1,720,965 research outputs found
A indução e a demarcação nas epistemologias de Karl Popper e de Rudolf Carnap
Full text linkDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas.A dissertação de mestrado A Indução e a Demarcação nas Epistemologias de Karl Popper e de Rudolf Carnap, apresenta, a partir do problema da indução em David Hume, duas alternativas diferentes como critério de demarcação entre ciência e não-ciência. A proposta de Popper tem como fundamento sua metodologia falseacionista ancorada na lógica dedutiva clássica, assegurando a racionalidade do método científico. Carnap, por sua vez, desenvolve um critério lingüístico de significado capaz de distinguir as sentenças científicas, ou significativas, dos enunciados metafísicos, ou pseudo-enunciados destituídos de significado cognitivo. A partir destas duas posições, discutiremos a controvérsia que se estabeleceu entre Popper e Carnap, tendo como referência o problema da reconstrução racional do conhecimento científico, já que o projeto carnapiano pressupõe a lógica indutiva
PLURALISMO CULTURAL E TOLERÂNCIA METODOLÓGICA
Full text linkThis paper presents an analysis of scientific knowledge presupposing the concepts of ‘method’ and ‘scientific rationality’ from the following question: to what extent can we say that the scientific enterprise is a rational one? Should there be a single pattern, something like empirical control, objectivity and logical justification? Should we question the limits of distinctions scientific / non-scientific; rational / irrational; science / history of science? Are these distinctions contextual or should they be contextualized? Thus, epistemological anarchism, understood as methodological pluralism, leads us to a new way of discussing scientific rationality, notably contextualized rationality. Uniformity is tedious, we agree with Feyerabend, but it has nothing to do with objectivity. We understand that objectivity is a condition for the possibility of science from the perspective of scientific unity, but it is not conditioned by uniformity, which restricts the freedom of its practices. An anarchist methodology that aims for theoretical proliferation is a good alternative to uniformity but not to the unity of science, which serves another purpose, that of logical justification. Therefore, cultural pluralismo and methodological tolerance are compatible. And not an ‘ocean of mutually incompatible alternatives’.
Este artigo apresenta uma análise do conhecimento científico pressupondo os conceitos de ‘método’ e ‘racionalidade científica’ a partir do seguinte questionamento: em que medida podemos afirmar que o empreendimento científico é um empreendimento racional? Deve haver um padrão único, algo como controle empírico, objetividade e justificação lógica? Devemos questionar os limites das distinções científico/não científico; racional/irracional; ciência/história da ciência? Tais distinções são ou devem ser contextualizadas? Assim, o anarquismo epistemológico, entendido como um pluralismo metodológico, nos conduz a uma nova forma de discutir a racionalidade científica, notadamente uma racionalidade contextualizada. A uniformidade é tediosa, concordamos com Feyerabend, mas nada tem a ver com a objetividade. Entendemos que a objetividade é uma condição de possibilidade da ciência na perspectiva da unidade científica, mas não está condicionada à uniformidade, que restringe a liberdade de suas práticas. Uma metodologia anarquista que almeja a proliferação teórica é uma boa alternativa à uniformidade, mas não o é para a unidade da ciência, que tem outro propósito, o de justificação lógica. Deste modo, pluralismo cultural e tolerância metodológica são compatíveis. E não um ‘oceano de alternativas mutuamente incompatíveis’
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29327/2194248.5.3-1
Unidade da ciência e tolerância linguística
Full text linkTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia.Esta tese trata da unidade da ciência e do princípio de tolerância lingüística na obra de Rudolf Carnap. Argumentamos que tal obra está dividida em dois períodos, fundacionalista e antifundacionalista. Após caracterizarmos esses dois períodos, defendemos a compatibilização da obra como um todo, tendo como referência a unidade conceitual da ciência e o princípio de tolerância lingüística que, segundo nossa interpretação, são características fundamentais dos trabalhos de Carnap, desde 1928 até 1966. Analisamos também o quanto a filosofia da ciência atual deve à obra de Carnap, sobretudo em problemas relacionados à unidade da ciência, à observabilidade e à interpretação da linguagem científica
Carnap, Friedman e o revisionismo
No full texthttp://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2013v17n1p137Neste artigo, retomamos a obra carnapiana com o objetivo de reavaliar um período da filosofia da ciência cuja influência ainda pode ser notada nos trabalhos atuais de orientação empirista e que, portanto, não pode simplesmente ser arquivado à títulos de pesquisa histórica ou de nostalgia literária. Avaliaremos a leitura proposta pelos revisionistas de Carnap, em especial a leitura de Friedman e concluiremos afirmando uma posição minimalista de Carnap em relação à filosofia, identificada com a lógica da ciência e preocupada com a interpretação empirista da linguagem científica.In this article we will analyze the work of Carnap in order to re-evaluate a period of philosophy of science whose influence can still be detected in current research of an empiricist orientation and should not be filed away simply as an object of historical research or literary nostalgia. We will evaluate the proposal of a revisionist reading of Carnap, in particular by Friedman, and we will conclude by articulating a minimalist position of Carnap’s philosophy, identified with the logic of science and concerned with the empirical interpretation of scientific language
Carnap e o revisionismo
No full textThis paper presents a possible but controversial characterization of two periods
in Rudolf Carnap's work: foundationalism and anti-foundationalism. I will argue that even
with the identification of two periods, it is possible to argue in favor of the unity of Carnap's
work concerning the unity of science and the principle of linguistic tolerance. To do so,
I will count on the analysis of some revisionist views advocated by Friedman and Uebel.
Therefore I intend to contribute to a discussion that, since the second half of the twentieth
century, seemed to have been overcome, but that, at the end of that century is resumed due
to the importance of issues such as the unity of science, observability and interpretation of
the scientific language for the philosophy of science
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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