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Kawakatsua pumila Sluys & Laumer 2019, sp. nov.
No full textKawakatsua pumila Sluys, sp. nov. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin pumilis, dwarfish, little, and alludes to the minute size of the specimens. Diagnosis. As that of the genus. Ecology and distribution. Specimens are known only from the type locality, Barro Colorado Island, where they were found in a large pile of humid leaf mulch accumulated between two buttress roots of an old broadleaf tree. Material examined. Holotype: ZMA V.Pl. 7282.1, Barro Colorado Island, Panama, 09 o 09'09.6"N – 079 o 51'06.2"W, June 2010, sagittal sections on 2 slides. Paratypes: ZMA V.Pl. 7282.2, ibid., sagittal sections of an immature specimen on 1 slide; ZMA V.Pl. 7282.3, ibid., sagittal sections on 2 slides; ZMA V.Pl. 7282.4, ibid., horizontal sections on 1 slide; MCZ: IZ:149898, ibid., sagittal sections on 1 slide; MCZ: IZ: 151261, ibid., sagittal sections on 1 slide. Description. Length of preserved specimens, as measured on histological sections, ranges between 2.4 – 2.55mm. Live animals white, without pigmentation or eyes, and with broadly rounded front end and obtusely pointed posterior end (Fig. 1). Dorsal and ventral epidermis packed with rhabdites. Adhesive glands, at least at the anterior margin, discharge their secretion directly through the epidermis without the intervention of "Haftpapillen" or adhesive papillae, as the latter are absent (Fig. 2). Cutaneous musculature simple, consisting of a single, subepidermal row of circular muscle, followed by one or two layers of longitudinal muscle. The anterior intestinal trunk extends forwards up to the brain, i.e. it does not run dorsally or anteriorly to the brain; in other words, a precerebral gut branch is absent. The tubular pharynx measures between 1/6–1/7 of the body length in preserved specimens (as measured in histological sections); it is located well into the posterior half of the body (Fig. 1). The pharynx is of the planariid type: outer lining epithelium underlain by a single, subepithelial layer of longitudinal muscle, followed by a single layer of circular muscle; inner pharyngeal epithelium underlain by a rather thin layer of circular muscle, consisting of only two rows of fibres (Fig. 3), followed by a single layer of longitudinal muscle. Mouth opening located at the middle of the pharyngeal pocket (Fig. 4). Because of the posterior position of the pharynx, the entire copulatory apparatus is located in the far tail end of the body, relatively close to the posterior margin of the body (Fig. 1). Few testes, up to seven follicles, distributed irregularly in the body and extending from a position far posterior to the ovaries (about halfway between the ovaries and the root of the pharynx) to immediately in front of the male copulatory apparatus, i.e. directly behind the pharyngeal cavity. The testes are principally located ventrally (Fig. 5), albeit that some follicles may occupy the entire dorso-ventral space. Paired ovaries situated ventrally at some distance (100–200µm) behind the brain, i.e. at a location between 1/7–1/8 of the distance between the brain and the root of the pharynx (Fig. 6). Shortly behind the pharyngeal pocket the vasa deferentia expand to form spermiducal vesicles, filled with sperm. At about the level of the root of the penis papilla the sperm ducts turn dorsad and strongly recurve, thus forming a loop, before they unite to give rise to the ejaculatory duct (Fig. 7). The latter runs to the tip of the penis papilla, meanwhile greatly decreasing in diameter. There is hardly any musculature surrounding the ejaculatory duct, which is lined with a cuboidal, nucleated epithelium. The cone-shaped penis papilla is oriented horizontally, parallel to the anterior-posterior body axis. It is covered with a nucleated epithelium, which is underlain by a single, subepithelial layer of circular muscle, followed by a single layer of longitudinal muscle. A distinct, muscular penis bulb is absent. Male and female atrium are lined by a layer of large, cuboidal, nucleated and ciliated cells. Posterior to the gonopore, the male atrium grades into the female atrium, the latter communicating with the horizontally oriented bursal canal, which is lined also with cuboidal, nucleated and ciliated cells. Posterior to the gonopore the oviducts turn dorso-medially and, subsequently, unite to form a common oviduct, which is oriented more or less perpendicular to the bursal canal and opens into it shortly before the canal communicates with the copulatory bursa (Figs 7, 8). Oviducts and common oviduct are lined with cuboidal, nucleated and ciliated cells and are surrounded by a thin layer of circular muscle fibres. The bursal canal is surrounded by a thin layer of subepithelial circular muscle, followed by an equally thin layer of longitudinal muscle. Shell glands discharge their cyanophil secretion into the most distal, posterior sections of the oviducts, as well as into the very dorsal section of the common oviduct. The sac-shaped copulatory bursa lacks a distinct, single lumen as it is mostly filled with a syncytial mass of cells, with interspersed nuclei (Fig. 9). Discussion. Although there is already ample molecular evidence that Kawakatsua pumila Sluys, gen. & sp. nov. falls well and truly within the Suborder Cavernicola, its anatomy underscores this taxonomic assignment. Sluys (1990) hypothesized the following three features as autapomorphies for the monotypic family Dimarcusidae: (1) penis bulb with glandular cells, (2) horizontally oriented bursal canal (or female genital duct) with a distinct Tjunction, formed by communication of the canal with the common oviduct, the latter oriented perpendicularly to the bursal canal, and (3) ovaries located at some distance posterior to the brain. Kawakatsua pumila fulfills two of these criteria as it does not exhibit a distinct penis bulb, nor glandular elements in it. However, there are also other dimarcusids that lack gland cells in their penis bulb, viz. Rhodax evelinae Marcus, 1946, and Hausera hauseri Leal-Zanchet & Souza, 2014, thus suggesting that this particular character should be removed from the diagnosis of the family Dimarcusidae. It is noteworthy that a rather uncommon condition among aquatic planarians, the central mouth opening, has evolved several times within the Cavernicola. A mouth being located in the middle of the pharyngeal pocket occurs in Rhodax evelinae, Balliania thetisae Gourbault, 1978 (see Sluys 1990), and Kawakatsua pumila. Position of the mouth in Novomitchellia bursaelongata Harrath, Sluys & Riutort, 2016 was not described by Harrath et al. (2016), but it is at the posterior end of the pharyngeal cavity. Neither was the position of the mouth opening described for Hausera hauseri by Leal-Zanchet et al. (2014), albeit that their figure 12 seems to suggest that the mouth is at the middle of the pharyngeal pouch, although this may be due to a contraction artefact. All paratypes and additional specimens of H. hauseri are less contracted than the holotype, albeit that they also have a protruded pharynx, and have the mouth located close to the posterior end of the pharyngeal pocket (A. Leal-Zanchet, pers. comm.). Although a mouth halfway in the pharyngeal cavity undoubtedly represents a derived character state, as the plesiomorphic state with the mouth at the hind end of the pharyngeal pouch is the basic condition for its sister group, the Maricola (see Sluys 1989), the feature does not coincide with a single monophyletic group within the Cavernicola. In this context it is interesting to note that K. pumila and H. hauseri both have vasa deferentia that form a distinct loop while recurving anteriad. Among the cavernicolans this feature is restricted to these two species and suggests that these two species share a sister-group relationship, an hypothesis which should be readily tested in future molecular phylogenetic work. Within the Cavernicola only Balliania thetisae, Novomitchellia sarawakana (Kawakatsu & Chapman, 1983) and N. bursaelongata possess a primary copulatory bursa, lined with vacuolated and nucleated cells. Other species lack a bursa (Rhodax evelinae, Hausera hauseri) or exhibit a secondary bursa (Opisthobursa mexicana Benazzi, 1972, O. josephinae Benazzi, 1975, Kawakatsua pumila), the histology of which differs from a primary bursa (Sluys 1990). The syncytial filling of the bursa of K. pumila indeed greatly differs from the lining with vacuolated, nucleated cells as present in primary bursae. The ecology of the Cavernicola always has been a kind of conundrum, which only has increased with the discovery of more species of this suborder. Most species are known from an underground, hypogean habitat. Exceptions are formed by Rhodax evelinae, which is an epigean species, and Kawakatsua pumila of which specimens were found in a basically terrestrial, albeit humid, locality. Reconstructing the ancestral habitat and morphology of this intriguing taxon will require a more complete sampling of the presumably many stillundescribed species in the diverse habitats in which they might occur, and an accurate reconstruction of the internal phylogeny of the suborder.Published as part of Sluys, Ronald & Laumer, Christopher, 2019, A new genus and species of a terrestrial cavernicolan planarian from Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Cavernicola), pp. 187-193 in Zootaxa 4586 (1) on pages 188-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4586.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/264264
Prof. Th. W. Adorno and the author Hans Erich Nossack.
No full textProf. Th. W. Adorno and the author Hans Erich Nossack at a reception of Insel Verlag, Buchmesse Frankfurt 1966LB
Nowe spojrzenie na planowanie architektury mieszkaniowej w afryce subsaharyjskiej
No full textThe author shares his reflections on state of art in housing and urban planning, deficiencies, expectations and possibilities in the Sahel region of Africa. He notices, that the housing problem in Africa is one of the challenges, which should be solved in order to recover life dignity of African people and secure their rights to traditional family life in acceptable conditions. The paper describes the studies on the typical dispersed urban structures and the need to foster this type of settlement structure and proposals of introduction of new on light steel frame housing system in the area of Sahel, combining the traditional way of building houses with modern technology. The particularly analysed case, is the housing problem in the Republic of Chad. The author presents the basic discussion on this topic and his architectural proposals. Unfortunately, the gap between the needs and the financial feasibility of housing construction in this area, makes this project already at the starting point extremely difficult to be realized without external subventions.Problem mieszkaniowy w Afryce jest jednym z wyzwań, które należy rozwiązać, aby Afrykanie mogli odzyskać godność życiową i zabezpieczyć swoje prawa do tradycyjnego życia rodzinnego w akceptowalnych warunkach. W artykule opisano badania nad typowymi rozproszonymi strukturami miejskimi i potrzebą wspierania tego typu struktur osadniczych oraz propozycji wprowadzenia nowego systemu konstrukcji domów, opartym na lekkim szkielecie stalowym, łączącym tradycyjny sposób budowania domów z nowoczesną technologią. Przypadkiem szczególnie analizowanym jest problem mieszkaniowy w Republice Czadu. Autor przedstawia podstawową dyskusję na ten temat i swoje propozycje architektoniczne. Niestety luka między potrzebami mieszkaniowymi w Czadzie a finansową wykonalnością budownictwa mieszkaniowego w tym obszarze sprawia, że projekt ten, już w punkcie wyjścia, jest niezwykle trudny do realizacji bez uzyskania zewnętrznych dotacji
Seeing the world anew : the radical vision of Martin Waldseemüller's 1507 & 1516 world maps /
No full text9781929154470 (ISBN). 192915447X (ISBN). First edition 2012. Accompanied by 2 foldeds map in front and back pockets: 1507 map -- 1516 map.; Includes bibliographical references: pages 98-107.; Maps from pockets also available online http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-vn6254227; Original version of the 1507 map: Universalis cosmographiae secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii alioru que lustrationes. [St. Dié, France? : s.n., 1507]; Original version of the 1516 map: Carta marina, navigatoria Portugallen, navigationes atque tocius cogniti orbis terre marisque formam naturamq[u]e situs et terminos nostris temporibus recognitos et ab antiquorum traditione differentes eciam quor[um] vetusti non meminerunt auctores hec generaliter indicat / consumatum est in oppido S. Deodati compositione et digestione Martini Waldseemuller Ilacomili. [St. Dié, France? : s.n., 1516]. Prologue: In a Renaissance Vision, a Glimpse of the Modern / John W. Hessler -- "An island surrounded on all sides by sea" : The World Map, 1507 / John W. Hessler -- "Land of Cuba, part of Asia" : The Carta marina, 1516 / Chet Van Duzer -- Epilogue: A Renaissance That Resonates Still / John W. Hessler -- Notes -- Afterword / Ralph E. Ehrenberg -- About the authors -- Acknowledgments -- The Maps: The 1507 World Map, 12 sheets, with commentary -- Composite: front pocket -- The 1516 Carta marina, 13 sheets, with commentary -- Composite: back pocket
Klimat społeczny w szkole inkluzyjnej
No full textAuthor presented in this paper theoretical approach to the building of social climate in an inclusive school. The publication indicatessome tendencies and directions of changes to improve the functioning of these institutions and to implement the idea of inclusive education.Autorka przedstawiła w artykule teoretyczne ujęcie zagadnienia związanego z budowaniem klimatu społecznego w szkole inkluzyjnej. W publikacji ukazano pewne dążenia i kierunki zmian, jakich należy dokonywać w masowych szkołach, aby poprawić jakość funkcjonowania tych placówek, tak by kierowały się one ideą edukacji włączającej
Ewolucja programowa FDP w polityce wschodniej w latach 1949-1969 w świetle nowych zasobów Archiwum Niemieckiego Liberalizmu
No full textZasadniczym celem artykułu jest analiza działalności programowej FDP w polityce wschodniej Republiki Federalnej Niemiec w latach 1949-1969. Autor wykorzystał nowe zasoby Archiwum Niemieckiego Liberalizmu w Gummersbach, co umożliwiło przedstawienie nowej oceny wpływu FDP na politykę wschodnią Republiki Federalnej Niemiec.The main goal of the article is to analyze the FDP's program activities in the eastern policy of the Federal Republic of Germany in the years 1949-1969. Of great importance here is the fact that the author used in this work new archives from the Archives of German Liberalism in Gummersbach. This enabled him to present a new assessment of the FDP's impact on the eastern policy of the Federal Republic of Germany
Zasady szacowania gruntów w postępowaniach scaleniowych w Polsce
No full textThe subject of the study was the principles of land estimation used for the purpose of consolidation
proceedings, as they are applied in Poland.
The work examines the legal conditions relating to the estimation of land for the purposes of
consolidation. Documents prepared in the years 2005–2017 concerning land estimation (resolutions
of the consolidation participants, and protocols from the value estimates) have been
collected for 41 consolidated sites, located in 28 districts of 11 voivodships (regions). A survey
was conducted among the surveyors-designers of the consolidation proceedings, consisting of
19 questions. In the current year, the co-author of the present article was present at meetings of
consolidation proceedings’ participants, convened in order to determine the rules for estimating
land value on two sites located in different regions, and the material she collected during those
meetings was used in the article.
The collected data were subjected to an analysis, which showed that within Poland there is no
homogeneity in the method of estimating land value for the purpose of consolidation proceedings,
and that the method used to determine the value of land, taking into account the 1-hectare
estimated rate, and the price of 1dt of rye grain, according to the provisions of the agricultural
tax, is incompatible with the principles for the valuation of agricultural real estate, as specified in
the law on real estate management.Przedmiotem badań były zasady szacowania gruntów stosowane w postępowaniach scaleniowych w Polsce.
W ramach pracy przeanalizowano uwarunkowania prawne odnoszące się do szacunku gruntów na potrzeby scaleń. Zebrano dokumentację sporządzoną w latach 2005-2017 dotyczącą szacunku gruntów (uchwały uczestników scalenia i protokoły z przeprowadzonego szacunku) dla 41 obiektów scaleniowych, położonych na terenie 28 powiatów z 11 województw. Przeprowadzono ankietę wśród geodetów-projektantów scaleń, składającą się
z 19 pytań. Współautorka artykułu w bieżącym roku była obecna na spotkaniach uczestników scalenia, zwołanych w celu ustalenia zasad szacowania gruntów na dwóch obiektach, zlokalizowanych w różnych województwach i zebrane materiały dotyczące tych spotkań wykorzystane zostały w artykule.
Zgromadzone dane poddano analizie, która wykazała, że w Polsce nie ma jednolitości
w sposobie szacowania gruntów na potrzeby postępowań scaleniowych oraz że stosowany sposób określania wartości gruntów z uwzględnieniem stawek szacunkowych 1 ha oraz ceny 1dt żyta wg przepisów o podatku rolnym jest niezgodny z zasadami wyceny nieruchomości rolnych określonymi w ustawie o gospodarce nieruchomościami
Ograniczenia wolności słowa w Internecie
No full textThe development of Internet services lead to many changes in forms of expression of our opinions and ideas. The author shall discuss whether the term “freedom of speech” is still suitable for modern times, regarding the conversations in the social media. As we all know, the freedom of speech and the freedom of expression were never absolute and certain limitations of them are completely legal and necessary. However, as the author will try to prove, there are some serious concerns about executing such limitations online as well as effectively proving if someone’s rights have been violated due to excess of freedom of expression. The possible ideas of fighting the hate speech and other acts of trespassing the right to free expression shall also be presented.Rozwój usług Internetowych spowodował wiele zmian w sposobach wyrażania naszych opinii i pomysłów. Autor przeprowadzi rozważania odnośnie tego czy określenie “wolność słowa” jest wciąż adekwatne do współczesnych czasów, odnosząc się do rozmów w przestrzeni mediów społecznościowych. Powszechnie wiadomo, że wolność słowa i wolność wypowiedzi nigdy nie były absolutne i pewne ich ograniczenia są całkowicie legalne oraz konieczne. Jednakże, jak autor spróbuje wykazać, istnieją poważne wątpliwości odnośnie wykonalności takich ograniczeń w sieci, a także efektywnego dowodzenia, że cudze prawa zostały naruszone w związku z przekroczeniem granic wolności wypowiedzi. Propozycje możliwych rozwiązań w walce z mową nienawiści i innymi przejawami przekraczania prawa do wolności wypowiedzi także zostaną zaprezentowane
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Występowanie braków danych w badaniach ankietowych
No full textThe purpose of this article is to discuss issues related to the analysis of missing data. Why do missing data occur in a data set? What percentage of the collected data constitutes missing data? What is the nature of missing data that emerges during data collection? The above questions are extremely important in assessing conducted surveys or in evaluating the quality of the collected data. A lack of reflection on the aspects mentioned above may lead to false conclusions and recommendations. This article presents not only an overview
of the literature regarding missing data, but also shows how in a practical way an analysis of the randomness of missing data can be performed. The analysis presented in the article is based on data collected as part of the Polish General Social Survey carried out in 2008. The main recommendation of the author is to conduct an analysis of the randomness of missing data before analyzing the collected data.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest omówienie zagadnień związanych z analizą braków danych. Dlaczego braki danych występują w zbiorze danych? Ile procent zebranych danych stanowią braki danych? Jaka jest natura braków danych, które pojawiły się w trakcie zbierania danych? Jakie czynniki mogą wpłynąć na potencjalne
pojawienie się braków danych? Powyższe pytania, na które autorka artykułu pragnie odpowiedzieć w jego ramach są niezwykle istotne w ocenie prowadzonych badań ankietowych lub ocenie jakości danych zastanych.
Brak refleksji nad wspomnianymi powyżej aspektami może prowadzić natomiast do wyciągania fałszywych wniosków oraz rekomendacji. Stąd też analiza braków danych jest niezwykle istotnym, a często nadal pomijanym etapem analizy danych ankietowych. W ramach artykułu przestawiona została analiza losowości braków danych na podstawie danych zebranych w ramach Polskiego Generalnego Sondażu Społecznego w 2008 roku
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