1,358 research outputs found
Einige überlegungen zu der zweiten gruppe navigantes in augustins dialog de beata vita
Get PDFAt the beginning of the series of Augustine’s earliest extant literary works are the three philosophical dialogues Contra Academicos, De beata vita and De ordine, which were composed in the autumn of 386 during Augustine’s otium philosophandi in Cassiciacum. In the introductions of all three works, the marine metaphors are widely used. The author compares human life with a stormy sea and sees as the only salvation the port of philosophy. In beata v. 1. 2 Augutin compares the people to whom philosophy can accommodate with navigantes, which he groups in tria genera. Although the people who belong to the respective group are described in detail, the author does not mention names. This arouses research interest and justifies the attempt to propose a representing person for each group.
The present work sets itself the goal by parallel reading of beata v. 1. 2, with some passages from Cicero’s Epistulae, Tusculanae disputationes and De officiis to make a new proposal. And this in addition to the currently existing assumption that Romanianus, to whom the dialogue Contra Academicos is dedicated, should be considered as a representative of the second group of seafarers. However, the author of the present work now ventures a completely new approach, in which Cicero can be accepted as a representative of this group
O „Damianie Capenece” Aleksandra Świętochowskiego. Zmagania z legendą
Get PDFThe objective of this paper is to analyse Aleksander Świętochowski’s debut novella series O życie [Oh Life], with particular emphasis on the opening novella. The reflections focus on Damian Capenko, a novella showcasing its relationship with the worldview of the second half of the 19th century and tendentious literature. The author proposes an interpretation of the work in the light of Dumania pesymisty [Musings of a Pessimist], an earlier series of texts by Świętochowski, one of the most outstanding creators of Positivist literature in Poland. As a result of the analyses, the relationship between the texts and the initial ideas of the Polish Positivism programme is explained, along with the apparent artistic inconsistency of the series. Celem artykułu jest analiza debiutanckiego cyklu nowelistycznego O życie Aleksandra Świętochowskiego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem utworu otwierającego tom. Rozważania koncentrują się na opowiadaniu Damian Capenko, ukazując jego związek ze światopoglądem drugiej połowy XIX wieku, literaturą tendencyjną. Autor proponuje interpretację utworu w świetle Dumań pesymisty, wcześniejszego cyklu wypowiedzi publicystycznych Świętochowskiego, jednego z najwybitniejszych twórców literatury pozytywizmu w Polsce. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz wyjaśniony zostaje związek tekstów z początkowymi ideami programu polskiego pozytywizmu, a także pozorna niespójność artystyczna cyklu
Arterial hypertension - definition, epidemiology, etiology, complications and treatment
Get PDFIlko Agnieszka, Wudarczyk Beata, Czyż Rafał, Jankowska-Polańska Beata. Arterial hypertension - definition, epidemiology, etiology, complications and treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(8):533-541. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1319007
http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5693
https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/871749
The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26/01/2017).
1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eissn 2391-8306 7
© The Authors 2018;
This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Received: 20.06.2018. Revised: 28.06.2018. Accepted: 22.07.2018.
Arterial hypertension - definition, epidemiology, etiology, complications and treatment
Agnieszka Ilko1, Beata Wudarczyk2 ([email protected]), Rafał Czyż3, Beata Jankowska-Polańska4
1 Graduate of Wroclaw Medical University
2 Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Zielona Góra
3 Department of Emergency Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University
4 Department of Internal Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University
Agnieszka Ilko- orcid - https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4607-477X
Beata Wudarczyk - orcid - https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0495-8630
Rafał Czyż - orcid - https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5504-4543
Beata Jankowska-Polańska - orcid – https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3132-8044
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is classified as a chronic disease. It belongs to the group of disease that increase the risk of occurrence of cardiovascular complications, which if left untreated can lead to sudden death. It is estimated that in Poland currently 32% of the population suffers from arterial hypertension. Despite great progress in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, it is still a huge medical-socio-economic problem. Increasing the emphasis on patient education can significantly affect self-control, adaptation to recommendations and, consequently, in the future perspective will reduce the mortality rate among patients with this disease. The aim of this work is to draw attention to the still present problems of patients with hypertension by presenting the currently valid definition, epidemiology, etiology of the disease, complications and methods of treatment.
Key words: arterial hypertension, definition, epidemiology, etiology, complications, treatmen
Nuove acquisizioni sullo Specchio di Illuminazione della Beata Illuminata Bembo
No full textThe discovery of some fifteenth-century manuscripts of the Specchio di Illuminazione of Beata Bembo in the so-called “Archivio della Beata Caterina”, kept in the Archbishop’s General Archive of Bologna, has opened up new and completely unexpected perspectives on the hagiography of St. Catherine of Vigri, revealing a multiform and complex evolution of this work. Two new editions have emerged, different from the one known so far: one shorter and widely epitomized, the second longer, with significant inserts, concentrated mainly in chapters VI-IX. Based on some significant clues, the author hypothesizes that this drafting chronologically precedes that of the so-called “autograph” and that it has been the subject of a series of second thoughts and complaints by the author herself or her circle. Some 16th century codices have also emerged, witnesses of the drafting known so far, but not without interest. Very recent paleographic studies had questioned the real autography of the edited manuscript. A first examination of the new acquisitions seems to confirm that they do not derive from the “autograph”, presenting several lessons and disjunctive errors.La scoperta di alcuni manoscritti del XV secolo dello Specchio di Illuminazionedella Beata Bembo nel cosiddetto “Archivio della Beata Caterina”,custodito presso l’Archivio generale arcivescovile di Bologna, ha spalancatonuove prospettive, del tutto inattese, sull’agiografia di santa Caterina de’Vigri, rivelando un’evoluzione multiforme e complessa di quest’opera. Sono emerse due nuove redazioni, diverse da quella finora nota: l’una più breve e ampiamente epitomata, la seconda più lunga, con significativi inserti, concentrati soprattutto nei capitoli VI-IX. Sulla base di alcuni indizi significativi, l’autore ipotizza che questa redazione preceda cronologicamente quella del cosiddetto “autografo” e che sia stata oggetto di una serie di ripensamentie di censure da parte dell’autrice stessa o della sua cerchia. Sonoemersi anche alcuni codici del XVI secolo, testimoni della redazione finoranota, ma non privi di interesse. Recentissimi studi paleografici avevano messo in discussione la reale autografia del manoscritto edito. Un primo esame delle nuove acquisizioni sembra confermare che esse non derivino dall’“autografo”, presentando diverse lezioni ed errori disgiuntivi
Emissions trading system in the European Union in the light of the Polluter Pays Principle
No full textLink archiwalny https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/337
Grażyna joins the game
No full textA review of Radosław Rychcik's Grażyny (Ludwik Solski Theater in Tarnów, premiere: 23.05.2015) presented during the 2nd New Theater Festival in Rzeszów (23-30.10.2015). Beata Kustra interprets the performance mainly through the lens of Maria Janion's book Women and the Spirit of Otherness, quoted at the beginning of the performance. The author attempts to show that Rychcik adopts Janion's perspective, showing Grażyna to be a woman who adopted the male social role and who can become a heroine only posthumously - when her heroic deed becomes a myth. Kustra points out many motifs and devices used by the director and comes to the conclusion that some served only to make the performance more attractive
Emissions trading system in the European Union in the light of the Polluter Pays Principle
No full textPrzedmiotem pracy doktorskiej jest analiza przepisów prawa Unii Europejskiej ustanawiających system handlu uprawnieniami do emisji gazów cieplarnianych (ETS) w świetle zasady „zanieczyszczający płaci” (zasada PP). Celem badań jest odpowiedź na pytanie czy system handlu realizuje zasadę PP, czy stanowi odstępstwo od niej. Odpowiedź na to pytanie wymaga przeanalizowania, które instrumenty w ETS stanowią wyraz zasady „zanieczyszczający płaci”, a które świadczą o wyłączeniu jej stosowania. Ponadto konieczne jest zweryfikowanie, czy udzielanie pomocy ukierunkowanej na zrealizowanie celów środowiskowych w ramach systemu może być dopuszczalne i uzasadnione w świetle zasady PP.
Praca składa się ze wstępu, czterech rozdziałów oraz zakończenia.
Pierwszy rozdział zawiera prezentację systemu handlu uprawnieniami do emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Punktem wyjścia do przedstawienia ETS jest omówienie zagadnienia zmian klimatu, ustalenie siatki pojęciowej oraz próba usystematyzowania obszaru poddanego badaniu. W rozdziale tym omówiono genezę systemu, jego ramy prawne, cel i zakres ETS, podstawowe zasady jego funkcjonowania oraz zaprezentowano rozwiązania, które zmodyfikują system od 2021 roku.
W drugim rozdziale pracy pogłębionej analizie poddano zasadę „zanieczyszczający płaci”. W pierwszej kolejności przedstawiona została geneza zasady PP, na podstawie której scharakteryzowano zasadę na płaszczyźnie ekonomicznej, politycznej i prawnej. Kluczowa część drugiego rozdziału odnosi się do zakresu zasady PP zaprezentowanego poprzez analizę jej strony podmiotowej, przedmiotowej i temporalnej, a także możliwych wyłączeń od jej zastosowania.
Trzeci rozdział pracy dotyczy zastosowania zasady PP w systemie handlu uprawnieniami do emisji gazów cieplarnianych. W rozdziale tym zaprezentowano ETS z perspektywy elementów konstrukcyjnych zasady „zanieczyszczający płaci”. Przyjęta systematyka pozwoliła na omówienie regulacji prawnych w ETS w kontekście zakresu zasady PP. Analizie poddano również charakter zasady i jej funkcje, które realizowane są w systemie handlu.
Czwarty rozdział pracy dotyczy wyłączeń od stosowania zasady „zanieczyszczający płaci” w systemie handlu emisjami. Pierwsza grupa regulacji obejmuje odstąpienie od nakładania obowiązku ponoszenia kosztów zanieczyszczenia przez zanieczyszczających. Druga grupa regulacji odnosi się do udzielania pomocy związanej z ponoszeniem kosztów na realizację wymogów ochrony środowiska. Szczególna uwaga w ramach przepisów regulujących system handlu uprawnieniami do emisji gazów cieplarnianych została poświęcona udzielaniu pomocy o charakterze pomocy państwa.
Przeprowadzona w pracy analiza pozwoliła na wykazanie następujących tez. Po pierwsze, mimo iż przepisy prawa wtórnego Unii Europejskiej ustanawiające system handlu uprawnieniami do emisji gazów cieplarnianych nie powołują się na wprost na zasadę PP, zasada ta w jej szerokim znaczeniu jest realizowana w ETS. Po drugie, ETS nie realizuje zasady PP w jej wąskim znaczeniu dotyczącym ponoszenia odpowiedzialności za szkody w środowisku, ze względu na specyfikę rozproszonego zanieczyszczenia gazami cieplarnianymi i ograniczenia wynikające z przepisów prawa pochodnego UE w zakresie odpowiedzialności środowiskowej. Po trzecie, w systemie handlu uprawnieniami do emisji gazów cieplarnianych stosowane są wyłączenia od zasady PP – wykluczenie określonych grup podmiotów zanieczyszczających z systemu oraz udzielanie im pomocy. Stosowanie tych mechanizmów powoduje, że system należałoby ocenić jako niezgodny z zasadą PP w zakresie, w jakim nie przyczynia się do poprawy ochrony środowiska poprzez redukcję emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Odstępstwa od zasady PP mogą być jednak niezbędnym elementem ETS ze względu na konieczność zachowania spójności rynku wewnętrznego oraz w celu uniknięcia zakłócania konkurencji.The subject of the doctoral dissertation is an analysis of the European Union law establishing the Emissions Trading System (ETS) in the light of the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP). The aim of the research is to answer the question whether the Emissions Trading System implements the PPP or is rather a deviation from it. The answer to this question requires analysing what instruments in the ETS constitute an expression of the Polluter Pays Principle and which testify to the exclusion of its use. Moreover, the thesis seeks to answer the question whether the provision of aid aimed at meeting environmental objectives within the system may be permissible and justified in the light of the PPP.
The thesis consists of introduction, four chapters and conclusions.
In the first chapter the Emissions Trading System is presented. The starting point for its presentation is an analysis of climate change issue, a proposition of the conceptual grid and an attempt to systematize the area under study. The first chapter discusses genesis of the system, its legal framework, objective and scope of the ETS, basic principles of its functioning and review of regulations that will modify the system from year 2021 onwards.
In the second chapter the in-depth study of the Polluter Pays Principle is conducted. First, the genesis of the PPP is presented, based on which the principle is characterized on the economic, political and legal level. The key part of the second chapter refers to the scope of the Polluter Pays Principle presented through the analysis of its subject, object and temporal aspect, as well as possible exemptions from its application.
The third chapter of the thesis focuses on the application of the Polluter Pays Principle in the Emissions Trading System. This chapter presents the ETS from the perspective of the elements constituting the Polluter Pays Principle. Adopted systematics allows to discuss legal regulations in the ETS in the context of the scope of the PPP. Analysis of the principle in the ETS focuses also on the nature of the principle and its functions implemented in the trading system.
The fourth chapter of the thesis refers to exclusions from the application of the Polluter Pays Principle in the ETS. The first group of regulations covers exemptions concerning a waiver from imposing an obligation to bear costs of the pollution by polluters. The second group of regulations refers to the aid aimed at incurring costs of environmental protection requirements. Legal provisions concerning state aid in the Emissions Trading System are given special attention.
The analysis conducted in the dissertation made it possible to demonstrate the following theses. Firstly, although the provisions of the European Union secondary law establishing the Emissions Trading System do not explicitly refer to the Polluter Pays Principle, this principle in its broad sense is implemented in the ETS. Secondly, the ETS does not implement the Polluter Pays Principle in its narrow sense regarding liability for damage to the environment due to the specificity of dispersed pollution with greenhouse gases and limitations resulting from the EU secondary law in the field of environmental liability. Thirdly, twofold exemptions from the PPP are applied in the Emissions Trading System - exclusion of specific groups of polluters from the system and providing state aid to the polluters. The application of these mechanisms means that in some respects the system should be assessed as incompatible with the Polluter Pays Principle in so far as it does not contribute to improving environmental protection by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, derogations from the PPP may be an essential element of the ETS due to the need to maintain the integrity of the internal market and to avoid distortions of competition
The hapiness and its search in De Beata Vita of Saint Augustine
No full textSanto Agostinho apresenta a posse de Deus como o porto da felicidade. Deste modo, veremos que com o diálogo De Beata Vita, o autor oferece uma resposta para tal questionamento, a partir de uma noção de felicidade que consiste no perfeito conhecimento de Deus. Assim, abordaremos a referida questão com a finalidade de tornar mais evidente a concepção agostiniana de felicidade e realização humana.Saint Augustine has the possession of God as the happiness of the harbor. Thus, we seethat with the De Vita Beata dialogue, the author offers na answer to this question, from a sense of happiness consists in the perfect knowledge of God. Thus, we will address that question in order to make it clear the Augustinian conception of happiness and human fulfillment.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES
The non- -existent wall? The problem of describing Muranów
Get PDFThe article presents the problem of recovering the memory of the Warsaw district of Muranów, the site of the WW2 ghetto in recent literature. Referring to one of the first works devoted to this subject (Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz’s Umschlagplatz), the author reveals subsequent changes in the treatment Jacek Leociak, Beata Chomątowska and Elżbieta Janicka’s of the issue in their books. Indicating the oscillation between remembrance and forgetting about the ghetto, the authors adopt different perspectives to touch upon the ambiguous presence of the area's former inhabitants in the consciousness of today’s Varsovians. Their ways of focusing attention on this question may be termed a commemorative perspective, focused on the psychology of space and critical discourse. Though signaling the problem differently, the authors are united in emphasising the problems related to the Polish memory of the Warsaw ghetto
Tax systems in transition
Get PDFHow have tax systems, whose primary role is to raise resources to finance public expenditures, evolved in the transition countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union? The authors find that: (1) the ratio of tax revenue-to-GDP decreased largely due to a fall in revenue from corporate income tax; (2) the fall in revenue from the corporate income tax led to a decline in the importance of income taxes, notwithstanding a rise in the share of individual income tax; (3) social security contributions together with payroll taxes became less important in the Commonwealth of Independent States; and (4) domestic indirect taxes gained in importancein overall tax revenues. Apart from the increased role of personal income taxation, these developments go in a direction opposite to those observed in poor countries as they get richer. They show a key aspect of transition, namely a movement from a system where the government exercised a preeminent claim on output and income before citizens had access to the remainder, to one with a greatly diminished role for the public sector, as reflected in a lower ratio of public expenditure to GDP, where the government needs to collect revenue in order to spend. Can expected levels of public expenditure be financed by the basic instruments of a modern tax system without creating significant distortions in the private sector? The authors suggest that transition countries, depending on their stage of development, should aim for a tax revenue-to-GDP ratio in the range of 22 to 31 percent, comprising value-added tax (6 to 7 percent), excises (2 to 3 percent), income tax (6 to 9 percent), social security contribution together with payroll tax (6 to 10 percent), and other taxes such as on trade and on property (2 percent). The authors'analysis also sheds light on the links between tax policy, tax administration, and the investment climate in transition countries.Municipal Financial Management,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management
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