1,720,986 research outputs found
High resolution computed tomography in systemic sclerosis: From diagnosis to follow-up
No full textEarly diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) is crucial in systemic sclerosis (SSc) for both management and treatment. However, diagnosing SSc-ILD can be challenging because symptoms of lung involvement are often non-specific at the early stages of disease. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest is recognized as the most accurate imaging modality for baseline and follow-up evaluation of SSc-ILD. Key features of SSc-ILD on HRCT include a non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) pattern, with peripheral ground-glass opacities and extensive traction bronchiectasis. Less common HRCT manifestations include usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern, followed by diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) and organizing pneumonia (OP). The extent of disease on HRCT is known to relate with prognosis and serial assessments can be helpful in monitoring disease progression or treatment response. We discuss the main chest computed tomography (CT) manifestations of SSc, highlighting the role of imaging at both baseline and follow-up evaluations
The pros and cons of lung cancer screening
No full textAbstract: Several trials have shown that low-dose computed tomography-based lung cancer screening (LCS) allows a substantial reduction in lung cancer-related mortality, carrying the potential for other clinical benefits. There are, however, some uncertainties to be clarified and several aspects to be implemented to optimize advantages and minimize the potential harms of LCS. This review summarizes current evidence on LCS, discussing some of the well-established and potential benefits, including lung cancer (LC)-related mortality reduction and opportunity for smoking cessation interventions, as well as the disadvantages of LCS, such as overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Clinical relevance statement: Different perspectives are provided on LCS based on the updated literature. Key Points: Lung cancer is a leading cancer-related cause of death and screening should reduce associated mortality. This review summarizes current evidence related to LCS. Several aspects need to be implemented to optimize benefits and minimize potential drawbacks of LCS
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
European lung cancer screening: valuable trial evidence for optimal practice implementation
No full text: Lung cancer screening (LCS) by low-dose computed tomography is a strategy for secondary prevention of lung cancer. In the last two decades, LCS trials showed several options to practice secondary prevention in association with primary prevention, however, the translation from trial to practice is everything but simple. In 2020, the European Society of Radiology and European Respiratory Society published their joint statement paper on LCS. This commentary aims to provide the readership with detailed description about hurdles and potential solutions that could be encountered in the practice of LCS
Interstitial lung abnormalities: new insights between theory and clinical practice
Full text link: Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) represent radiologic abnormalities incidentally detected on chest computed tomography (CT) examination, potentially related to interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Numerous studies have demonstrated that ILAs are associated with increased risk of progression toward pulmonary fibrosis and mortality. Some radiological patterns have been proven to be at a higher risk of progression. In this setting, the role of radiologists in reporting these interstitial abnormalities is critical. This review aims to discuss the most recent advancements in understanding this radiological entity and the open issues that still prevent the translation from theory to practice, emphasizing the importance of ILA recognition and adequately reporting in clinical practice
Lung Cancer Screening: Evidence, Risks, and Opportunities for Implementation
No full textLung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Several trials with different screening approaches have recognized the role of lung cancer screening with low-dose CT for reducing lung cancer mortality. The efficacy of lung cancer screening depends on many factors and implementation is still pending in most European countries
A New Challenge for Radiologists: Radiomics in Breast Cancer
No full textIntroduction: Over the last decade, the field of medical imaging experienced an exponential growth, leading to the development of radiomics, with which innumerable quantitative features are obtained from digital medical images, providing a comprehensive characterization of the tumor. This review aims to assess the role of this emerging diagnostic tool in breast cancer, focusing on the ability of radiomics to predict malignancy, response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, prognostic factors, molecular subtypes, and risk of recurrence. Evidence Acquisition: A literature search on PubMed and on Cochrane database websites to retrieve English-written systematic reviews, review articles, meta-analyses, and randomized clinical trials published from August 2013 up to July 2018 was carried out. Results: Twenty papers (19 retrospective and 1 prospective studies) conducted with different conventional imaging modalities were included. Discussion: The integration of quantitative information with clinical, histological, and genomic data could enable clinicians to provide personalized treatments for breast cancer patients. Current limitations of a routinely application of radiomics are represented by the limited knowledge of its basics concepts among radiologists and by the lack of efficient and standardized systems of feature extraction and data sharing
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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