1,720,959 research outputs found
Prieiga prie teisės aktų Europoje: apžvalga ir raidos tendencijos
No full textThe article analyses problems facing electronic legislation development (especially legislation processes of publishing acts) in EU and EFTA member countries. All European countries were publishing acts officially on paper until the end of year 2000. The way of publishing acts officially was the same in all Europe countries, except that some counties had one “official journal” in which legal acts and other official documents and legal notices were published, and other countries had separate legal gazettes for acts publishing and an official gazette for publishing other official documents and legal notices. At the beginning of 2001 Norway started to publish acts officially in digital form, and only 12-20 times a year paper editions to present the statutes and regulations enacted since the publication of the previous issue are published. In 2002 Estonia decided to finish the publishing of paper editions, and started to publish acts only electronically. Till 2011 more than 10 European countries started to publish acts officially in digital format. Author discusses the advantages, principles, and legitimate expectation of electronic legislation. For future electronic legislation information systems developments the following principles should be a guide: broad/universal and equal access to legislation, reliability of the means of publicity, integrity of information, easy access to the requisite information. The advantages of digital act forms, and internet based publications are instantaneous outreach to the public, free of charge, information easily accessible and retrievable, voluminous technical acts easier to handle, no printing costs, more environmentally-friendly, more and more people use ICT to seek information, no time constraints to the availability of data, legal certainty will be granted. The author thinks that before creating future digital legislation information systems, some procedures shall be done. If we want to have pan-European information systems of legislation, EU should adopt standards for better information exchange, and for legislation process unification. The author thinks that non-consolidated versions of law acts are old fashioned, and are not suitable for modern digital legislation. Countries should change procedures of legislation, only consolidated versions of acts would be adopted, used and officially recognized. The article talks about technical issues of digital legislation information systems, legal XML, semantic search, Web 2.0. (for example: user comments) and Web 3.0. (for example: user rankings, other possible search) and artificial intelligence technologies shall be used. Author focus also is on an interesting project in Sweden—lagen.nu. It is a unique practice, based on the same idea like Wikipedia: cost free, users make content, open source software and the most user friendly service available at the moment in legislation services. Some experience could be taken in to government projects, for example involving users to create better content and better legislation.Paskutinius dešimt metų Europos valstybėse vyksta teisėkūros proceso reforma. Informacinės Web 2.0. ir 3.0. technologijos sparčiai žengia į elektroninės teisėkūros procesus, ypač susijusius su teisės aktų ar jų projektų viešinimu. Europos Sąjungos institucijos svarsto galimybę atsisakyti „Oficialaus leidinio“ spausdinimo bei nustatyti oficialų teisės aktų ir kitų oficialių dokumentų skelbimą tik elektroniniu būdu. Lietuvoje įstatymų leidėjai vis dar diskutuoja, ar jau laikas atsisakyti „popierinio“ teisės aktų skelbimo ir pereiti tik prie elektroninės teisės aktų skelbimo formos. Kadangi oficialus teisės aktų skelbimas yra viena iš kertinių teisinės valstybės prievolių, būtina analizuoti vykstantį teisėkūros procesų, ypač susijusių su teisės aktų skelbimu, kismą. Tinkamas informacinių technologijų panaudojimas teisėkūros procese skatins piliečių dalyvavimą teisėkūros procese, pilietinės visuomenės vystymąsi bei didins teisinės informacijos sklaidą. Tuo tarpu netinkamas elektroninės teisėkūros vystymas gali padaryti labai didelės žalos: pakirsti piliečių pasitikėjimą valdžios institucijomis, sukelti destrukciją. Be jokios abejonės, artimoje ateityje tiek Lietuvoje, tiek kitose pasaulio valstybėse plėtosis elektroninės demokratijos procesas, kurio vienas iš pamatinių akmenų bus elektroninė teisėkūra. Šiam procesui bus skiriama nemažai žmogiškųjų ir viešųjų finansinių išteklių, tad svarbu, kuo išsamiau išnagrinėti užsienio šalių patirtį, aptarti principus, kuriais vadovaujantis turėtų būti diegiamos informacinės teisės aktų sistemos. Kadangi šiuo metu nėra nustatyta rekomendacijų ar standartų informacinėms teisės aktų sistemoms, teisės informatikos mokslo pareiga nagrinėti vykstančius elektroninės teisėkūros procesus, jų pasikeitimus, siūlyti, kaip kurti elektroninę teisėkūrą, siekiant gauti kuo daugiau naudos teisėkūros subjektams, teisės įgyvendintojams bei visai visuomenei. Temos aktualumą rodo ir ypatingas Europos Sąjungos institucijų dėmesys teisėkūros tobulinimui1 bei Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės programoje2 nurodytos teisėkūros sistemos tobulinimo priemonės. Tikslas – išanalizuoti Europos Sąjungos bei Europos laisvosios prekybos asociacijos valstybių narių patirtį skelbiant ir oficialiai viešinant teisės aktus bei nustatyti, kokie iššūkiai laukia pereinant nuo „popierinės“ prie elektroninės teisėkūros procesų, susijusių su teisės aktų skelbimu. Tyrimo objektas – Europos Sąjungos bei Europos laisvosios prekybos asociacijos valstybių narių teisėkūros procesas, susijęs su teisės aktų skelbimu. Tyrimo objektu pasirinktos tik Europos Sąjungos bei Europos laisvosios prekybos asociacijos valstybės narės, kadangi šių valstybių išskirtinumas yra tas, jog Europos Sąjungos institucijos siekia efektyvios šių valstybių teisės aktų skelbimo informacinių sistemų tarpusavio sąveikos. Metodologija – dokumentų analizė, atvejų analizė, lyginamoji analizė, apibendrinimas
Teisinės paslaugos šiandien ir ateityje: kaip keičiasi teisininko darbas?
Full text linkThis article is analyzing law and information technologies scientists works, were law technologies and their realization in lawyer work implies also its benefits and disadvantages through the following future. To rely on the linguistic and analysis method in this article explains the way legal technologies work in different fields, modifying individual legal services actions. Analyzing innovative technology tools and showing their practical integration and applicability trough examples. An analysis of the relationship between law technology and a lawyer today has shown what the technology gaps are and what features a lawyer will need in the future. Technologies being an innovative creations of a human and working in virtual field can‘t function without humans, so it could emerge cybernetic attacks risks. To that point helping tools would be automatic, yet it will remain an aid tool. Laws and decision making would be left for human being, however, lawyers should maintain abilities that would let them successfully integrate with modern technology changes.Straipsnyje analizuojami teisės ir informatikos mokslininkų atlikti darbai, kuriuose aprašomos teisinės technologijos, jų realizavimas teisininko darbe, taip pat nauda ir trūkumai netolimoje ateityje. Remiantis lingvistiniu bei analizės metodu, darbe paaiškinamas teisinių technologijų veikimo principas skirtingose srityse, modifikuojantis atskirus teisinių paslaugų veiksmus. Analizuojant inovatyvių technologijų įrankius, nurodomas jų integravimas ir pritaikomumas praktikoje, pateikiant pavyzdžius. Teisinių technologijų ir teisininko šiandieninio santykio analizė parodė kokios yra technologijų spragos bei kokių savybių prireiks teisininkui ateityje. Technologijos, būdamos inovatyvūs žmogaus kūriniai, veikiantys virtualioje erdvėje, negali funkcionuoti be žmogaus, įkūnyti jo savybių ir sukelia kibernetinių atakų riziką. To pasekoje, pagalbiniai veiksmai bus automatizuojami, tačiau jie ir liks tik pagalbine priemone, o įstatymus kurs ir sprendimus toliau priims žmonės, tačiau teisininkui reikės ugdyti savybes, kurios leistų jam sėkmingai prisitaikyti prie technologinių pokyčių
Open Government Data Licensing Framework: An Informal Ontology for Supporting Mashup
Full text linkObjectives of the thesis are –1) to identify the legal problems coming from mashups of Open Govern-ment Data (OGD) and 2) to purpose an informal ontology to help technical reusers of Public Sector Informa-tion to utilize datasets according to their intended purpose and in compliance with the legal obligations that govern the rights to reuse the data.
A survey of national OGD portals found that the majority of OGD are released under inappropriate li-censes, not fully complying with the legal rules that apply to the reuse of the data. Open Government Data can be released and covered by multiple licensing regimes, up to 33 in a single country.
We have analysed the European Union (EU) legal framework of reuse of Public Sector Information (PSI), the EU Database Directive and copyright framework and other legal sources (e.g., licenses, legal notices, and terms of use) that can apply to open government Datasets. From this deep analysis we have modelled several major concepts in an Informal Ontology of Open Government Data Licenses Framework for a Mash-up Model (iOGDL4M).
The iOGDL4M will be used for qualifying datasets in order to improve the accuracy of their legal anno-tation. The iOGDL4M also aims to connect each applicable legal rule to official legal texts in order to direct legal experts and reusers to primary sources.
This research aims to present 1) a legal analysis of OGD regulation in the European Union and its mem-ber states; 2) the Survey of National Open Government Data Portals and analysis of the most commonly applied licenses and legal notices and their compatibility; and 3) the Informal Ontology of Open Govern-ment Data Licenses Framework for a Mash-up Model.
This thesis is comprised of 4 publications. It consists of presentation of the research, the publications, and annexes that support the research
Comparative study of dwarf (Urtica urens L.) and stinging (Urtica dioica L.) nettles’ leaves, stems and roots chemical composition and radical scavenging activity.
No full textThe aim of the work: to perform comparative study of dwarf (Urtica urens L.) and stinging (Urtica dioica L.) nettles’, growing in Lithuania, leaves, stems and roots chemical composition and radical scavenging activity. Objectives: To select the best extraction conditions of nettle leaves, stems and roots’ extracts for the highest yield of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. To determine the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids, as well as the total content of ascorbic acid and total tannin content in the leaves, stems and roots of U. urens L. and U. dioica L., collected from different locations. To evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of stinging and dwarf nettles. To examine the correlation between the amount of nettle leave’s phytochemicals and the radical scavenging activities of their ethanolic extracts. To perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds of U. urens L. and U. dioica L. herbs using HPLC. Object and methods of study: Object – dwarf and stinging nettle’s leave, stem and root samples, collected in different locations of Palanga and Kretinga districts. Total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids, antiradical activity in Urtica extracts were evaluated by UV - VIS spectrophotometric analysis method. Total tannin and ascorbic acid contents were estimated by titrimetric methods. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic compound composition in nettle herb was performed using HPLC method. Results and conclusions of the study: optimal extraction conditions for phenolic compounds (70 % ethanol and ultrasound assisted maceration for 40 minutes) and flavonoids (85 % ethanol and ultrasound assisted maceration for 30 minutes) in dwarf nettle’s herb were selected. The average content of phenolic compounds in U. urens L. leaves, stems and roots samples was 6.69 ± 0.58 mg / g GAE, flavonoids 1.9 ± 0.2 mg / g RE, phenolcarboxylic acids 3.38 ± 0.14 %, ascorbic acid 0.02 ± 0.006 %, tannin 1.79 ± 0.2 %. Ethanolic nettle leaves extracts from Kretinga district, Želvių village had the strongest antioxidant activity. There was a strong correlation between the total amount of flavonoids and the antioxidant activity, determined using ABTS radical scavenging method (0,898 ± 0,041)(p<0,05). Four phenolic compounds were identified using HPLC: chlorogenic acid, 4 – caffeoylquinic acid, isoquercetin and rutin
OGDL4M Ontology: Analysis of EU Member States National PSI Law
No full textPart 1: Semantic Concepts and Open DataInternational audienceDevelopers of Open Government Data Mash-ups face the following legal barriers: different licenses, legal notices, terms-of-use and legal rules from different jurisdictions that are applied to an open datasets. This paper analyzes implementation of Revised PSI Directive in EU Member states, also highlights the legal problems. Moreover it analyzes how Public Sector Information is defined by the national law and what requirements are applied to the datasets released by public sector institutions.The results of the paper show that PSI regulation in EU Member countries is very different and the implementation of revised PSI Directive is not successful. These problems limit the reuse of Open Government Datasets.The paper suggests the ontology in order to understand the requirements that originate from the national EU Member countries law and which are applied to Open Government Datasets. Also, the ontology models different implementations of the EU PSI Directive in the Member countries
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Legal Ontology for Open Government Data Mashups
No full textAn important pillar of Linked Open Government Data is to be able to mix datasets by using common ontologies in order to infer new knowledge. The open government datasets to be mashed-up by developers may be subject to distinct licenses, legal notices, terms of use, and applicable law and regulations from multiple jurisdictions. Within this complex ecosystem there is a need to create semi-automatic tools supported by an ontology to help technical reusers of Public Sector Information to utilize datasets
according to their intended purpose and in compliance with the legal obligations that govern the rights to reuse the data. Unfortunately, some researchers may avoid considering all the legal frameworks that apply in the domain of Open Government Data and limit their investigation to only the area of licenses. To enable wider, compliant utilisation of mashed-up open data, we have analysed the European Union (EU) legal framework of reuse of Public Sector Information (PSI), the EU Database Directive
and copyright framework and other legal sources (e.g., licenses, legal notices, terms of use) that can apply to open government Datasets. From this deep analysis we now model several major concepts in an Ontology of Open Government Data Licenses Framework for a Mash-up Model (OGDL4M). There have been earlier ontologies for creative commons or open licenses, but they did not anticipate the other legal constraints that arise from Open Government regulations. The OGDL4M ontology will be used
for qualifying datasets in order to improve the accuracy of their legal annotation. The Ontology also aims to connect each applicable legal rule to official legal texts in order to direct legal experts and reusers to primary sources. This paper aims to present the modules of the OGDL4M ontology in depth and to describe some preliminary evaluation
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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