78 research outputs found
NO LIMIT TEXAS HOLD`EM POKER SOFTWARE
No full textTexas hold\u27em je zvrst poker igre, ki je navdušila veliko ljudi v začetku 21. stoletja. Gre za zelo popularno igro z 52 kartami. Od klasične poker igre, kjer dobi posamezen igralec pet zaprtih kart (karte, ki jih vidi le posamezen igralec), se razlikuje v tem, da dobi posamezen igralec samo dve zaprti karti. Zaprtim kartam sledi pet skupnih odprtih kart (karte, ki jih vidijo vsi igralci), s pomočjo katerih se tvori zmagovalna kombinacija. Pri tej zvrsti je veliko več možnih poti do končnih kombinacij kot pri klasičnem pokru, zato je igra toliko bolj zanimiva.
Namen diplomskega dela je izdelati program za igranje igre poker texas hold\u27em za dva igralca. Program vsebuje grafični vmesnik in umetno inteligenco (poker bot). Umetna inteligenca vsebuje algoritem, ki smo ga razdelili na dva dela. Prvi del je igra z zaprtimi kartami in ena faza stavljanja. Drugi del je kombinacija zaprtih in skupnih kart, kjer so tri faze stavljanja. Algoritem v prvem delu uporablja pravila za igranje z zaprtimi kartami. V drugem delu, v igri s skupnimi kartami, pa algoritem igra po načelu situacijske igre in izkušenj avtorja. Pri tem se na nobenem mestu ne uporabljajo matematični elementi, kot je verjetnost.
Poker bota smo testirali s tremi različnimi nasprotniki. Nasprotniki so bili človek in dva poker bot programa. V dvobojih proti programoma je naš poker bot dosegel dobre rezultate.Texas hold\u27em is a type of poker game played with 52 cards. The game has impressed many people in the early 21st century. From the classic poker game if differs in that all the players get two closed cards (cards of individual player) instead of five. Best combination of five cards formed from starting and community cards wins the pot. Texas Hold\u27em has a lot more possible combinations to form the winning hand than classic poker game.
The porpouse of diploma is to build software for playing poker texas hold\u27em heads up. Software includes GUI and artificial intelligence named poker bot. AI includes an algorithm, which is divided in two parts. First part is preflop phase and one stage of betting. Second part is postflop phase where are three phases of betting. Algorithm in preflop phase is based on common rules for playing preflop hands. In second phase the algorithm is playing with the rules of situation play and experiences of author. No mathematics elements are used in AI.
Poker bot was tested against three opponents. One of the opponents was the author of diploma and two other poker bots. In games against the other poker bots, our bot achieved good results
Genetic determinants of the plasma triglyceride response to an n-3 fatty acid supplementation in overweight adults
No full textUnearthing Defendants in Toxic Waste Litigation: Problems of Liability and Identification
No full textThis Comment examines two significant barriers to obtaining compensation from waste generators posed by traditional proof requirements, and proposes possible approaches for alleviating them. The author evaluates the plausibility of integrating strict products liability and risk share liability, an adaptation of market share liability, into a unified approach that may provide tort victims with greater access to legal remedies. The author suggests that the court adopt a more progressive analytical framework that is analogous to the theory articulated in Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories, and argues for an allocation of liability based on the relative risk share of generators in a toxic waste disposal market, comprised of an aggregate threat of harm to a plaintiff created by a dumpsite
The association of a SNP upstream of INSIG2 with body mass index is reproduced in several but not all cohorts
No full textA SNP upstream of the INSIG2 gene, rs7566605, was recently found to be associated with obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI) by Herbert and colleagues. The association between increased BMI and homozygosity for the minor allele was first observed in data from a genome-wide association scan of 86,604 SNPs in 923 related individuals from the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort. The association was reproduced in four additional cohorts, but was not seen in a fifth cohort. To further assess the general reproducibility of this association, we genotyped rs7566605 in nine large cohorts from eight populations across multiple ethnicities (total n = 16,969). We tested this variant for association with BMI in each sample under a recessive model using family-based, population-based, and case-control designs. We observed a significant (p < 0.05) association in five cohorts but saw no association in three other cohorts. There was variability in the strength of association evidence across examination cycles in longitudinal data from unrelated individuals in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort. A combined analysis revealed significant independent validation of this association in both unrelated (p = 0.046) and family-based (p = 0.004) samples. The estimated risk conferred by this allele is small, and could easily be masked by small sample size, population stratification, or other confounders. These validation studies suggest that the original association is less likely to be spurious, but the failure to observe an association in every data set suggests that the effect of SNP rs7566605 on BMI may be heterogeneous across population samples
Changes in Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acid Patterns and their Impact on Plasma Triglyceride Levels Following Fish Oil Supplementation
No full textThe objective of the present study was to test for associations between changes in fatty acids (FAs) and changes in plasma triglyceride (TG) levels after an n-3 FA supplementation and to test whether SNPs from the FADS gene cluster were associated with plasma FA levels or with specific FA patterns. A total of 210 subjects completed a 2-wk run-in period followed by 6-wk supplementation with 5g/d of fish oil. FA profiles of plasma phospholipids (PPLs) were obtained and 19 SNPs from the FADS gene cluster were genotyped. Principal component analysis was conducted and scores were calculated. There was an increase in EPA, DPA and DHA levels in PPLs as well as a decrease in ALA and all n-6 FA levels after the supplementation. Factor analysis suggested 4 post-n-3 FA supplementation patterns. Changes in AA, ALA, DGLA, as well as changes
in total n-3 and omega-6 FAs in absolute quantities of FAs were all associated with a change in TG levels whereas the correlation remained significant only for AA and DGLA when FAs were expressed as percentage of total FAs. Several SNPs from the FADS gene cluster were associated with post-supplementation FA levels. These results suggest that FAs alone or regrouped in factors could play a role in modulating plasma TG levels after fish oil supplementation. SNPs from the FADS gene cluster interact with both FAs and/or factors to modulate TG levels
EFFECT OF IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS TO CHANGE BEHAVIOUR: MODERATION BY INTENTION STABILITY
No full textThe aim of this study was to assess the effects of implementation intentions on leisure-time physical activity, taking into account the stability of intention. At baseline (T(0)), 349 participants completed a psychosocial questionnaire and were randomly assigned to implementation intention or control condition. Three months after baseline assessment (T(1)), participants in the experimental group were asked to plan where, when, and how they would exercise. Leisure-time physical activity was assessed 3 mo. later (i.e., at 6-mo. follow-up; T(2)). The intervention had no significant effect on physical activity at 6-mo. follow-up. However, a significant interaction of group and intention stability was observed, with the effect of the intervention on behaviour statistically significant only among those with unstable intention. Intention stability thus moderated the effect of the intervention, i.e., the intervention was more successful among individuals who needed support to change (unstable intenders).106114715
Fulfilling the Promise of Personalized Medicine? Systematic Review and Field Synopsis of Pharmacogenetic Studies
No full textBackground: Studies of the genetic basis of drug response could help clarify mechanisms of drug action/metabolism, and facilitate development of genotype-based predictive tests of efficacy or toxicity (pharmacogenetics).Objectives: We conducted a systematic review and field synopsis of pharmacogenetic studies to quantify the scope and quality of available evidence in this field in order to inform future research.Data Sources: Original research articles were identified in Medline, reference lists from 24 meta-analyses/systematic reviews/review articles and U.S. Food and Drug Administration website of approved pharmacogenetic tests.Study Eligibility Criteria, Participants, and Intervention Criteria: We included any study in which either intended or adverse response to drug therapy was examined in relation to genetic variation in the germline or cancer cells in humans.Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods: Study characteristics and data reported in abstracts were recorded. We further analysed full text from a random 10% subset of articles spanning the different subclasses of study.Results: From 102,264 Medline hits and 1,641 articles from other sources, we identified 1,668 primary research articles (1987 to 2007, inclusive). A high proportion of remaining articles were reviews/commentaries ( ratio of reviews to primary research approximately 25: 1). The majority of studies (81.8%) were set in Europe and North America focussing on cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurology/psychiatry. There was predominantly a candidate gene approach using common alleles, which despite small sample sizes (median 93 [IQR 40-222]) with no trend to an increase over time, generated a high proportion (74.5%) of nominally significant (p= 4 studies, only 31 meta-analyses were identified. The majority (69.4%) of end-points were continuous and likely surrogate rather than hard (binary) clinical end-points.Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings: The high expectation but limited translation of pharmacogenetic research thus far may be explained by the preponderance of reviews over primary research, small sample sizes, a mainly candidate gene approach, surrogate markers, an excess of nominally positive to truly positive associations and paucity of meta-analyses. Recommendations based on these findings should inform future study design to help realise the goal of personalised medicines.Systematic Review Registration Number: Not Registere
A central role for GRB10 in regulation of islet function in man
No full textVariants in the growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (GRB10) gene were in a GWAS meta-analysis associated with reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) if inherited from the father, but inexplicably reduced fasting glucose when inherited from the mother. GRB10 is a negative regulator of insulin signaling and imprinted in a parent-of-origin fashion in different tissues. GRB10 knock-down in human pancreatic islets showed reduced insulin and glucagon secretion, which together with changes in insulin sensitivity may explain the paradoxical reduction of glucose despite a decrease in insulin secretion. Together, these findings suggest that tissue-specific methylation and possibly imprinting of GRB10 can influence glucose metabolism and contribute to T2D pathogenesis. The data also emphasize the need in genetic studies to consider whether risk alleles are inherited from the mother or the father
Adipose methylome integrative-omic analyses reveal genetic and dietary metabolic health drivers and insulin resistance classifiers
No full textBackground: There is considerable evidence for the importance of the DNA methylome in metabolic health, for example, a robust methylation signature has been associated with body mass index (BMI). However, visceral fat (VF) mass accumulation is a greater risk factor for metabolic disease than BMI alone. In this study, we dissect the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) methylome signature relevant to metabolic health by focusing on VF as the major risk factor of metabolic disease. We integrate results with genetic, blood methylation, SAT gene expression, blood metabolomic, dietary intake and metabolic phenotype data to assess and quantify genetic and environmental drivers of the identified signals, as well as their potential functional roles. Methods: Epigenome-wide association analyses were carried out to determine visceral fat mass-associated differentially methylated positions (VF-DMPs) in SAT samples from 538 TwinsUK participants. Validation and replication were performed in 333 individuals from 3 independent cohorts. To assess functional impacts of the VF-DMPs, the association between VF and gene expression was determined at the genes annotated to the VF-DMPs and an association analysis was carried out to determine whether methylation at the VF-DMPs is associated with gene expression. Further epigenetic analyses were carried out to compare methylation levels at the VF-DMPs as the response variables and a range of different metabolic health phenotypes including android:gynoid fat ratio (AGR), lipids, blood metabolomic profiles, insulin resistance, T2D and dietary intake variables. The results from all analyses were integrated to identify signals that exhibit altered SAT function and have strong relevance to metabolic health. Results: We identified 1181 CpG positions in 788 genes to be differentially methylated with VF (VF-DMPs) with significant enrichment in the insulin signalling pathway. Follow-up cross-omic analysis of VF-DMPs integrating genetics, gene expression, metabolomics, diet, and metabolic traits highlighted VF-DMPs located in 9 genes with strong relevance to metabolic disease mechanisms, with replication of signals in FASN, SREBF1, TAGLN2, PC and CFAP410. PC methylation showed evidence for mediating effects of diet on VF. FASN DNA methylation exhibited putative causal effects on VF that were also strongly associated with insulin resistance and methylation levels in FASN better classified insulin resistance (AUC=0.91) than BMI or VF alone. Conclusions: Our findings help characterise the adiposity-associated methylation signature of SAT, with insights for metabolic disease risk
Availability of essential medicines in Ethiopia: an efficiency-equity trade-off?
No full textOBJECTIVE: To investigate the availability and cost of essential medicines in health centres in rural Ethiopia, and to explore if the fee waiver system protects patients from having to pay for medicines. METHODS: The study took place in five health centres in rural Ethiopia. Availability and price of selected key essential medicines was established in the budget and special pharmacy of the health centre, as well as private outlets. Information on availability and cost of prescribed drugs was obtained through patient exit-interviews. RESULTS: Availability based of essential drugs at facility level was 91% based on a list of selected drugs vs. 84% based on prescriptions filled. However, less than half the prescribed drugs were obtained from the budget pharmacy, and one in six patients was forced to purchase drugs in the private sector, where drugs are roughly twice as expensive. The waiver system did not safeguard against having to pay for medicines. CONCLUSION: A revolving drug fund system in Ethiopia seems to improve availability of medicines, and can improve affordability by protecting people from purchasing drugs in the private sector. However, it may result in a parallel system, whereby the poor cannot access drugs if these are not available in the budget pharmacy. Equity is a concern in the absence of an adequate mechanism to protect the poor from catastrophic health expenditure
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