corporate Tax Base (CCTB) Proposal. In particular the author analyzes the stimulus to private R&D through ad hoc tax incentives included in the CCTB Proposal and dives into the actual provisions included in the Proposal highlighting the most relevant issues connected with their design and interpretation. Moreover, the author explores the interaction between the CCTB Proposal and the granting by Member States of domestic R&D tax incentives
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