1,720,992 research outputs found
TBA Knowledge performance and Relation with the Formal Health System in Lindi Region and the role of Maternal Waiting Homes
Full text linkIn Lindi region 110 active trained TBAs (10 or more deliveries per year) and women who delivered with TBAs were interviewed about the role of these TBAs, their knowledge and practice and their relationship with the health facilities. In addition key information in the communities, the districts and the health care system were interviewed. The study that play a unique role in their respective communities as care giver for delivering mother and as principal advisor to families in all issues related to birth –giving. They are highly appreciated by their clients and the communities and often preferred to the health facilities, which are perceived as too expensive, hardly accessible and staff often not friendly to the clients. The training has increased the reputation of the TBAs in the community because they are perceived as comparable to the staff in the facility where they went for training. TBAs complained that I cases where the local government financed the training clients afterwards expect to get the service free of change because it was the community who paid for training. In addition communities are suspicious that the trained TBA gets money from the government. The TBAs do not play the expected role in referral because referral to the health facilities is perceived as a professional failure on the side of the TBA and as a shame on the part of the woman. The communication between health services and the TBAs is not satisfactory. There is no supervision and monitoring, no visits to the TBAs or any kind of meeting and supply of gloves or other equipment. Proper records are not available especially regarding problems during delivery (death of mother or the child). It is recommended that working relation between formal health system and TBAs has to be improved. Maternal waiting homes are not yet available in Lindi Region however a need is perceived by professionals and communities because many villages are too far from the nearest health facilities to make use of it for delivery. One church hospital offers a simple house for woman and their relatives where they can stay while waiting. However it does not yet meet the criteria defined by the Maternal Waiting Homes
Factors Associated with First Antenatal Care Booking among Pregnant Women at a Reproductive Health Clinic in Tanzania: A Cross Sectional Study
Full text linkBackground: Antenatal care (ANC) is a key basic intervention targeting maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the first ANC booking before 12 weeks of gestation. This enhances positive maternal and fetal outcomes through early detection of complications, prompt treatment, referral, and management of expected physiological changes. Despite high ANC coverage (98%), free contacts, and easy accessibility, little is known why few (24%) pregnant women in Tanzania book their first ANC-visit early. This study aimed to identify factors associated with first ANC booking among pregnant women in a Tanzanian reproductive health clinic.
Methods: Systematic random sampling was used to recruit 311 eligible pregnant women. Study data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire containing 22 closed ended questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Frequency distribution tables and figures were generated. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable. A p-value \u3c 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: In total, 311 pregnant women were interviewed; 31.2% (n = 97) booked their first ANC-visit within 12 weeks of gestation and 68.8% (n = 214) after 12 weeks of gestation. Early ANC booking was associated with tertiary education, planned pregnancy, earlier pregnancy recognition, and experience or presence of any complications. Commonly reported barriers to early ANC booking included not knowing the recommended time to initiate booking (37.6%), waiting for the fetus to move (28.6%), and previous experience of waiting a long time (15.8%).
Conclusion: Most pregnant women booked their first ANC visit later than WHO and national recommendations. Women thus miss accurate early pregnancy assessment for better positive pregnancy outcomes
Customs and practices during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period in the Kilimanjaro area, Tanzania
No full textIntroduction: Here, we report the traditions, customs, and beliefs of rural women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period in rural Tanzania, and discuss how they compromise between traditional and modern perceptions of maternity care and experiences.
Methods: A focus group interview with nine women who have children under 5 years old was conducted by a midwife researcher（ one of the authors） in Rombo, a village in the Kilimanjaro region, in Tanzania, in December 2009. The interview was translated from the local language into English and transcribed. The data were assessed by describing and categorizing as pregnancy, childbirth, after childbirth, and feeding of the baby.
Results: The women recognized the importance of institutional delivery, but also appreciated cultural practices related to childbirth. Goats, bananas, local beer made from bananas, and kanga（ Tanzanian pareu or wraparound skirt） were important items not only for pregnancy and childbirth, but also for daily life in the study area. They integrated medical approaches by health professionals and traditional approaches by the family in childbirth.
Conclusions: A transition gap regarding the modern and traditional practices was not clearly observed as in urban areas in the present study area, but it is possible that the same conditions will arise in this area in future. It is necessary to take traditional customs and practices into consideration to improve women’s satisfaction regarding childbirth and delivery
Customs and practices during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period in the Kilimanjaro area, Tanzania
No full textCustoms and practices during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period in the Kilimanjaro area, Tanzania
Full text linkIntroduction: Here, we report the traditions, customs, and beliefs of rural women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period in rural Tanzania, and discuss how they compromise between traditional and modern perceptions of maternity care and experiences.
Methods: A focus group interview with nine women who have children under 5 years old was conducted by a midwife researcher（ one of the authors） in Rombo, a village in the Kilimanjaro region, in Tanzania, in December 2009. The interview was translated from the local language into English and transcribed. The data were assessed by describing and categorizing as pregnancy, childbirth, after childbirth, and feeding of the baby.
Results: The women recognized the importance of institutional delivery, but also appreciated cultural practices related to childbirth. Goats, bananas, local beer made from bananas, and kanga（ Tanzanian pareu or wraparound skirt） were important items not only for pregnancy and childbirth, but also for daily life in the study area. They integrated medical approaches by health professionals and traditional approaches by the family in childbirth.
Conclusions: A transition gap regarding the modern and traditional practices was not clearly observed as in urban areas in the present study area, but it is possible that the same conditions will arise in this area in future. It is necessary to take traditional customs and practices into consideration to improve women’s satisfaction regarding childbirth and delivery.保健学研究, 27, pp.85-90; 2015departmental bulletin pape
HIV and infant feeding counselling: challenges faced by nurse-counsellors in northern Tanzania
Full text linkAbstract Background Infant feeding is a subject of worry in prevention of mother to child transmission (pMTCT) programmes in settings where breastfeeding is normative. Nurse-counsellors, expected to counsel HIV-positive women on safer infant feeding methods as defined in national/international guidelines, are faced with a number of challenges. This study aims to explore the experiences and situated concerns of nurses working as infant feeding counsellors to HIV-positive mothers enrolled in pMTCT programmes in the Kilimanjaro region, northern Tanzania. Methods A qualitative study was conducted using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with 25 nurse-counsellors at four pMTCT sites. Interviews were handwritten and FGDs were tape-recorded and transcribed, and the programme Open Code assisted in sorting and structuring the data. Analysis was performed using 'content analysis.' Results The findings revealed a high level of stress and frustration among the nurse-counsellors. They found themselves unable to give qualified and relevant advice to HIV-positive women on how best to feed their infants. They were confused regarding the appropriateness of the feeding options they were expected to advise HIV-positive women to employ, and perceived both exclusive breastfeeding and exclusive replacement feeding as culturally and socially unsuitable. However, most counsellors believed that formula feeding was the right way for an HIV-positive woman to feed her infant. They expressed a lack of confidence in their own knowledge of HIV and infant feeding, as well as in their own skills in assessing a woman's possibilities of adhering to a particular method of feeding. Moreover, the nurses were in general not comfortable in their newly gained role as counsellors and felt that it undermined the authority and trust traditionally vested in nursing as a knowledgeable and caring profession. Conclusion The findings illuminate the immense burden placed on nurses in their role as infant feeding counsellors in pMTCT programmes and the urgent need to provide the training and support structure necessary to promote professional confidence and skills. The organisation of counselling services must to a larger extent take into account the local realities in which nurses construct their role as counsellors to HIV-positive childbearing women.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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