87 research outputs found
Standards War Dynamics:attle for Technological Dominance of Next Generation DVD
No full text在過去二十年技術變動快速的步伐下，在許多主流技術主導權的爭奪戰顯現出規格標準化對一個產業以及廠商長期競爭優勢的重要性。自1997 推出以來，DVD在數位影音市場獲得空前的勝利，很快的取代了VHS成為家用錄像和播放標準，同時也成為資訊產業中主要的存儲媒體。隨著普及率趨於飽和, 市場成熟, 毛利率因而逐步下降,加上高畫質娛樂媒體HDTV和數位時代來臨對於高容量的數據儲存需求， 使得高畫質媒體儲存光碟規格的標準成為廠商目光的焦點。為此以SONY為首所領導的BD (Blu-ray Disc) 與Toshiba為首的領軍的HD-DVD (High-Definition Digital Videodisc) 兩大陣營， 為了爭取次時代規格的主導權而展開了劇烈的競爭。研究主要探討在此兩項相似但是不相容的技術之爭下, 廠商策略, 產業結構, 及環境因素將會如何影響次時代儲存產業標準規格發展與技術普及。本研究的問題為: 1) 過去VHS家用錄像 和DVD產業標準規格的發展過程對如今高畫質儲存光碟規格的主流技術主導權爭奪戰有何影響和啟發? 2) 在此主流技術主導權爭奪戰中, 兩營主要策略是什麼? 3)在此主流技術主導權爭奪戰中, 主要決定因素有哪些? 4) 未來五年高畫質媒體儲存光碟產業將會有可能如何發展 ?研究採用定性研究的方式, 透過訪談以及產業次級資料, 歸納出整個產業的競爭動態, 並且利用標準化理論和主流設計理論,歸納出主流規格產生的過程及關鍵因素.最後運用情境分析法, 結合專家的意見探討影響未來光儲存產業規格發展的關鍵因素, 以及驅動此關鍵決策因素力量的不確定性與衝擊程度, 導出五種可能之情境結果, 進而發展最樂觀, 悲觀與最可能情境.透過本研究的分析發現, Blu-ray以較先進的儲存空間和防拷保護技術以及聯盟策略擊敗了HD DVD 在成本上和削價策略上的優勢, 獲得了較多硬體廠商,內容業者發行影片商, 與通路零售及影片出租商的支持,目前占領優勢而將在2009年成為次世代DVD 的市場主流.Throughout the rapid pace of technological change in the last two decades, many occurrences of battles for dominance between two or more rival technologies have highlighted the importance of standardization for industry success and firms’ long term competitive position. Following its 1997 debut, the DVD (digital versatile disc, or digital video disc) had conquered the home-video market previously ruled by VHS tapes, as well as became the major storage medium choice in computer industry. However, in the digital information age, the needs for massive storage capacity for large information data, and high definition entertainment usage are becoming inevitable trends. In response, two format, Blu-ray Disc technology lead by Sony, and HD DVD lead by Toshiba, emerged in the market competing to become the successor of standard DVD.his research focus on how firm strategy, industrial structure and environment factor are going to affect the standards war out come and industry development. The four major focuses are: 1) What are the lessons and implications of standardization process in the VCR and DVD industry to current format war? 2)What are the strategy maneuvers of each format as the standard war proceed? 3) What are the major determinant factors of dominant design of high definition DVD? 4) What are the best, worst and most possible scenarios and why?his study use qualitative research method, mainly based on the primary sources of interviews and questionnaires, secondary data, theoretical frameworks for standardization and dominance design are used to analyze the dominant factors and strategies practices throughout the dominance process. Lastly, based on the expert opinion on the importance and uncertainties of dominance factors, the study comes out with 4 scenarios. The paper concludes that at current status quo, Blu-ray disc’s advancement in technology, copyright management, and strategic alliance efforts give it more competitive position than HD DVD’s low cost and penetration pricing strategies, in attracting more industry supporters, including content providers, PC and consumer industry manufacturers and distribution channels to become the dominant design of next generation DVD in year 2009.論文摘要…..ibstract…..iicknowledgement….. iiiist of Tables…..viist of Figures…..viihapter 1: Introduction…..1.1 Research Background…..1.2 Research Motivation…..6.3 Research Objectives…..8.4 Research Method and Scope…..8.5 Research Limitations…..9hapter 2: Literature Review…..10.1 Network Industries…..10.2 Standardization…..15.3 Technology dominance…..19.4 Conceptual Framework…..27hapter 3: Dominant Design Process…..30.1 VCR Standards War…..30.2 DVD Industry…..33.3 The Lessons from the Past…..34.4 Phase I: R&D Build Up…..36.5 Phase IIA: Technical Feasibility…..37.6 Phase IIA: Alliances…..44.7 Phase IIIA-Creating the Market…..51.8 Phase III B-Accumulating Installed Base …..61.9 Reframed Dominance Process…..65hapter 4: Scenario Analysis and Expert Opinion…..68.1 Focus of Decision Area…..68.2 Key Decision Factors…..69.3: Identify and evaluating key driving forces…..70.4: Axes of Uncertainty…..73.5: Best and Worst Scenarios…..76.6 Recommendations…..78hapter 5: Conclusions…..81.1 Research Findings…..81.2 Reserch Implications….. 84.3 Short Coming of this Research Study…..85.4 Suggestion for Future Research…..86eferences…..87ppendix A: Member Lists of HD DVD Promotion Group and Blu-ray Disc Association …..93ppendix B: Blue Laser DVD Titles and Hardware…..97ppendix C: Survey Questionnaire…..110iography…..11
Bombus (Pyrobombus) taiwanensis Williams, Sung, Lin and Lu 2022, sp. nov.
No full textBombus (Pyrobombus) taiwanensis Williams, Sung, Lin and Lu sp. nov. (Figures 1, 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 726E8A64-28A2-4DD9-8801-651DED8BD495 [Bombus sp. non descripta Chiu 1948: 71, 1♀ (worker) (TARI)] [Bombus (Pyrobombus) nr. hypnorum Starr, 1992: 149, 3♀ (workers) 2♂ (TARI)] +Inference of being conspecific supported by published (Huang et al. 2015; Williams et al. 2020) or ++unpublished (Thanoosing, in prep.) GMYC- or PTP-coalescent analyses for COI barcodes. *Inference of being separate species supported by PTP-coalescent analyses for COI barcodes (Williams et al. 2020) or **by morphology (Williams et al. 2009). Bombus (Megabombus) trifasciatus Smith, 1852 Bombus wilemani Cockerell, 1911 Bombus (Megabombus) bicoloratus Smith, 1879 Bombus (Psithyrus) turneri (Richards, 1929 [Psithyrus]) Psithyrus monozonus (Friese, 1931) not of Friese 1909 [= B. lucorum (Linnaeus)] Bombus (Pyrobombus) taiwanensis sp. nov. * Bombus (Pyrobombus) flavescens Smith, 1852 Bombus (Pyrobombus) sonani (Frison, 1934 [Bremus])* Bombus (Alpigenobombus) angustus Chiu, 1948 * [Bombus (Bombus) terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) – introduced from Europe only in glass houses] Bombus (Melanobombus) eximius Smith, 1852 Bombus latissimus Friese, 1910 Bombus (Melanobombus) formosellus (Frison, 1934 [Bremus])* Material examined. Holotype: 1♀ (queen), labels (1): white, printed in black ‘ Mt. Hehuan, South peak/(3100 m), Nantou Co.,/ Taiwan, VI-15-2019,/ I. H. Sung’; (2) white, printed in black ‘ Bombus taiwanensis /Williams, Sung, Lin & Lu sp. nov./det. Paul H. Williams’; (3) red, printed in black ‘ HOLOTYPE / ♀ / Bombus taiwanensis /Williams, Sung, Lin & Lu’; (4) white, printed in black ‘[barcode]/00214314’ (TFRI). Paratypes: 1♀ (worker), labels: (1) white, printed in black ‘Mt. Hehuan, South peak/ (3100 m), Nantou Co,/ Taiwan, VI-15-2019,/I. H. Sung’; (2) white, printed in black ‘ Bombus taiwanensis /Williams, Sung, Lin & Lu sp. nov./det. Paul H. Williams’; (3) red, printed in black ‘ PARATYPE / ♀ / Bombus taiwanensis / Williams, Sung, Lin & Lu’; (4) white, printed in black ‘[barcode]/00214315’ (TFRI). 1♀ (worker), labels (1): white, printed in black ‘ Mt. Hehuan, South peak/(3100 m), Nantou Co.,/ Taiwan, VI-15-2019 /I. H. Sung’; (2) white, printed in black ‘ Bombus taiwanensis /Williams, Sung, Lin & Lu sp. nov./det. Paul H. Williams’; (3) red, printed in black ‘ PARATYPE / ♀ / Bombus taiwanensis / Williams, Sung, Lin & Lu’; (4) white, printed in black ‘[barcode]/00214316’ (TFRI). 1♀ (worker), labels (1): white, printed in black ‘Mt. Hehuan, South peak/(3100 m), NantouCo.,/ Taiwan, VI-15-2019,/I. H. Sung’; (2) white, printed in black ‘ Bombus taiwanensis / Williams, Sung, Lin & Lu sp. nov./det. Paul H. Williams’; (3) red, printed in black ‘ PARATYPE / ♀ / Bombus taiwanensis / Williams, Sung, Lin & Lu’; (4) white, printed in black ‘[barcode]/00214317’ (TFRI). 1♀ (worker), labels (1): white, printed in black ‘ Mt. Hehuan, South peak/(3100 m), Nantou Co.,/ Taiwan, VI-15- 2019,/I. H. Sung’; (2) white, printed in black ‘ Bombus taiwanensis /Williams, Sung, Lin & Lu sp. nov./det. Paul H. Williams’; (3) red, printed in black ‘ PARATYPE / ♀ / Bombus taiwanensis / Williams, Sung, Lin & Lu’; (4) white, printed in black ‘[barcode]/00214318’ (TFRI). Compared material. 1♀ (worker), labels: (1) orange, printed in black ‘C. TAIWAN: Tsuifeng/ 2300 m. Nantou Hsien / 23‒25.VI.1983 /K.S. Lin & S.C. Lin’; (2) white, handwritten ‘nr. ardens ’; (3) white, handwritten ‘[worker] Bombus /(Pyrobombus)/ hypnorum /(Linnaeus)/ det. P.H. Williams /1991’; (4) green, printed in black ‘BOLD# (BEE-BOL /BBW/ PHW)/ 1550A06-TWN’; (5) white, printed in black ‘[worker] Bombus /(Pyrobombus)/ taiwanensis / det. P.H. Williams /2021’ (PHW). 1♂, labels: (1) orange, printed in black ‘C. TAIWAN: Tayuling/ 2560 m. Hualien Hsien / 9‒16.VI.1980 /K.S. Lin & B.H. Chen’; (2) white, handwritten ‘ ♂ Bombus /(Pyrobombus)/ hypnorum /(Linnaeus)/det. P.H. Williams /1991’; (3) green, printed in black ‘BOLD# (BEE-BOL /BBW/ PHW)/1550A07-TWN’; (4) white, printed in black ‘ ♂ Bombus /(Pyrobombus)/ taiwanensis /det. P.H. Williams /2021’ (PHW). Etymology Named for its occurrence in Taiwan, avoiding homonymy with earlier names in Bombus of formosanus, formosellus, formosulus and formosus. Diagnosis A predominantly black, orange-tailed bumblebee from Taiwan (Figure 1). Within the hypnorum complex distinguished by (Figure 1): female and male with the front, middle and hind leg basitarsi all with the integument lighter brown than the tibiae (vs darker like the rest of the body for B. hypnorum); hair (pubescence) of the metasoma with all of terga 4‒6 a pale but dull sandy brown or very pale orange (vs white for B. hypnorum). Female clypeus in the half nearest to the labrum smooth and shining with only a few large punctures, mostly spaced by much more than their own widths (Figure 2) (vs large punctures often separated by only their own widths for B. hypnorum). Male genitalia with the gonostylus inner anterior (basal) projection separated from the gonocoxa by less than the breadth of the recurved hook of the penis-valve head (vs separated by much more than the breadth of the recurved hook of the penis-valve head for B. hypnorum). Description Female habitus illustrated in Figure 1, body size small (worker body length 10‒12 mm), hair (pubescence) moderately long, wings nearly clear. Mandible with the distal notch anterior to the posterior tooth (incisura) very shallow and hardly marked. Oculo-malar area (‘cheek’ sensu Williams et al. 2014; not the gena) of medium length, 1.0× longer (length measured between the ventral edge of the compound eye and the edge of the malar area at the articulation of the mandible midway between the mandibular condyles) than the breadth of the mandible at its base (breadth between and including the mandibular condyles). Clypeus weakly swollen (Figure 2), its raised area nearly flat, the central area with few widely scattered large and medium punctures, few punctures especially medially and ventrally adjacent to the labrum. The area between the inner edge of the compound eye and the outer edge of the lateral ocellus occupied in just over its outer third by a broad band with a few mostly large punctures, spaced by more than their own widths, the smaller punctures between the larger punctures very few. Mid basitarsus with the distal posterior corner broadly rounded; hind tibia outer surface with a corbicula, the surface sculpturing weakly reticulate so that the surface appears slightly matt; hind basitarsus in the distal three-quarters covered with short branched decumbent and weakly overlapping hairs with golden reflections; tergum 6 posteriorly rounded and not divided medially, with a small subapical dorsal boss. Colour pattern of the hair of the body predominantly brownish black. Head entirely black except for orange hairs anteriorly on the labrum and laterally on the mandibles. Thoracic dorsum anterior to the wing bases with paler but dark sandy brown hair intermixed, this paler hair extending down the side of the thorax anteriorly, and on the scutellum posteriorly; the front, middle and hind leg tibiae all with some hairs orange, the basitarsi all with the integument lighter brown than the tibiae and with more orange hairs. Hair of the metasoma with tergum 3 posteriorly and all of terga 4‒6 a pale but dull sandy brown or very pale orange. Male body size small (body length 12 mm), hair (pubescence) moderately long, wings nearly clear. Colour pattern of the hair of the body predominantly dark brownish, almost black. Head and the thoracic dorsum anterior to the wing bases with paler but dull sandy brown hair intermixed, this pale hair covering the side of the thorax (mesepisternum), and on most of the scutellum; the front, middle and hind leg tibiae all with the long hairs orange, the basitarsi all with the integument lighter brown than the tibiae and with the long hairs orange. Hair of the metasoma with tergum 1 and all of terga 4‒7 a pale but dull sandy-brown or very pale orange. Male genitalia with the gonostylus nearly triangular, the inner anterior (basal) projection separated from the gonocoxa by less than the breadth of the recurved hook of the penis-valve head; the volsella scarcely projecting beyond the gonostylus; the penis valve with the head recurved as a flattened sickle-shaped hook that is not strongly tapered. Distribution Endemic to the mountains of Hsinchu, Nantou and Hualien counties, central Taiwan, at elevations of 2300‒3100 m.Published as part of Williams, Paul H., Sung, I-Hsin, Lin, Yi-Jing & Lu, Sheng-Shan, 2022, Discovering endemic species among the bumblebees of Taiwan (Apidae, genus Bombus), pp. 435-447 in Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8) on pages 438-442, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2052991, http://zenodo.org/record/680972
A Study of Soil Water Characteristics on Chiu-fen-er-shan Landsliding Area
No full text本研究量測九份二山地區土壤水份特性，研究結果指出，九份二山土壤含砂質壤土、砂質黏壤土及黏土等，不同質地土壤呈現不同的水份特性。九份二山土壤屬砂質壤土部份，排水曲線下降較為快速；黏土部份，排水曲線較為和緩；砂質黏壤土則介於兩著之間。由實驗數據，引用Van Genuchten 水份特性推估方程式，決定不同質地土壤水份特性方程式之參數，不同土樣之水份特性曲線方程式如下列所示：
土樣一 θ(h) = 0.03483+0.46617/[1+(αh)1.15]0.1304
土樣二 θ(h) = 0.03484+0.39116/[1+(αh)1.45]0.3103
土樣三 θ(h) = 0.03151+0.38349/[1+(αh)1.15]0.1304
土樣四 θ(h) = 0.03168+0.36432/[1+(αh)1.15]0.1304
土樣五 θ(h) = 0.03336+0.39764/[1+(αh)1.55]0.3548
土樣六 θ(h) = 0.03388+0.41712/[1+(αh)1.40]0.2857
土樣七 θ(h) = 0.02451+0.40449/[1+(αh)1.50]0.3333
本研究亦引用Mualem理論，推估不飽和土壤水力傳導度。The objective of this research is to study the soil water characteristics on Chiu-fen-er-shan landslidung area. The soil texture on the experimental field includes sandy loam, sand clay loam, and clay. The water retention curves of different
soil texture were determined by measured water content and water potential .The model suggested by Van Genuchten
was applied to express the water characteristics of these soils. The parameters of this model of different soil texture were determined with the experimental data by curve fitting technology. The equations of water characteristic curves of different soil samples are as following:
Sample 1. θ(h) = 0.03483+0.46617/[1+(αh)1.15]0.1304
Sample 2. θ(h) = 0.03484+0.39116/[1+(αh)1.45]0.3103
Sample 3. θ(h) = 0.03151+0.38349/[1+(αh)1.15]0.1304
Sample 4. θ(h) = 0.03168+0.36432/[1+(αh)1.15]0.1304
Sample 5. θ(h) = 0.03336+0.39764/[1+(αh)1.55]0.3548
Sample 6. θ(h) = 0.03388+0.41712/[1+(αh)1.40]0.2857
Sample 7. θ(h) = 0.02451+0.40449/[1+(αh)1.50]0.3333
The theory developed by Mualem was used to predict the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.總目錄……………………………………………………………Ⅰ
表目錄……………………………………………………………Ⅱ
圖目錄……………………………………………………………Ⅲ
中文摘要…………………………………………………………Ⅳ
英文摘要…………………………………………………………Ⅴ
壹、前言…………………………………………………… 1
貳、前人研究……………………………………………… 2
2-1不同處理下土壤水份滲透之研究……………………2
2-2水力傳導度與田間量測水份含量的技術……………3
2-3土壤水份特性方面之研究……………………………4
2-4土壤水分常用測定方法………………………………5
參、土壤水分移動模式之理論……………………………10
肆、研究材料與方法………………………………………13
4-1 試區簡介………………………………………………13
4-2 研究流程與方法………………………………………16
4-3 方程式參數的推導……………………………………25
伍、結果與討論……………………………………………26
5-1 試區土壤物理性質……………………………………26
5-2 試區土壤水分特性曲線分析…………………………27
5-3 未飽和水力傳導度之推估……………………………33
陸、結論……………………………………………………38
參考文獻……………………………………………………39
附錄資料 附錄A（排水曲線實驗記錄）…………………44
附錄B（水份特性方程式變異分析圖）………45
附錄C（不飽和水力傳導度推估數據）………4
Lahar facies of the Latest Paleozoic Arbasay Formation: Geomorphological characters and paleoenvironment reconstruction of Northern Tian Shan, NW China
No full textInternational audienceTexturally well-preserved lahars are exposed in the Latest Paleozoic Arbasay Formation, Northern Tian Shan. The lahars consist primarily of two lithofacies: massive, poorly lithified diamictites and stratified, moderately lithified gravelly sandstones. The diamictites can be generally divided into two subfacies, i.e., the matrix-supported and the clast-supported diamictites. Most diamictites are structureless and nongraded, however some crudely stratified beds with a certain grading have also been found. They are thick in beds and contain large clasts up to 3 m in dimension. The gravelly sandstones display much finer particle size and have wedge or lenticular geometries. Large clasts are absent within them and the sorting characters are much better than the diamictites. Despite the different size grading, the matrix and the clasts of the two lithofacies appear to be homogeneous. The matrix is generally sandy mudstone. The clasts comprise rhyolites, dacites, andesites, andesitic basalts and basalts, same to the co-existing volcanic rocks, suggesting they originate from the cognate volcanics.The disorganized diamictites are supposed to deposit from a turbulent flood or pyroclastic surge. The gravelly sandstone lithofacies are interpreted as sand-rich flood flows or hyperconcentrated flood flows during the waning stage of a mass-flow event. The overall characteristics of the deposits suggest a mass-flow dominated alluvial fan environment. They are rapidly accumulated within small, normal faults bounded depocenters.The characteristics of the Arbasay Formation lahars, together with the geochemistry characters of the co-existing volcanic rocks, clearly prove that they were deposited in a post-collisional extensional regime. LA-ICP-MS zircon dating of the intercalated fallout tuff sample provided an age of 314.4 ± 3.4 Ma (MSWD = 1.6), suggesting they were deposited at Late Carboniferous. Therefore, the North Tian Shan Ocean must have closed before 314 Ma, and the initial basin type in Northern Tian Shan should be extensional faulted basins rather foreland basins
Effects of Alendronate on Osteopenic Postmenopausal Chinese Women
No full textTo evaluate the effects of alendronate on postmenopausal Chinese women with osteopenia, we treated 46 subjects daily with either 10 mg alendronate (N = 24) or placebo plus 500 mg calcium supplement (N = 22), and measured their bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and hip, and urinary bone resorption markers before, during, and after the 1 year treatment period. The bone markers included N- telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) and deoxypyridinoline ( Dpd); both were corrected by the concentration of creatinine in the same sample (NTx/Cr and Dpd/Cr). Both NTx/ Cr and Dpd/Cr decreased significantly by 44% and 28%, respectively (p < 0.05 for both), in 1 month in the active treatment group but did not change in the placebo group. BMD at the spine, femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle increased significantly by 6 months and showed a further increase through month 12 at the spine in the alendronate- treated group. Relative to the placebo group, BMD changes at various sites in the alendronate-treated group were higher at 12 months by 6%-11%. Thus, our data suggest that 10 mg alendronate daily resulted in significant increases in spine and hip BMD, and decreases of urinary resorption markers in the osteopenic postmenopausal Chinese women studied. The amplitude of responses was higher than in previous reports in the USA and Europe
Stenus secretus BERNHAUER 1915
No full textStenus secretus BERNHAUER 1915 Stenus secretus BERNHAUER 1915: 70; L. BENICK 1922b: 161; PUTHZ 1968c: 98; PUTHZ 1970: 30; PUTHZ 1979: 21; ZHANG et al.1991: 106; LI 1993: 24; TANG & LI 2013: 5. Stenus aureosetulus L. BENICK 1924: 252. M a t e r i a l: CHINA: Henan: 1: Lin Hsien, 12.VIII.1966, Hammond (NHML). Shaanxi: 1: Kian [= Xi’an], 16.IV.1993, Rougemont (cRoug). Shanxi: 1: Heng Shan, 10 km of Dai Xian, 1000m, 22.VII.1998 (cSh); 2, 1: Taibaishan, 20 km S Wangzhuangbu, 1200m, 23.- 26.VII.1998, Bolm (NHMB); 1: "S-Schensi" (FMCh). Hebei: 3: Yongnian, 36°47’N, 114°30’E, VI-XII.1995, Barber trap, Li (cSch, SMNS); 1: Peiping, 1932, Lin (MCZH). Beijing: 2: Peking (coll. Fauvel, IRSCNB); 1: Peking, V.-XI.1919, Chenfu, Wu (USNM); 1: Peking, 30.IX.1966, Hammond (NHML).2: Yanshan, Dongling Mt., 1400m, Xiaolongmen, 15.-16.VI.2001, Hlavac & Cooter (coll. Hlavac, cP). Liaoning: 1: Ying kou Xan, Huantuling, 23.X.1988, Li (cP). Jilin: teste LI. Heilongjiang: 4, 9: Harbin, V-VI.1965, V-VI.1966, HAMMOND (NHML, CP). Ningxia: Jinyuan Co., Guamagou Linchang, 2200m (t. TANG & LI). Gansu: 1: "Asia centr.: Kan-ssu", Potanin (Syntypus von S. mongolicus Eppelsheim) (NHMW); 1: Mian Shan, 32 km W Langnan, 33°27’34’’N, 104°34’39’’E, 1360m, sandy riverbank with sparse vegetation, 5.VIII.2012, Wrase (14) (cSch). Nei Mongol: 1: Pass Chengde-Chifeng, 41°6’N, 118°2’E, 30.-31.V.2002, J. Turna (NHMW). B e m e r k u n g:DieseArtder S. clavicornis -Gruppe ist auch aus Russland (Sibirien, Ferner Osten), der Mongolei und aus Korea bekannt geworden.Published as part of Uthz, 2013, Revision der Stenus-Arten Chinas (3) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) 1, pp. 851-883 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 45 (1) on page 856, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.529954
Spiropagurus profundorum Alcock 1905
No full textSpiropagurus profundorum Alcock, 1905 (Fig. 4) Spiropagurus spiriger var. profundorum Alcock, 1905: 120, pl. 13 fig. 5. Spiropagurus profundorum.— McLaughlin, 2002: 449, fig. 9C, D.— McLaughlin, 2007: pl. 215. Material examined. East China Sea: MBM 042669, 1 male (5.85 mm), 1 female (4.95 mm), 1 ovigerous female (5.70 mm), Sta. 4083, 4 July 1959, 85 m, brown sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Li-Ren Cheng; MBM 042688, 1 ovigerous female (6.35 mm), 9 December 1959, Sta. 4082, 9 December 1959, sandy-mud, 81 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Yu-Hang Cui; MBM 042694, 2 males (5.65, 7.15 mm), 1 ovigerous female (5.50 mm), Sta. 4082, 4 April 1959, 80 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Guang-Yu Lin; MBM152409, 1 male (6.25 mm), 11 June 1978, sandy-mud, 105 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhi-Can Tang; MBM151556, 2 males (5.15, 6.20 mm), 10 October 1957, 100 m, sandymud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhi-Can Tang; MBM 042687, 1 ovigerous female (6.55 mm), Sta. 4083, 8 December 1959, brown sandy-mud, 90 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Yu-Hang Cui; MBM059810, 1 male (4.80 mm), 1 female (5.95 mm), Sta. 6092, 5 July 1959, 108 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059764-1, 2 ovigerous females (7.05, 7.50 mm), 16 February 1959, 104 m, coll. Zhi-Can Tang; MBM059700, 1 female (5.70 mm), Sta. 6038, 14 July 1959, 103 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059697, 1 ovigerous female (5.10 mm), Sta. 6108, 4 April 1960, sandy-mud, 124 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhi-Can Tang; MBM059701, 2 ovigerous females (5.20, 5.35 mm), Sta. 6092, 18 April 1959, 99 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Fu-Zeng Sun; MBM059723, 1 ovigerous female (5.90 mm), Sta. 6066, 20 February 1959, 87 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059764, 1 ovigerous female (7.80 mm), Sta. 6092, 16 February 1959, 104 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhi- Can Tang; MBM059695, 1 female (5.05 mm), Sta. 6204, 20 November 1959, sandy-mud, 84 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhi-Can Tang; MBM059890-1, 1 male (6.20 mm), 10 February 1960, 66 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059831, 1 male (4.70 mm), 1 female (4.10 mm), 1 ovigerous female (5.40 mm), Sta. 6038, 13 April 1960, 107 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059698-1, 1 female (5.05 mm), 2 February 1960, sandy-mud, 78 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059713-1, 1 male (4.85 mm), 1 ovigerous female (5.35 mm), 8 April 1960, 83 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059699, 1 female (4.50 mm), Sta. 6048, 9 January 1960, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Shao-Zong Wu; MBM059759, 1 ovigerous female (6.50 mm), Sta. 6160, 6 April 1959, 94.5m, sandy-mud, beam trawl, coll. Zhen-Gang Fan; MBM059702, 1 male (5.65 mm), 1 female (5.00 mm), Sta. 6038, 9 January 1960, sandy-mud, 108 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Shao-Zong Wu; MBM059694, 1 ovigerous female (6.35 mm), Sta. 6048, 21 March 1959, 85 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059860-1, 3 males (5.15–6.30 mm), 1 ovigerous female (5.45 mm), 1 female (4.95 mm), Sta. 6091, 22 October 1959, 74 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhen-Gang Fan; MBM059698, 1 female (7.10 mm), Sta. 6091, sandymud, 78 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhen-Gang Fan; MBM059824-1, 1 female (5.95 mm), Sta. 6066, sandy-mud, 8 8m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhen-Gang Fan; MBM059874, 3 males (5.10–5.40 mm), Sta. 6065, 9 April 1960, sandy-mud, 69 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhi-Can Tang; MBM059693, 1 ovigerous female (6.45 mm Hui-Lian Cheng; MBM059883, 1 male (4.80 mm), Sta. 6206, 15 July 1959, 85 m, sandy-mud, Sta. 6017, 23 April 1950, 88 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Agassiz trawl; MBM059880, Sta. 6228, 15 April 1969, 93.5 m, sandy-mud, beam trawl, coll. Feng-Shan Xu; MBM059820, 1 male (6.05 mm), Sta. 6091, 5 July 1959, 78 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059819, 1 male (5.70 mm), Sta. 6066, 25 April 1959, 89 m, sandy-mud, coll. Fu- Zeng Sun; MBM059864, 1 female (6.80 mm), Sta. 6188, 14 July 1959, 106 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Feng-Shan Xu; MBM059765, 1 ovigerous female (7.85 mm), Sta. 6238, 12 January 1959, 97 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Feng-Shan Xu; MBM059739, 1 female (4.70 mm), Sta. 6038, 8 April 1959, 102 m, coll. Shao- Zong Wu; MBM059748, 2 ovigerous females (5.30, 5.45 mm), Sta. 6108, 20 April 1959, 120 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Yong-Liang Wang. South China Sea: MBM 059868, 1 male (5.70 mm), Sta. 6016, 11 January 1960, 45 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059843, 6 males (4.10–5.25 mm), Sta. 6023, 23 April 1960, 98.8 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059881, 4 males (4.10–7.00 mm), 3 females (4.30–6.20 mm), 2 juveniles (3.10, 3.70 mm), Sta. 6066, 1 October 1959; MBM059818, 1 juvenile (4.05 mm), Sta. 6054, 10 July 1959, sandymud, 80 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059787, 1 female (6.05 mm), Sta. 6065, 14 July 1959, 74 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059889, 1 male (5.95 mm), Sta. 6087, 11 July 1959, 87 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059867, 1 female (6.05 mm), 2 ovigerous females (4.10, 6.80 mm), Sta. 6076, 7 July 1959, 46 m, sandy-mud, Agassiz trawl, coll. Yong-Liang Wang; MBM059884, 1 male (4.95 mm), 1 female (6.05 mm), Sta. 6079, sandy-mud, 114 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Xiu-Tong Ma; MBM059863, 1 male (6.05 mm), 1 female (6.05 mm), Sta. 6023, 19 July 1959, 103 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhen-Gang Fan; MBM059839, 3 males (4.95-5.20 mm), 2 ovigerous females (5.05, 5.75 mm), Sta. 6065, 12 February 1960, sandy-mud, 74 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhen-Gang Fan; MBM059811, 4 males (4.40–5.65 mm), 1 female (4.15 mm), 4 ovigerous females (4.10–4.85 mm), Sta. 6078, 8 April 1960, sandy-mud, 88 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhi-Can Tang; MBM059799, 1 ovigerous female (7.25 mm), Sta. 6091, 6 April 1960, sandy-mud, 90.5 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhi-Can Tang; MBM059798, 1 male (6.00 mm), Sta. 6099, 9 April 1960, sandy-mud, 88m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhi-Can Tang; MBM059837, 2 males (5.00, 5.25 mm), Sta. 6023, 1 November 1959, 106 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhen-Gang Fan; MBM059870, 1 female (6.20 mm), Sta. 6082, 8 February 1960, sandy-mud, 104 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhen-Gang Fan; MBM059826, 1 male (4.85 mm), Sta. 6067, 9 April 1960, sandy-mud, 129 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. Zhi-Can Tang. Diagnosis. See re-description in McLaughlin (2002) or McLaughlin et al. (2007). Distribution. East China Sea, Taiwan, South China Sea; Andaman Sea; Gulf of Thailand; Indian Ocean between Maldives and Cape Comorin; Red Sea; 5–129 m depth, but reported at 1500 m at an Indian Ocean site by Alcock (1905). Habitat. Sandy-mud, gastropod shells. Remarks. Spiropagurus profundorum was described as a variety of S. spiriger, but Lewinsohn (1982) later considered it to possibly be a valid species and McLaughlin (2002) elevated it to full specific rank. Spiropagurus profundorum is easily recognized by the carpus of the cheliped bearing two rows of spines extending along the whole joint. The characters of the present materials generally agree with the original description, but the present material has 1–3 spines on the lateral margin of the telson, which is different from the description of 2 or 3 spines by McLaughlin (2002; also McLaughlin et al. 2007).Published as part of Han, Yuan-Yuan, An, Jian-Mei & Sha, Zhong-Li, 2016, A review of the genus Spiropagurus Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Paguridae) from the China seas, pp. 75-89 in Zootaxa 4175 (1) on pages 81-83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/16030
The Study of Soil-Water Movement on Slopeland
No full textThree soil samples collecter from Da-keng, Chiu-fen-er-shan, and Da-Du mountain were used as study materials. The soil textures are sandy loam for Da-keng and Chiu-fen-er-shan and clay loam for Da-Du mountain. The water characteristics of the soil samples were measured and characteristics function parameters were determined by curve fitting technique. The a and n parameters for these soils are 0.0639, 0.0401, 0.0699 and 1.27, 1.45, 1.25 respectively. The Da-Du mountain soil is the finest soil which has lowest n value, and least infiltration rate. The research also simulation water movement based on Richards Equation. The water characteristic equation for these soil samples are described as following :
Da-keng
θ(h) = 0.025578+0.413422/[1+(0.0639h)1.27]0.2126
Chiu-fen-er-shan
θ(h) = 0.026550+0.374450/[1+(0.0401h)1.45]0.3103
Da-Du mountain
θ(h) = 0.029778+0.564222/[1+(0.0699h)1.25]0.2000本研究量測台中大坑、大肚山與南投九份二山土壤之水分移動情形，大坑與九份二山土壤質地為砂質壤土，大肚山土壤質地為粘質壤土。三種土壤之水分特性曲線以曲線擬合技術求得 van Genuchten水分特性方程式參數 a與 n，並應用Richards Equation模擬水分移動情形。大坑、九份二山、大肚山土壤水分特性方程式之a 值分別為0.0639、0.0401、0.0699；n值分別為1.27、1.45和1.25。三種土壤中大肚山的質地最細，其a值最大而n值最小，入滲率小，最容易產生逕流。三種土壤之水分流動方程式如下所列：
大坑 θ(h) = 0.025578+0.413422/[1+(0.0639h)1.27]0.2126
九份二山 θ(h) = 0.026550+0.374450/[1+(0.0401h)1.45]0.3103
大肚山區 θ(h) = 0.029778+0.564222/[1+(0.0699h)1.25]0.2000第一章 前言 1
第二章 前人研究 2
一、 土壤水分特性之研究與量測 2
(一)、不同處理下土壤水分滲透之研究 2
(二)、土壤水分特性方面之研究 4
(三)、土壤水分含量測定方法 7
(四)、土壤水分勢能測定方法 10
二、 水力傳導度之研究與量測 12
第三章 理論基礎 14
一、 達西定律 (Darcy’s Law) 14
二、 土壤水分移動模式之理論 16
三、 水分特性曲線 19
(一)、各種質地土壤的水分特性曲線 19
(二)、土壤構造與水分特性曲線 21
四、 Richards Equation 22
第四章 研究材料與方法 25
一、 研究材料 25
二、 研究方法 28
(一)、研究流程 28
(二)、實驗方法與步驟 30
第五章 結果與討論 43
一、 土壤樣本理化性質 43
二、 飽和水力傳導度分析 45
三、 水分特性曲線分析 47
四、 Richards Equation 模擬土壤水分移動 53
第六章 結論 66
參考文獻 6
Vapour phase investigation of the impact of soil organic matter on the sorption and phase distribution of 20% ethanol-blended gasoline in the vadose zone
No full textModeling sorption and biodegradation of phenanthrene in mangrove sediment slurry
No full textA mathematical model, combining both sorption and biodegradation process, was developed to predict the biodegradation of phenanthrene by Sphingomonas sp. in different sediment slurries. The model includes two sorption parameters, α (the partition coefficient) and 1/K (the diffusion resistance); a kinetic parameter k (the first order rate constant); and a sediment parameter, AV (the specific sediment surface area in unit volume of slurry). These parameters were evaluated and verified in three types of sediment slurry systems (namely sandy clay loam Ho Chung sediment with fastest degradation, sandy Kei Ling Ha sediment with medium degradation, and clay Mai Po sediment with slowest degradation) at different initial phenanthrene concentrations. High R2 values, ranging from 0.935 to 0.969, were obtained. Based on this integrated sorption-biodegradation model, the phenanthrene biodegradation in any sediment slurry could be predicted as long as the parameters of the specific sediment surface area in unit volume of slurry, total organic carbon and clay content were measured.</p
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