1,720,957 research outputs found
The Micro Geopolitics of (Eco)Tourism: Competing Discourses and Collaboration in New Zealand and Brazil
No full textDVD Slideshow disc of supplementary material available with the print copy of this thesis, held at the University of Waikato Library.This social science, interdisciplinary research deals with 'competing discourses' and 'collaboration'. The thesis examines issues of power in (eco)tourism development as manifested in the discursive construction and positionality of local stakeholders. It then inquires whether collaborative schemes can bridge the various interest groups dealing with nature tourism activities in a way that they can expand social, economic and environmental benefits. The language they use, the context they live in, and their relationships and interactions are systematically deconstructed to unveil possible collaborative models for conflict resolution that can advance the practices of (eco)tourism as well as bring collective gains regionally. The study maps the micro geopolitics that exist in all levels of ecotourism development: in its conceptualisation, design, planning and management.
Focusing on nodes of conflict and nodes of collaboration, case studies were chosen in New Zealand and in Brazil that encompass public and private actors in (eco)tourism such as government agencies and small-scale tour operators. The 100% Pure New Zealand campaign, Kuaka New Zealand Education Travel, and Silves and Itacar in Brazil are investigated in depth. The researcher is concerned with the values, perceptions and attitudes of local actors about the role and importance of (eco)tourism as a concentration area for conservationist networks.
The author is skeptical about the constructions of (eco)tourism outside the context of local stakeholders that are 'imported' or imposed on them in a way that it increases pre-existing tensions and conflicts. With many cases in the literature showing that (eco)tourism lacks an institutional archetype to deliver all its promises, it is plausible to talk about nature-based tourism instead. However, the claim is not that simple, because ecotourism entails contentious issues; it is a complex activity as one takes it for social inclusion and as a tool for regional economic development. The author advocates that representative collaboration and partnerships can ease the move from destructive to constructive conflicts in (eco)tourism. Ecotourism is a complex activity as one uses it for social inclusion and as a tool for regional economic development. The author argues that the way (eco)tourism has been envisaged demands participatory managing structures such as local environmental governance (LEG) and deliberative associational spaces. One of the assumptions is that '(eco)tourism' can become even more meaningful and functional in its conservationist mission if locally discursively constructed, negotiated, and consensually implemented.
For deconstructing the cases, 'critical contextual discourse analysis' (CCDA) was developed. It is a methodological approach and tool used to shed light on textual production (written or spoken), consumption and interpretation, and its influences on social practices within a specific regional context. Social constructionism and theory of collaboration conceptually introduce the case. The author adopted a 'critical realist' stand. In the analysis, collaborative adaptive management, triple bottom line, corporate social responsibility, accreditation programmes, and the importance of environmental education for human attachment to nature are discussed as a background. On the whole, 17 interviewees in New Zealand and 42 in Brazil contributed to this study. Yet, in order to contrast statements on the ground, questionnaires were sent to 37 tour operators in New Zealand. Secondary qualitative and quantitative data significantly added to the investigation, helping to validate or refute preliminary assumptions
The dynamics and relevance of collaborative arrangements in ecological tourism management: experiences of Itacaré, Bahia
No full textAs parcerias em turismo podem ser explicadas como sendo \u27sinergias\u27 entre as diversas organizações e instituições do setor público, privado ou da sociedade civil, muitas vezes, com a presença de subgrupos de interesse e de pressão. Questões políticas e negociação de \u27poder\u27 são aspectos inerentes no processo de estabelecimento de parcerias. A proposta metodológica deste estudo busca pautar-se em resultados empíricos e em abordagens interpretativas visando verificar e entender os fenômenos, eventos e processos de real significado nas parcerias, redes, cooperação técnica ou não, e das alianças estratégicas no destino turístico Itacaré. Para se obter esse resultado, aspectos da metodologia \u27Pesquisa de Ação Participativa\u27 (PAP) foram usados, concomitante à coleta de dados por triangulação. O PAP implica no uso de abordagens de caráter participativo e interativo entre o pesquisador e os elementos pesquisados a fim de se compreender a sistemática das relações indissociáveis entre pessoas, lugar e os fatos que orientam e influenciam as tomadas de ações em um determinado contexto. Com relação aos arranjos colaborativos e à gestão eficaz do turismo, o autor encontrou que a predisposição dos grupos chaves para o debate aberto, público e de linhas democráticas ajuda a comunidade a ter projetos acima das relações de poder, do processo político partidário e do mandato em si. Ou seja, existe a prerrogativa de se ter projetos suprapartidários de longo prazo para a gestão turística. Assim, um dos caminhos para se obter \u27vantagens coletivas\u27 seria a partir da orquestração de ações de todos os setores e atores chaves do turismo; o envolvimento deles permite construir as bases para uma sustentabilidade holística em turismo, de forma a mitigar os impactos negativos da atividade no destino e, conseqüentemente, dando uma robustez continuada ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico regional.The partnerships in tourism can be explained as \u27synergies\u27 between many organizations and institutions either belonging to the public, private sector or to the civil society; most of the time with the existence of subgroups of interest and of pressure. Political matters and negotiation of power are inherent aspects in the process of implementing partnerships. The methodological approach of this study seeks to be grounded on empirical results and interpretative understandings in order to verify existing phenomena, events and meaningful processes in the partnerships, networks, technical and non-technical cooperation, and in the strategic alliances in the tourism destination Itacaré. So as to achieve such a result, aspects of the methodology Participatory Action Research (PAR) was used, concomitant to the data collection with a triangulation method. The PAR requires the use of participative and interactive approaches between the researcher and the elements under investigation. This procedural aspect helps to understand further the systematic relations between people, place and the facts that instruct and influence the decision-making within a certain context. As for the collaborative arrangements and the effective management of tourism, the author found that the \u27goodwill\u27 of key groups to participate in open, public debates, with democratic orientation, helps the community to have projects over the power relations, the political election process, and beyond a political timeframe itself. There is consequently a prerogative that the community ends up having long-term supraparty projects for tourism management. This way, collective advantages\u27 can be produced by orchestrating the actions of all sectors and key actors; their involvement allows to build the bases for a holistic sustainability in tourism, and by doing so, they are expected to mitigate the negative impacts in the destination as while making the regional socioeconomic development robust and progressive
Parques en Queensland como Sitios para el Aprendizaje Ambiental: Visitantes, Guías, e Interpretación Ambiental en Australia
Full text linkAbstractThe main goal of this article is to conceptually discuss how important guiding and environmental interpretation is for enhancing the visitors` experiences and for conservation in national parks. Tour guides and Park rangers have played a bridging role for connecting visitors to nature; they have an important mediation role in wildlife and nature encounters. Desktop research for this study includes literature review, technical visits to parks, and interviews with key informants. This article is predominantly qualitative. It contributes to the literature at identifying the main aspects, natural and educational resources, and attractions of the Parks in Queensland, with an emphasis on the Springbrook National Park. The major educational programs in the Gold Coast region and the tools used for environmental interpretation, including the role of guides and rangers, are comprehensively discussed. The outcomes show that the Parks have served to these educational means, but environmental interpretation and education should be expanded to accommodate in large numbers the general visitors – others than the school visitors. Other major challenges are related to lack of proper fund allocations for environmental education programmes and to the workloads of rangers.Keywords: Environmental interpretation; educational and recreational activities; guiding; National parks; visitor management. ResumoO principal objetivo deste artigo é discutir conceitualmente a importância da interpretação ambiental para se melhorar as experiências dos visitantes e para a conservação ambiental em parques nacionais. Nesse sentido, guias de turismo e guardas-florestais têm desempenhado um papel crucial servindo de elo entre visitantes e o meio ambiente local; eles têm um papel importante ao mediar os encontros entre os visitantes e a vida selvagem e flora. Como parte da pesquisa foi feita a revisão de literatura, visitas técnicas a parques, e entrevistas com informantes-chave. Este artigo é predominantemente qualitativo. O artigo contribui para a literatura ao identificar os principais aspectos, recursos naturais e educacionais, bem como as atrações dos parques em Queensland, com destaque para o Parque Nacional Springbrook. Os principais programas educacionais na região de Gold Coast e as ferramentas utilizadas para a interpretação ambiental, incluindo o papel dos guias e dos guardas florestais, são amplamente discutidos. Os resultados revelam que os parques têm servido para estes fins educativos, mas a interpretação e educação ambiental deve ser expandida a fim de acomodar em maior número visitantes que nao fazem parte dos grupos de escola. Além disso, outros desafios estão relacionados à falta de alocação de fundos adequados para programas de educação ambiental e à carga de trabalho dos guardas-florestais.Palavras-chave: Interpretação ambiental; atividades educativas e recreativas; guiamento; parques nacionais; gestão de visitantes. ResumenEl propósito principal de este artículo es conceptualmente discutir la importancia de la interpretación ambiental para mejorar las experiencias de los visitantes y para la conservación ambiental en parques nacionales. Así, guías de turismo y guardabosques han tenido un papel crucial que sirve de enlace entre los visitantes y el medio ambiente local; ellos tienen un papel importante para mediar los encuentros entre los visitantes, la fauna y la flora. Como parte de la investigación se llevó a cabo la revisión de la literatura, visitas técnicas a parques, y entrevistas con informantes clave. Este artículo es predominantemente cualitativo. El documento contribuye para la literatura, pues busca identificar los aspectos principales, los recursos naturales y educativos, así como las atracciones de los parques de Queensland, en especial el Parque Nacional de Springbrook. Los principales programas educativos de la región de Gold Coast y las herramientas utilizadas para la interpretación ambiental, incluyendo el papel de guías y de los guardabosques, son ampliamente debatidos. Los resultados muestran que los parques han servido para estos fines educativos, pero la interpretación y educación ambiental deben ser ampliadas para dar cabida a un mayor número de visitantes que no forman parte de los grupos escolares. Además, otros desafíos se relacionan con la falta de asignación de fondos suficientes para los programas de educación ambiental y la carga de trabajo de los guardaparques.Palabras clave: Interpretación ambiental; actividades educativas y recreativas; guías; parques nacionales; gestión de visitantes.
Campbell, W. B; ORTÍZ, S. L. (Orgs.). Integrating Agriculture, Conservation and Ecotourism: Examples from the Field. London, New York: Springer, 2011.
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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