48 research outputs found
Latest results of the STEREO search for a sterile neutrino at a research reactor
No full textInternational audienceIn the last years, reactor neutrino experiments have played a prominent role in understanding neutrino oscillations, in particular with the precise measurement of the mixing angle . However, following a reevaluation in 2011 of reactor antineutrino fluxes, a discrepancy between measured and expected fluxes, known as the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly (RAA), was observed and has yet to be fully understood. This anomaly could result from the existence of an additional (thus sterile) light neutrino state participating in the oscillation. The parameter values that best match this conjecture are: =0.17 and =2.3 eV.The STEREO experiment was designed to test this oscillation hypothesis independently of predicted antineutrino spectra and fluxes, using the antineutrinos emitted by the compact core of the research reactor at the Laue-Langevin Institute (ILL) in Grenoble, France. The target, located at about 10 m from the core, is segmented in six cells, allowing for a measurement of the antineutrino energy spectrum at various baselines, so that the experiment is sensitive to the oscillation toward a sterile neutrino that would distort each cell’s spectrum differently.In 2018 the STEREO collaboration published its first results excluding the RAA best fit with a confidence level of more than 99\% and excluding a large part of the parameter space. This paper presents the latest results of STEREO with significantly improved sensitivity to the oscillation of a sterile neutrino, including measurements of antineutrino flux normalization and spectrum shape emitted by a U-dominated nuclear fuel
Very short baseline neutrino oscillations study with the STEREO detector at ILL; calibration of the STEREO detector
No full textAu cours des dernières décennies, plusieurs paramètres décrivant les oscillations de neutrinos ont été mesurés grâce aux expériences de neutrino auprès des réacteurs, le dernier étant la détermination très précise de l’angle de mélange theta13. Cependant, à la suite de la réévaluation des flux d’antineutrino des réacteurs en 2011, un déficit de ~6% entre flux observé et flux prédit, nommé Anomalie des Antineutrinos de Réacteur (RAA), a été constaté. L’anomalie des antineutrinos de réacteur pourrait être expliquée par l’addition d’un quatrième état de masse du neutrino permettant une oscillation encore inobservée. Puisqu’un quatrième état actif du neutrino serait en désaccord avec la largeur de désintégration du boson Z mesuré au LEP, ce neutrino additionnel ne peut pas interagir par interaction faible, il est donc qualifié de "stérile". Le meilleur ajustement des paramètres d’oscillation expliquant la RAA est un angle de mélange sin^2 (2theta_new) = 0.17 et un écart de masse Delta m^2_new = 2.3 eV^2.L’expérience STEREO a été conçue pour tester cette hypothèse d’oscillation indépendamment des prédictions de flux ou de spectre, en utilisant les antineutrinos émis par le coeur compact du réacteur de recherche de l’Institut Laue-Langevin à Grenoble. La cible, située à environ 10 m du cœur du réacteur est segmentée en 6 cellules, permettant une mesure des spectres en énergies des antineutrinos à plusieurs distances [9-11m], une oscillation vers un neutrino stérile modifierait différemment le spectre mesuré dans chaque cellule. La détection des antineutrinos dans STEREO se base sur le processus de désintégration bêta inverse dans un liquide scintillant dopé au gadolinium. La compréhension fine de la réponse du détecteur est cruciale pour la mesure des spectres en énergie des neutrinos et leur analyse.Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous présentons une étude de la non-linéarité de la réponse du détecteur. La non-linéarité de la réponse est examinée avec des sources radioactives émettrices de particules gamma à différentes énergies. En particulier, la source AmBe, qui est également émettrice de neutrons, permet d’évaluer la réponse à haute énergie. Nous décrivons une procédure permettant de réduire le bruit de fond neutron de cette source. Un accord entre données et simulation de la non-linéarité du détecteur meilleur que le pourcent a été atteint.Dans une seconde partie, une modélisation analytique de la réponse du détecteur est présentée. La réponse du détecteur est caractérisée par un petit nombre de paramètres, ce qui amène une plus grande souplesse pour étudier les effets d’un changementde réponse ou d’un étalonnage erroné de la réponse du détecteur, dans le cadre de l’extraction des paramètres d’oscillation. Dans ce cadre, l’inclusion des incertitudes systématiques sur la réponse du détecteur est facilitée. En particulier, les événementsdu bore cosmogénique sont utilisés comme échantillon de contrôle pour estimer lesincertitudes systématiques sur l’échelle en énergie du détecteur.Finalement, une analyse des données neutrino indépendante des prédictions estréalisée pour extraire les données d’oscillation en utilisant le modèle analytique de la réponse du détecteur. Une analyse statistique du signal est faite pour produire les contours d’exclusion de l’espace des paramètres d’oscillation, en utilisant l’approche bidimensionnelle des intervalles de confiance de Feldman-Cousins. Dans le contexte de la recherche d’une oscillation de neutrino, les conditions pour appliquer la loi normale de Chi^2 ne sont pas vérifiées, par conséquent, les distributions de Chi^2 sont calculées en générant de nombreuses pseudo-expériences. L’hypothèse de non-oscillation n’est pas rejeté mais le meilleur ajustement de la RAA est exclu à ~99% de niveau de confiance.During the last decades, several parameters describing the neutrino oscillation phenomenon have been characterized thanks to reactor neutrino experiments, in particular with the precise measurement of the mixing angle theta 13. However, following a reactor antineutrino flux re-estimation in 2011, a ~6% deficit, known as the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly, between measured and predicted reactor antineutrino fluxes, has been observed. The Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly (RAA) could be explained by the addition of a fourth neutrino mass eigenstate resulting in a yet unobserved os- cillation. Since a fourth active neutrino would be in disagreement with the Z boson decay width measurement performed at LEP, this additional neutrino can not couple through weak interactions and is therefore called a “sterile” neutrino. The oscillation parameters that best explain the RAA are a mixing angle value of sin^2 (2theta_new) = 0.17 and a mass splitting value Delta m^2_new = 2.3 eV^2.The STEREO experiment was designed to test this oscillation hypothesis independently of predicted antineutrino spectra and fluxes, using the antineutrinos emitted by the compact core of the research reactor at the Laue-Langevin Institute in Grenoble, France. The target, located at about 10 m from the core, is segmented into six cells, allowing for a measurement of the antineutrino energy spectrum at various baselines [9-11m], sensitive to the oscillation toward a sterile neutrino that would distort each cell’s spectrum differently. The detection of the antineutrinos is based on the Inverse Beta Decay (IBD) process in a gadolinium-doped liquid scintillator. The precise under- standing of the detector response is paramount to the measurement and the analysis of the neutrino spectra.In the first part of this thesis, we will present a study of the non-linearity of the detector response. The non-linearity of the detector response is investigated with radioactive calibration sources emitting gamma particles at various energies. In par- ticular, an AmBe source, which is also a neutron emitter, allows to probe the response at high energy. We will describe a procedure that permits a reduction of the neutron background of this source. A sub-percent agreement between data and simulation of the detector non-linearity has been reached.In a second part, an analytical modelisation of the detector response is presented. The detector response is characterised by a limited number of parameters. The small number of parameters brings more flexibility to study the effect of a change or mis-calibration of the detector response on the extraction of the oscillation parameters. The inclusion of systematic uncertainties on the detector response is facilitated in this framework. In particular, cosmogenic Boron events are used as a control sample to estimate systematic uncertainties on the detector energy scale.Finally, a prediction independent analysis of the neutrino data is performed to extract the oscillation parameters using the analytical model of the detector response. A statistical analysis of the signal significance is made to produce the excluded area of the oscillation parameter space using a 2-dimensional Feldman-Cousins confidence interval approach. In the context of neutrino oscillation searches, the normal Chi^2 law conditions are not met, hence the Chi^2 distributions are computed by generating numerous pseudo-experiments. The no-oscillation hypothesis is not rejected, however the best-fit point of the RAA is excluded at ~99% confidence level
Étude des oscillations de neutrinos à très courtes distances dans le détecteur STEREO à l'ILL, et calibration de celui-ci
No full textDuring the last decades, several parameters describing the neutrino oscillation phenomenon have been characterized thanks to reactor neutrino experiments, in particular with the precise measurement of the mixing angle theta 13. However, following a reactor antineutrino flux re-estimation in 2011, a ~6% deficit, known as the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly, between measured and predicted reactor antineutrino fluxes, has been observed. The Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly (RAA) could be explained by the addition of a fourth neutrino mass eigenstate resulting in a yet unobserved os- cillation. Since a fourth active neutrino would be in disagreement with the Z boson decay width measurement performed at LEP, this additional neutrino can not couple through weak interactions and is therefore called a “sterile” neutrino. The oscillation parameters that best explain the RAA are a mixing angle value of sin^2 (2theta_new) = 0.17 and a mass splitting value Delta m^2_new = 2.3 eV^2.The STEREO experiment was designed to test this oscillation hypothesis independently of predicted antineutrino spectra and fluxes, using the antineutrinos emitted by the compact core of the research reactor at the Laue-Langevin Institute in Grenoble, France. The target, located at about 10 m from the core, is segmented into six cells, allowing for a measurement of the antineutrino energy spectrum at various baselines [9-11m], sensitive to the oscillation toward a sterile neutrino that would distort each cell’s spectrum differently. The detection of the antineutrinos is based on the Inverse Beta Decay (IBD) process in a gadolinium-doped liquid scintillator. The precise under- standing of the detector response is paramount to the measurement and the analysis of the neutrino spectra.In the first part of this thesis, we will present a study of the non-linearity of the detector response. The non-linearity of the detector response is investigated with radioactive calibration sources emitting gamma particles at various energies. In par- ticular, an AmBe source, which is also a neutron emitter, allows to probe the response at high energy. We will describe a procedure that permits a reduction of the neutron background of this source. A sub-percent agreement between data and simulation of the detector non-linearity has been reached.In a second part, an analytical modelisation of the detector response is presented. The detector response is characterised by a limited number of parameters. The small number of parameters brings more flexibility to study the effect of a change or mis-calibration of the detector response on the extraction of the oscillation parameters. The inclusion of systematic uncertainties on the detector response is facilitated in this framework. In particular, cosmogenic Boron events are used as a control sample to estimate systematic uncertainties on the detector energy scale.Finally, a prediction independent analysis of the neutrino data is performed to extract the oscillation parameters using the analytical model of the detector response. A statistical analysis of the signal significance is made to produce the excluded area of the oscillation parameter space using a 2-dimensional Feldman-Cousins confidence interval approach. In the context of neutrino oscillation searches, the normal Chi^2 law conditions are not met, hence the Chi^2 distributions are computed by generating numerous pseudo-experiments. The no-oscillation hypothesis is not rejected, however the best-fit point of the RAA is excluded at ~99% confidence level.Au cours des dernières décennies, plusieurs paramètres décrivant les oscillations de neutrinos ont été mesurés grâce aux expériences de neutrino auprès des réacteurs, le dernier étant la détermination très précise de l’angle de mélange theta13. Cependant, à la suite de la réévaluation des flux d’antineutrino des réacteurs en 2011, un déficit de ~6% entre flux observé et flux prédit, nommé Anomalie des Antineutrinos de Réacteur (RAA), a été constaté. L’anomalie des antineutrinos de réacteur pourrait être expliquée par l’addition d’un quatrième état de masse du neutrino permettant une oscillation encore inobservée. Puisqu’un quatrième état actif du neutrino serait en désaccord avec la largeur de désintégration du boson Z mesuré au LEP, ce neutrino additionnel ne peut pas interagir par interaction faible, il est donc qualifié de "stérile". Le meilleur ajustement des paramètres d’oscillation expliquant la RAA est un angle de mélange sin^2 (2theta_new) = 0.17 et un écart de masse Delta m^2_new = 2.3 eV^2.L’expérience STEREO a été conçue pour tester cette hypothèse d’oscillation indépendamment des prédictions de flux ou de spectre, en utilisant les antineutrinos émis par le coeur compact du réacteur de recherche de l’Institut Laue-Langevin à Grenoble. La cible, située à environ 10 m du cœur du réacteur est segmentée en 6 cellules, permettant une mesure des spectres en énergies des antineutrinos à plusieurs distances [9-11m], une oscillation vers un neutrino stérile modifierait différemment le spectre mesuré dans chaque cellule. La détection des antineutrinos dans STEREO se base sur le processus de désintégration bêta inverse dans un liquide scintillant dopé au gadolinium. La compréhension fine de la réponse du détecteur est cruciale pour la mesure des spectres en énergie des neutrinos et leur analyse.Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous présentons une étude de la non-linéarité de la réponse du détecteur. La non-linéarité de la réponse est examinée avec des sources radioactives émettrices de particules gamma à différentes énergies. En particulier, la source AmBe, qui est également émettrice de neutrons, permet d’évaluer la réponse à haute énergie. Nous décrivons une procédure permettant de réduire le bruit de fond neutron de cette source. Un accord entre données et simulation de la non-linéarité du détecteur meilleur que le pourcent a été atteint.Dans une seconde partie, une modélisation analytique de la réponse du détecteur est présentée. La réponse du détecteur est caractérisée par un petit nombre de paramètres, ce qui amène une plus grande souplesse pour étudier les effets d’un changementde réponse ou d’un étalonnage erroné de la réponse du détecteur, dans le cadre de l’extraction des paramètres d’oscillation. Dans ce cadre, l’inclusion des incertitudes systématiques sur la réponse du détecteur est facilitée. En particulier, les événementsdu bore cosmogénique sont utilisés comme échantillon de contrôle pour estimer lesincertitudes systématiques sur l’échelle en énergie du détecteur.Finalement, une analyse des données neutrino indépendante des prédictions estréalisée pour extraire les données d’oscillation en utilisant le modèle analytique de la réponse du détecteur. Une analyse statistique du signal est faite pour produire les contours d’exclusion de l’espace des paramètres d’oscillation, en utilisant l’approche bidimensionnelle des intervalles de confiance de Feldman-Cousins. Dans le contexte de la recherche d’une oscillation de neutrino, les conditions pour appliquer la loi normale de Chi^2 ne sont pas vérifiées, par conséquent, les distributions de Chi^2 sont calculées en générant de nombreuses pseudo-expériences. L’hypothèse de non-oscillation n’est pas rejeté mais le meilleur ajustement de la RAA est exclu à ~99% de niveau de confiance
The Stereo search for a sterile neutrino at the ILL reactor with full data sample
No full textInternational audienceDuring the last decades, several parameters describing the neutrino oscillation phenomenon have been characterized thanks to reactor neutrino experiments, in particular the precise measurement of the last-to-be-measured mixing angle θ. Following a reactor antineutrino flux re-estimation in 2011, a 6% deficit between observed and predicted reactor antineutrino fluxes, known as the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly, has been observed. The Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly could be explained by an oscillation toward an additional non-interacting, (thus “sterile”) neutrino. The parameters that best explain the RAA are a mixing angle value of sin (2θnew) = 0.17 and a mass splitting value of . Additionally, a discrepancy between the measured and predicted antineutrino energy spectrum taking the form of an excess of events around 5 MeV has been observed by several reactor neutrino experiments. This discrepancy has yet to be fully understood but could be caused by incorrect predictions of the neutrino spectra. The STEREO experiment, located at Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble (France), was designed to test the above mentioned oscillation hypothesis independently of shape and rate predictions. The segmented detector, located at ∼10 m of a compact reactor core, allows for a measurement of the antineutrino energy spectrum at various baselines, sensitive to the oscillation toward a sterile neutrino that would distort the spectrum differently at each baseline. The experiment could also help to disentangle isotopic contributions to the neutrino energy spectrum by providing a measurement of the spectrum shape and rate originating from a core with highly enriched (93%)235U. The experiment took data between November 2016 and November 2020. This talk will present the latest limits set in the oscillation parameter space with the full data sample, amounting to 334 (544) days of reactor-on (off), as well as the updated rate and spectrum shape measurements
Impact of ICRF fast-ions on core turbulence and MHD activity in ASDEX upgrade
No full textFunding Information: This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 — EUROfusion). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission can be held responsible for them. Funding Information: We wish to acknowledge M. Bergmann, M. Brambilla, P. David, R. Mc Dermott, Ph. Lauber, U. Plank, M. Reisner, S. Sharapov, G. Staebler, G. Tardini, E. Viezzer, B. Zimmermann, and to thank A. Kappatou, E. Tsitrone and A. Hakola for their kind support. J. Galdon-Quiroga acknowledges funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under grant no. FJC2019-041092-I. See the author list of U. Stroth et al. 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 042006 for the ASDEX Upgrade Team; see the author list of B. Labit et al. 2019 Nucl. Fusion 59 086020 for the EUROfusion MST1 team. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Author(s).Experiments in various tokamaks and their analysis identify the fast ions (FI) generated by NBI and/or ICRF heating as one of the main causes of the observed improvement in core confinement: fast ions can reduce core microturbulence (mainly Ion-Temperature-Gradient (ITG) driven modes) either electrostatically or electromagnetically, or they can resonate with fishbones and high-frequency Alfvén modes, which in turn contribute in stabilizing ITG. In this perspective, we discuss recent experiments done on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) where ICRF is the main actuator for FI generation for energies above 100 keV. Additionally, ICRF-FIs can substantially impact the MHD activity and its consequent effects on fast ion losses (FILs) and ion-cyclotron emission (ICE). We present dedicated AUG experiments with NBI-D further accelerated by ICRF.Peer reviewe
Blob motion and control in simple magnetized plasmas
No full textThe radial propagation of plasma blobs and possibilities of influencing it are investigated in the TORPEX toroidal experiment [Fasoli et al., Phys. Plasmas 13, 055902 (2006)]. The effect of changing the connection length and the neutral background pressure on blob velocity is measured and trends are found to agree with predictions from a previous study [Theiler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 065001, (2009)]. Effects on blob motion due to a change in limiter material and geometry are also discussed. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3562944]CRPPSPCCopyright (2011) American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics
Author response: Corrupted adipose tissue endogenous myelopoiesis initiates diet-induced metabolic disease
No full textLangmuir probe electronics upgrade on the tokamak a configuration variable
No full textA detailed description of the Langmuir probe electronics upgrade for TCV (Tokamak a Configuration Variable) is presented. The number of amplifiers and corresponding electronics has been increased from 48 to 120 in order to simultaneously connect all of the 114 Langmuir probes currently mounted in the TCV divertor and main-wall tiles. Another set of 108 amplifiers is ready to be installed in order to connect 80 new probes, built in the frame of the TCV divertor upgrade. Technical details of the amplifier circuitry are discussed as well as improvements over the first generation of amplifiers developed at SPC (formerly CRPP) in 1993/1994 and over the second generation developed in 2012/2013. While the new amplifiers have been operated successfully for over a year, it was found that their silicon power transistors can be damaged during some off-normal plasma events. Possible solutions are discussed. (C) 2019 Author(s).SPCAll article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Microscopy study of the growth and erosion of fuzz on tungsten by helium plasma exposure on ASDEX Upgrade
No full textMicroscopy study of the growth and erosion of fuzz on tungsten by heliumplasma exposure on ASDEX UpgradeM. Balden1, S. Brezinsek2, A. Hakola3, K. Krieger1, R. Neu1, M. Rasinski2,the ASDEX Upgrade Team4, and the EUROfusion MST1 Team51Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany2Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany3VTT, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Finland4see author list of H. Meyer et al. 2019 Nucl. Fusion 591120145see author list of B. Labit et al. 2019 Nucl. Fusion59 [email protected] (W) will be used as plasma-facing material in the ITER divertor due to its superiorproperties leading to good power handling, low fuel retention and low sputtering. Its advantageshave previously been demonstrated for hydrogen plasma operation. However, a campaign withhelium (He) plasmas is considered in the start-up phase of ITER, which might lead tomicroscopic changes as observed for various He exposure conditions in laboratory studies.Helium can form bubbles in W, which may in turn lead to formation of a nano-fibrous surfacelayer, referred to as fuzz. In order to assess whether and to which extent this happens in atokamak environment and how preformed fuzz survives under high power loads, a dedicatedexperiment was performed during the He plasma campaign of ASDEX Upgrade in 2019.The effect of He exposure on a W-fuzz surface was studied by exposing a set of 12pre-characterized and partially He pre-exposed samples to a series of 10 H-mode and 6 L-modeHe plasma discharges. To separate the effects of the respective plasma exposure conditions,both scenarios were run with well-separated strike line positions. The samples were arranged intwo poloidal stripes embedded in a dedicated Mo-coated W divertor tile. He pre-exposedsamples (with fuzz or only roughened) were prepared in the high heat-flux neutral beam teststand GLADIS (Garching) as well as in the linear plasma device PSI-2 (Jülich). The pre- andpost-exposure surface morphology and composition was analyzed in detail by scanning electronmicroscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and focused ion beam cutting.The analyses revealed that:(i) Above the H-mode strike line, where the target got rather hot, new fuzz has been formed witha thickness of a few hundred nanometers. Its microstructure shows no significant lateralvariation and is independent of the initial surface structure before AUG exposure.(ii) Directly at the H-mode strike line, ~200 nm of the initial W-fuzz structure on Hepre-exposed samples has been eroded.(iii) At and below the H-mode strike line, strong arcing occurred on the sample with a thickpre-established W-fuzz layer. The arc traces reduced, however, the fuzz thickness only slightly.(iv) At the strike line of the L-mode sub-series (~7 cm below that of the H-mode sub-series),only marginal erosion and slight deposition is observed on He pre-exposed samples.(v) Thickness and composition of deposited material varies with poloidal position, with amaximal thickness of 1 μm. Tungsten is the dominant species in the deposited material, whileMo and Ni+Fe (from heavy alloy divertor tiles) are found at least as traces
Overview of the third JET deuterium-tritium campaign
No full textJET returned to deuterium-tritium operations in 2023 (DTE3 campaign), approximately two years after DTE2. DTE3 was designed as an extension of JET’s 2022-2023 deuterium campaigns, which focused on developing scenarios for ITER and DEMO, integrating in-depth physics understanding and control schemes. These scenarios were evaluated with mixed D-T fuel, using the only remaining tritium-capable tokamak until its closure in 2023. A core-edge-SOL integrated H-mode scenario was developed and tested in D-T, showing good confinement and partial divertor detachment with Ne-seeding. Stationary pulses with good performance, no tungsten accumulation, and even without ELMs were achieved in D-T. Plasmas with pedestals limited by peeling modes were studied with D, T-rich, and D-T fuel, revealing a positive correlation between pedestal electron pressure and pedestal electron density. The Quasi-Continuous Exhaust regime was successfully achieved with D-T fuel, with access criteria similar to those in D plasmas. A scenario with full detachment, the X-point radiator regime, was established in D-T, aided by the real-time control of the radiator’s position. The crucial characterisation of tritium retention continued in DTE3, using gas balance measurements and the new LID-QMS diagnostic. Nuclear technology studies were advanced during the DTE3 campaign, addressing issues such as the activation of water in cooling loops and single event effects on electronics. Building on the previous D, T and DTE2 campaigns and the lessons learned from them, DTE3 extended our understanding of D-T plasmas, particularly in scenarios relevant to next-generation devices such as ITER and DEMO.The authors acknowledge and thank the JET team for their hard work and commitment. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 10 105 2200 - EUROfusion). The Swiss contribution to this work has been funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI). This work was supported in part by Grant PID2021-12 7727OB-I00, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities MICIU/AEI/10.13 039/50 110 0011 033, and by ERDF/EU. This scientific paper has been published as part of the international project co-financed by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the programme called ‘PMW’ for 2022–2024. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union, the European Commission or SERI. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission nor SERI can be held responsible for them.Peer Reviewed"Article signat per 71 autors/es: A Kappatou*, M Baruzzo, A Hakola, E Joffrin, D Keeling, B Labit, E Tsitrone, N Vianello, M Wischmeier, I Balboa, J Bernardo, M Bernert, T Bosman, S Brezinsek, D Brida, I S Carvalho, P Carvalho, L Ceelen, C D Challis, I Coffey, T Dittmar, M Dunne, M Faitsch, A R Field, L Frassinetti, L Garzotti, Z Ghani, C Giroud, S Henderson, R B Henriques, J Hobirk, P Jacquet, I Jepu, Ye O Kazakov, D B King, K K Kirov, D Kos, K Krieger, M Lennholm, E Lerche, X Litaudon, E Litherland-Smith, P Lomas, C Lowry, J Mailloux, M J Mantsinen, M Maslov, D Matveev, A Meigs, S Menmuir, C Olde, C Perez von Thun, L Piron, G Pucella, H Reimerdes, F Rimini, O Sauter, P A Schneider, B Sieglin, S Silburn, E R Solano, H Sun, D F Valcarcel, D van Eester, R Villari, A Widdowson, S Wiesen, M Zlobinski, V K Zotta, the JET contributors and the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team"Postprint (published version
