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    Micosi

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    Dopo una panoramica sul mondo dei funghi, vengono trattate le principali micosi che interessano l'alveare: ascosferosi o covata calcificata, aspergillosi o covata pietrificata e la muffa del polline (Bettsia alvei)

    Overview of the retina and imaging in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

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    Introduction: The role of the human eye in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) is still under investigation. The pathophysiology of the ocular findings is arduous when dealing with critically ill Covid-19 patients with comorbidities. Multiorgan involvement and the effects of inflammation, infection and systemic treatment on the retina are complex, and comparison of studies is difficult. Most studies in human patients have investigated the anterior segment, whereas few reports deal with the posterior segment of the eye. The present review aims to evaluate the retinal manifestations and imaging features in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Studies on the retinal manifestations and retinal imaging in COVID-19 patients published through June 2021 were reviewed. We included cross-sectional and case–control studies, case series, case reports and correspondence in the analysis. Results: Flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, augmented diameter and tortuosity of retinal vessels were found on funduscopic examination. Peripapillary, macular retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer thickness alterations were reported on spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Reduced vessel density of the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus on optical coherence tomography angiography was reported. Conclusions: Retinal complications may arise in COVID-19 patients. Although no consensus on presentation is currently available, retinal funduscopy and imaging has shown neuronal and vascular alterations. Systemic neurological complications and microangiopathy are associated with SARS-COV-2; thus, as the retina has a neuronal and vascular component, funduscopy and retinal imaging on COVID-19 patients can provide further insight to SARS-COV-2 disease and the follow-up of patients

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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