156 research outputs found
A contribuição do MDL à promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável: um estudo empírico com os projetos aprovados no Brasil
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração.A mudança do clima causada pela emissão antrópica de gases de efeito é uma das maiores ameaças à humanidade no século XXI. Para tratar do problema foi adotada em 1992 a Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas. Com a terceira Conferência das Partes da Convenção, realizada em Quioto, em 1997, foi estabelecido um acordo internacional, onde se encontram definidas metas de redução de emissões de GEE para os Países industrializados, além de critérios e diretrizes para a utilização de mecanismos de mercado. Destes mecanismos, o único que permite a participação de Países em desenvolvimento é o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), que busca também a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável nestes Países. Entretanto, a determinação da contribuição do MDL ao desenvolvimento sustentável nem sempre é possível, visto não haver um padrão internacional para avaliar os projetos quanto a este critério. Diante da necessidade prática de medir o desenvolvimento sustentável, surgiu o objetivo geral desta pesquisa, analisar a contribuição dos projetos de MDL ao desenvolvimento sustentável no Brasil, utilizando como ferramenta de análise a metodologia Development Dividend Framework, desenvolvida pelo Instituto Internacional para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (IISD). Para responder a este objetivo foi realizado um estudo descritivo exploratório usando uma abordagem quantitativa na coleta e tratamento dos dados com aporte qualitativo em sua análise. Os dados foram obtidos de fontes primárias a partir de documentos de projeto. O estudo, além de mostrar os procedimentos e critérios para a apresentação e aprovação dos projetos no MDL, demonstrou a contribuição das atividades de projeto de MDL desenvolvidas no Brasil ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Baseado nos resultados da pesquisa foi possível verificar que as atividades de projeto de MDL, que foram aprovadas no Brasil, não contribuem significativamente ao desenvolvimento sustentável, visto não atenderem o Princípio da Equidade, além de apresentarem reduzido valor na pontuação obtida com a aplicação da matriz DDF. Com isto, é recomendado o uso da matriz DDF para a análise dos projetos e a partir disto uma maior participação governamental visando o aumento do resultado dos projetos de MDL ao desenvolvimento sustentável no Brasil
MDL as Public Administration
No full textFrom the Deepwater Horizon disaster to the opioid crisis, multidistrict litigation—or simply MDL—has become the preeminent forum for devising solutions to the most difficult problems in the federal courts. MDL works by refusing to follow a regular procedural playbook. Its solutions are case specific, evolving, and ad hoc. This very flexibility, however, provokes charges that MDL violates basic requirements of the rule of law.
At the heart of these charges is the assumption that MDL is simply a larger version of the litigation that takes place every day in federal district courts. But MDL is not just different in scale than ordinary litigation; it is different in kind. In structure and operation, MDL parallels programs like Social Security in which an administrative agency continuously develops new procedures to handle a high volume of changing claims. Accordingly, MDL is appropriately judged against the “administrative” rule of law that emerged in the decades after World War II and underpins the legitimacy of the modern administrative state.
When one views MDL as an administrative program instead of a larger version of ordinary civil litigation, the real threats to its legitimacy come into focus. The problem is not that MDL is ad hoc. Rather, it is that MDL lacks the guarantees of transparency, public participation, and ex post review that administrative agencies have operated under since the middle of the twentieth century. The history of the administrative state suggests that MDL’s continued success as a forum for resolving staggeringly complex problems depends on how it addresses these governance deficits
What do MDL leaders do?: evidence from leadership appointment orders
No full textIn federal multidistrict litigation (MDL), district courts regularly appoint attorneys to manage the litigation of cases that are transferred to a single district court for coordinated pretrial proceedings. Orders appointing MDL leaders serve as a constitution or charter for a particular MDL, reallocating functions that otherwise would be performed by individually retained plaintiff’s attorneys to court-appointed leaders. As such, they perform a crucial role in the “MDL model” of aggregate litigation and settlement. Yet in spite of their importance, knowledge of these orders is mostly folk wisdom.
This Article, prepared for the Pound Civil Justice Institute symposium on "Class Actions, Mass Torts, and MDLs: The Next 50 Years," presents preliminary findings from a study of leadership appointment orders in all MDLs pending in the federal courts in June 2019. The principal finding is that, while leadership appointment orders are a standard feature of contemporary MDL, they vary significantly in how they structure plaintiff’s leadership, the functions they assign to court-appointed leaders, and how orders conceive of the relationships among court-appointed leaders, non-lead attorneys, and MDL plaintiffs. These findings shed light on debates over the nature of contemporary MDL, the duties court-appointed leaders owe to non-client plaintiffs, and the costs and benefits of MDL’s dependence on decentralized, ad hoc procedure-making
MDL transduction
No full textTransduction takes a set of training samples and aims at estimating class labels of given examples in one step as opposed to the traditional induction, which involves an intermediate learning step. The background philosophy of transduction is that one should not reduce an easier task (estimating labels of given examples) to a substantially more complex problem (learning a model). This paper proposes a new scheme for transductive inference, which we call MDL transduction. It labels the given examples so that the stochastic complexity of the whole data is minimized. In the sense of minimum description length, MDL transduction outperforms induction in both generative and discriminative methods. A key property of MDL transduction is that it learns nothing about the model. This highly agrees with the afore-mentioned philosophy. Relation to Transductive SVM (TSVM) is also discussed. We show that TSVM is an approximation of MDL transduction with discriminant models.Computer Science, Artificial IntelligenceComputer Science, CyberneticsComputer Science, Information SystemsCPCI-S(ISTP)
What do MDL leaders do?: evidence from leadership appointment orders
No full textIn federal multidistrict litigation (MDL), district courts regularly appoint attorneys to manage the litigation of cases that are transferred to a single district court for coordinated pretrial proceedings. Orders appointing MDL leaders serve as a constitution or charter for a particular MDL, reallocating functions that otherwise would be performed by individually retained plaintiff’s attorneys to court-appointed leaders. As such, they perform a crucial role in the “MDL model” of aggregate litigation and settlement. Yet in spite of their importance, knowledge of these orders is mostly folk wisdom.
This Article, prepared for the Pound Civil Justice Institute symposium on "Class Actions, Mass Torts, and MDLs: The Next 50 Years," presents preliminary findings from a study of leadership appointment orders in all MDLs pending in the federal courts in June 2019. The principal finding is that, while leadership appointment orders are a standard feature of contemporary MDL, they vary significantly in how they structure plaintiff’s leadership, the functions they assign to court-appointed leaders, and how orders conceive of the relationships among court-appointed leaders, non-lead attorneys, and MDL plaintiffs. These findings shed light on debates over the nature of contemporary MDL, the duties court-appointed leaders owe to non-client plaintiffs, and the costs and benefits of MDL’s dependence on decentralized, ad hoc procedure-making
Quantification of MDL-induced signal degradation in MIMO-OFDM mode-division multiplexing systems
No full textMode-division multiplexing (MDM) transmission over few-mode optical fiber has emerged as a promising technology to enhance transmission capacity, in which multipleinput-multiple-output (MIMO) digital signal processing (DSP) after coherent detection is used to demultiplex the signals. Compared with conventional single-mode systems, MIMO-MDM systems suffer non-recoverable signal degradation induced by mode-dependent loss (MDL). In this paper, the MDL-induced signal degradation in orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) MDM systems is theoretically quantified in terms of mode-average error vector magnitude (EVM) through frequency domain norm analysis. A novel scalar MDL metric is proposed considering the probability distribution of the practical MDM input signals, and a closed-form expression for EVM measured after zero-force (ZF) MIMO equalization is derived. Simulation results show that the EVM estimations utilizing the novel MDL metric remain unbiased for unrepeated links. For a 6 x 100 km 20-mode MDM transmission system, the estimation accuracy is improved by more than 90% compared with that utilizing traditional condition number (CN) based MDL metric. The proposed MDL metric can be used to predict the MDL-induced SNR penalty in a theoretical manner, which will be beneficial for the design of practical MIMO-MDM systems. (C) 2016 Optical Society of AmericaNational Basic Research Program of China (Program 973) [2014CB340105, 2014CB340101]; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [61377072, 61275071, 61505002]; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (CPSF) [2015M580926, 2016T90015]SCI(E)[email protected]
A percepção dos gestores sucroalcooleiros dos municípios Paraibanos sobre o mercado de MDL
No full textNo abstractO crescimento do uso de combustíveis fósseis resultou no aumento da emissão de gases
poluentes que geram, por exemplo, o "Efeito Estufa". Em 1997, vários governantes mundiais
assinaram o "Protocolo de Kyoto" que previa uma redução de aproximadamente 5,2% nos
níveis de emissão de gases poluentes registrados em 1990. Entre vários avanços conseguidos
destaca-se o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), o qual propõe que os países
desenvolvidos, que não queiram ou não consigam reduzir suas emissões, possam comprar de
outros países títulos conhecidos como "Créditos de Carbono", configurando-se um novo
mercado para os países outorgantes do tratado. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o setor
sucroalcooleiro paraibano e as possibilidades oferecidas no mercado de créditos de carbono e
elencar ações de política pública voltadas aos municípios paraibanos com produção
sucroalcooleira, a fim de estimular os participantes a conhecerem o mercado de créditos de
carbono. Os resultados apontam para um grande potencial em projetos de MDL, contudo
existe ainda resistência por parte dos gestores produtivos bem como falta de ações por parte
do poder público local
MDL Based Model Selection for Relevance Vector Regression
No full textRelevance Vector regression is a form of Support Vector regression, recently proposed by M.E.Tipping, which allows a sparse representation of the data. The Bayesian learning algorithm proposed by the author leaves the partially open question of how to automatically choose the optimal model. In this paper we describe a model selection criterion inspired by the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle. We show that our proposal is effective in finding the optimal kernel parameter both on an artificial dataset and a real-world application.Artificial Neural Networks --- ICANN 2002info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Conditional Complexity of Compression for Authorship Attribution
No full textWe introduce new stylometry tools based on the sliced conditional compression complexity of literary texts which are inspired by the nearly optimal application of the incomputable Kolmogorov conditional complexity (and presumably approximates it). Whereas other stylometry tools can occasionally be very close for different authors, our statistic is apparently strictly minimal for the true author, if the query and training texts are sufficiently large, compressor is sufficiently good and sampling bias is avoided (as in the poll samplings). We tune it and test its performance on attributing the Federalist papers (Madison vs. Hamilton). Our results confirm the previous attribution of Federalist papers by Mosteller and Wallace (1964) to Madison using the Naive Bayes classifier and the same attribution based on alternative classifiers such as SVM, and the second order Markov model of language. Then we apply our method for studying the attribution of the early poems from the Shakespeare Canon and the continuation of Marlowe’s poem ‘Hero and Leander’ ascribed to G. Chapman.compression complexity, authorship attribution.
The rule of law in multidistrict litigation
No full textFrom the Deepwater Horizon disaster to the opioid crisis, multidistrict litigation—or simply MDL—has become the preeminent forum for devising solutions to the most difficult problems in the federal courts. MDL works by refusing to follow a regular procedural playbook. Its solutions are case-specific, evolving, and ad hoc. This very flexibility, however, provokes charges that MDL violates basic requirements of the rule of law.
At the heart of these charges is the assumption that MDL is simply a larger version of the litigation that takes place every day in federal district courts. But MDL is not just different in scale than ordinary litigation; it is different in kind. In structure and operation, MDL parallels programs like Social Security where an administrative agency continuously develops new procedures to handle a high volume of changing claims. Accordingly, MDL is appropriately judged against the “administrative” rule of law that emerged in the decades after World War II, and which underpins the legitimacy of the modern administrative state.
When one views MDL as an administrative program instead of a larger version of ordinary civil litigation, the real threats to the legitimacy of its model of aggregate litigation come into focus. The problem is not that MDL is ad hoc. Rather, it is that MDL lacks guarantees of transparency, public participation, and judicial review that administrative agencies have operated under since the middle of the twentieth century. The history of the administrative state suggests that MDL’s continued success as a forum for resolving staggeringly complex problems depends on how it addresses these governance deficits
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