120,453 research outputs found
A cosmologia moderna à luz dos elementos da epistemologia de Lakatos
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Científica e Tecnológica, Florianópolis, 2009.A partir da constatação de que os processos de obtenção de conhecimento científico são muitas vezes abordados de forma inadequada mesmo no ensino de ciências, este trabalho procurou discutir sobre a formação de professores de física e de futuros cientistas, sobretudo a contribuição da história e filosofia da ciência neste processo. Elaborou-se na seqüência um material educativo constituído por um texto e uma apresentação eletrônica que procuraram aproximar aspectos históricos e filosóficos da ciência ao ensino de física. O texto elaborado, A Cosmologia Moderna à Luz dos Elementos da Epistemologia de Lakatos, buscou reconstruir a história da cosmologia neste último século com um olhar dirigido às questões epistemológicas delineadas por Lakatos, objetivando-se uma estrutura didática que possibilitasse seu uso, discussão e avaliação junto aos alunos da disciplina de Evolução dos Conceitos da Física, do curso de Física da UFSC . Para orientar os objetivos com o material produzido, utilizou-se elementos da teoria educacional de Bob Gowin, particularmente as funções do material educativo delineadas nesta teoria. Procurou-se utilizar estas funções na discussão da unidade de ensino aplicada aos alunos participantes, tecendo-se um quadro positivo em relação à sua aceitação geral.After noting that the process of obtaining scientific knowledge are often inadequately addressed even in science education, this study sought to discuss the training of teachers of Physics and future scientists, in particular the contribution of history and philosophy of science in this process. Elaborated in the sequence one educational material consists of a text and an electronic presentation that sought to bring historical and philosophical aspects of science in Physics teaching. The text produced, The Modern Cosmology in the Light of Elements of the Epistemology of Lakatos, sought to reconstruct the history of cosmology in the last century with a view to the epistemological issues outlined by Lakatos, aiming a didactics structure that would enable it use, discussion and evaluation with the students of Evolution of Concepts of Physics, in the Physics course of UFSC. To guide the goals with the material produced, we used elements of educational theory of Bob Gowin, particularly the functions of educational material outlined in this theory. Tried to use these functions in the discussion of teaching unit applied to the participating students, constructing a positive picture in relation to its general acceptance
A Review of Kuhnian and Lakatosian “Explanations” in Economics
No full textIn the last few decades the influence on economics of the ideas of T. Kuhn and I. Lakatos was considerable. The increasing use of terms like “paradigms” and “scientific research programmes” in almost every field of economics, is indicative of the influence of these two philosophers. Furthermore, the introduction of the ideas of Kuhn and Lakatos in economics gave the stimulus for work on the nature of growth of economic knowledge. The paper starts by presenting the main influence of T. Kuhn on theories concerned with the evolution of economic theory. It continues with a review of the main criticisms regarding the appropriateness and applicability of Kuhnian ideas for economics. The same approach is followed in the case of I. Lakatos. After a classification and discussion of the main findings, the paper attempts to offer an interpretation of the general impact of these two philosophers science on ideas relating to the development of economic theories.Development of economics; Economic Methodology; Kuhn; Lakatos
Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos and Aim-Oriented Empiricism
No full textIn this paper I argue that aim-oriented empiricism (AOE), a conception of natural science that I have defended at some length elsewhere, is a kind of synthesis of the views of Popper, Kuhn and Lakatos, but is also an improvement over the views of all three. Whereas Popper's falsificationism protects metaphysical assumptions implicitly made by science from criticism, AOE exposes all such assumptions to sustained criticism, and furthermore focuses criticism on those assumptions most likely to need revision if science is to make progress. Even though AOE is, in this way, more Popperian than Popper, it is also, in some respects, more like the views of Kuhn and Lakatos than falsificationism is. AOE is able, however, to solve problems which Kuhn's and Lakatos's views cannot solve
On evolutionary technological change and economic growth: Lakatos as a starting point for appraisal
No full textThis paper proposes a reflection on evolutionary technological change and economic growth theory, which starts from the Lakatosian methodology of scientific research programmes (MSRP) as an appraisal criterion. As the persistence of some inflexibility on the approach made difficult to capture fundamental features of that scientific endeavour, it was undertaken an analysis using an alternative framework developed by Hoover (1991). This last frame is used not as a formal methodology but as a language to find patterns in these theories. This exercise evolved then towards some considerations about the confrontation of these evolutionary theories with what can be seen (in a loose sense) as their ‘rival research programme’, the new neoclassical growth models.Evolutionary, economic growth, technological change, Lakatos, Kuhn, research programme.
Mesopolobus robiniae Lakatos & Laszlo 2021, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Mesopolobus robiniae</i> Lakatos & László sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9650B871-3BF8-49C8-9329-43A67A3C2D5B</p> <p>Fig. 5</p> Diagnosis <p> <i>Mesopolobus robiniae</i> sp. nov. is characterized by having the following morphological characters: head with uniform reticulation, antennae inserted at or above ventral edge of compound eyes, with three anelli, head broader than mesoscutum, pronotal collar moderately long, marginal vein of fore wing about twice as long as the stigma vein, metasoma longer than mesosoma, with only slightly projecting ovipositor sheaths, body green, antennae proximally testaceous with funiculus and clava infuscate, femora and tibiae testaceous, with hyaline wings. <i>Mesopolobus robiniae</i> sp. nov. differs from closely resembling species by the ratios of metasoma to head plus mesosoma length, of temples to eye length, of marginal to stigma vein, of pronotal collar to mesoscutum length and of antennal clava to head length. Molecular results: the three sequenced individuals represented one haplotype (GenBank accession number: MF098549); based on the BI tree the new species, shows a well-supported differentiation from <i>M. verditer</i> as the closest species and from other congenerics with the maximal differentiation from <i>M. tibialis</i>.</p> Etymology <p> The new <i>Mesopolobus</i> species is named after the host plant of its seed predator host, the black locust (<i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i>).</p> Material examined <p> <b>Holotype</b></p> <p>ROMANIA • ♀; Bihor County, near Săldăbagiu de Munte; 47.096354° N, 21.984963° E; 11 Mar. 2015; T.K. Lakatos leg.; emerged on 1 Apr. 2015; MZBBU HYM000011.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b></p> <p> ROMANIA – <b>Bihor County</b> • 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; MZBBU HYM000012 • 1 ♀; near Săldăbagiu de Munte; 47.100895° N, 21.967509° E; 8 Mar. 2014; T.K. Lakatos leg., emerged on 22 Apr. 2014; MZBBU HYM000017 • 1 ♀; near Săldăbagiu de Munte; 47.098182° N, 21.975352° E; 11 Mar. 2014; T.K. Lakatos leg.; emerged on 23 Apr. 2014; MZBBU HYM000018 • 2 ♂♂; near Săldăbagiu de Munte; 47.098182° N, 21.975352° E; 8 Mar. 2014; T.K. Lakatos leg.; emerged on 22 Apr. 2014; MZBBU HYM000019, HYM000020 • 1 ♂; near Săldăbagiu de Munte; 47.079446° N, 21.970817° E; 14 Mar. 2009; T.K. Lakatos leg.; emerged on May 2009; MZBBU HYM000021 • 1 ♂; near Săldăbagiu de Munte; 47.098519° N, 21.984808° E; 11 Mar. 2015; T.K. Lakatos leg., emerged on Apr. 2015; MZBBU HYM000022. – <b>Cluj County</b> • 1 ♀; near Cluj-Napoca; 46.777109° N, 23.674495° E; 17 Mar. 2015; T.K. Lakatos leg.; emerged on 10 Apr 2015; MZBBU HYM000013 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 18 Mar. 2014; T.K. Lakatos leg.; emerged in May 2014; MZBBU HYM000014 • 2 ♀♀; near Cluj-Napoca; 46.768086° N, 23.568935° E; 17 Mar. 2009; T.K. Lakatos leg.; emerged in Apr. 2009, MZBBU HYM000015, HYM000016 • 1 ♂; near Cluj-Napoca; 46.834976° N, 23.651004° E; 22 Mar. 2014; T.K. Lakatos leg.; emerged in May 2014; MZBBU HYM000024 • 1 ♂; near Cluj-Napoca; 46.768086° N, 23.568935° E; 17 Mar. 2009; T.K. Lakatos leg.; emerged in May 2009; MZBBU HYM000025.</p> <p>HUNGARY • 1 ♂; Hajdú-Bihar County, near Debrecen; 47.554773°N 21.591610°E; 2 Mar. 2015; T.K. Lakatos leg.; emerged on Apr. 2015; MZBBU HYM000023</p> <p> <b>Other material</b> (specimens used for the genetic analysis)</p> <p>ROMANIA • 3 ♀♀; Bihor County, near Săldăbagiu de Munte; 47.0968° N, 21.98525° E; 13 Mar. 2014; T.K. Lakatos leg.; emerged on 17 Apr. 2014; GenBank accession number: MF098549. This specimens were fully processed for the DNA extraction.</p> Description <p> <b>Female</b></p> <p>LENGTH. 2.05 to 3.00 mm (N = 15, mean = 2.6, sd = 0.29 mm).</p> <p>COLORATION. Body green, sometimes with golden reflections; metasoma bronze-black distally, some of the tergites occasionally with blue or violet flecks. Coloration of antennae: scape, pedicellus and anelli testaceous, sometimes last anellus infuscate, all funicular segments and clava infuscate, occasionally brown. Coxae concolorous with the mesosoma, femora and tibiae testaceous, the tips of the fifth tarsi fuscous to black. Tegulae hyaline, usually slightly yellow posteriorly. Wings hyaline; venation pale yellow.</p> <p>HEAD. 1.1 (range 1.02–1.18) times as broad as mesoscutum; in dorsal view 2.25 (2.07–2.52) times as broad as long, with temples rounded off and between one third and one fourth as long as eyes; the distance between posterior ocelli (POL) 2.11 (1.75–2.80) times oculo-ocellar distance (OOL). Head in front view suboval with the genae moderately buccate. Eyes separated about 1.59 (1.18–1.74) times their length. Malar space more than half (0.68 (0.55–0.76)) the length of an eye. Breadth of oral fossa 1.93 (1.69–2.36) times malar space. Clypeus strigose, its anterior margin moderately emarginate. Head uniformly and moderately reticulate. Antennae inserted low on head, lower edge of toruli at or hardly above level of ventral edge of eyes; distance between clypeal margin and toruli 0.69 (0.54–0.8) times the distance between median ocellus and toruli. Scape length 1.23 (1.09–1.4) times eye length, scape almost reaching lower edge of median ocellus; combined length of pedicellus and flagellum 0.87 (0.76–0.96) times breadth of head; pedicellus (profile) 2.06 (0.75–2.5) times as long as broad, about as long as anelli plus first funicular segment; flagellum rather weakly clavate, proximally as stout as or slightly</p> <p>.</p> <p>stouter than pedicellus; first and second anelli short, twice or slightly more than twice as broad as long, third anellus longer than previous anellus and about 1.5 times as broad as long; funicular segments subquadrate, proximal ones sometimes slightly longer than broad, distal ones occasionally very slightly transverse; clava 1.9 (1.5–2.29) times as long as broad, 0.83 (0.66–1.15) as long as three preceding funicular segments together; sensilla in one row on each segment, sparse on funicle, more numerous on the clava.</p> <p>MESOSOMA. 1.52 (1.38–1.74) times as long as broad. Pronotal collar moderately long medially, 0.21 (0.16–0.26) times (one sixth to one fifth) as long as mesoscutum, and much longer at sides, strongly and coarsely reticulate, clearly margined. Mesoscutum 1.58 (1.28–1.82) times as broad as long, rather coarsely reticulate discally, more finely laterally, without piliferous punctures. Scutellum 0.9 (0.82–0.94) times as broad as long, moderately convex, finely reticulate, frenum slightly more coarsely reticulate. Axillae finely reticulate. Dorsellum a narrow, alutaceous transverse crest separated from scutellum by simple suture. Propodeum medially slightly less than half (0.41 (0.36–0.48)) as long as scutellum; median area 2.39 (2–3) times as broad as long, well-defined laterally, plicae distinct throughout and sharp over at least their distal half; median carina distinct, straight; panels of median area finely, slightly irregularly reticulate; nucha transversely aciculate, separated from median area by impressed line; posterior foveae, at sides of nucha, moderately deep; spiracles oval, longer than broad, separated by nearly half their length from metanotum. Postspiracular sclerite broad, shiny, weakly and irregularly sculptured. Mesepisternum moderately finely reticulate, its upper triangular area smooth; mesepimeron rather more coarsely reticulate than mesepisternum, metapleuron smooth. Legs rather short; femora rather stout; mid tibiae fairly slender, 7.44 (4.88–9) times as long as their maximum breadth. Fore wing rather broad; costal cell fairly broad, its upper surface bare, lower surface with a complete row of hairs and some additional hairs scattered over distal third to half; basal cell bare, open below; basal vein bare or with one to three hairs; speculum open below, on upper surface of wing extending below proximal end of the marginal vein; surface beyond speculum thickly pilose; marginal vein 2.19 (2–2.47) times as long as stigmal vein; postmarginal vein shorter than marginal, 0.73 (0.63–0.81) times as long as marginal.</p> <p>METASOMA. Ovate, 1.24 (1.16–1.33) times as long as mesosoma, 0.8 (0.66–0.96) times as broad as mesosoma, 2.37 (1.91–2.96) times as long as broad; basal tergite occupying from slightly more than one quarter to nearly one third of total length; last tergite somewhat shorter than basal breadth, its length 1.07 (0.72–1.79) times its breadth; ovipositor sheaths projecting at most very slightly; hypopygium slightly reaching the middle of metasoma, ratio of hypopygium length to metasoma length is 0.44 (0.35–0.54).</p> <p> <b>Male</b></p> <p>LENGTH. 1.8 to 2.25 mm (N = 15, mean = 2.02, sd = 0.16 mm).</p> <p>COLORATION. Head and mesosoma bright green; metasoma greenish dorsally with second tergite (T2) and posterior half of first tergite (TI) yellow, third tergite (T3) purplish; antennae bright testaceous; legs except coxae yellow, last tarsal segments grey-brown.</p> <p>HEAD. Antenna with 3 anelli and 5 funicular segments, length of pedicel plus flagellum 0.97 (0.85–1.04) times as breadth as head; scape 5.33 (4.6–6.25) times as long as broad, without a boss on its anterior surface; flagellum proximally not broader than pedicel, F1-F4 longer than broad, F5 subquadrate. Mouthparts unmodified; no patch of modified sculpture behind malar sulcus.</p> <p>MESOSOMA. Pronotal collar as long as in females, about 0.21 (0.18–0.27) times mesoscutal length. Middle tibiae unmodified, 7.42 (6.29–8.8) times its breadth, tibial spur 1.47 (1.17–1.8) times breadth of first tarsus.</p> <p>METASOMA. Oblong, ovate, 0.91 (0.83–1.02) times as long as mesosoma, 2.24 (1.63–2.63) times as long as broad with a yellow ventral plica; T1 with triangular depression at base.</p> Morphological comparison <p> Females of <i>Mesopolobus robiniae</i> sp. nov. were not identifiable based on Graham’s keys (Graham 1969), but several morphologically and morphometrically related species were found for which the differing characters will be enumerated in the order that the species appear in Graham’s key. The species <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. has a shorter metasoma compared to head plus mesosoma in <i>M. maculicornis</i>. The species <i>M. jucundus</i> (Walker, 1834) has a curved stigmal vein compared to <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. <i>Mesopolobus robiniae</i> sp. nov. differs from <i>M. fasciiventris</i> by its males having 3 anelli and 5 funicular segments while in the latter there are 2 anelli and 6 segments. Females of <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. differ from those of <i>M. fasciiventris</i> in the ratios of pcl.l3/mav.l and clv.l/ hea.l (for abbreviations see Table 2, for differences Table 3). The head of <i>M. apicalis</i> in dorsal view has temples nearly three quarters as long as the eyes, while <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. has its head in dorsal view with temples appearing one quarter to one third as long as the eyes. The metasoma of <i>M. amaenus</i> is less than twice as long as broad and almost as long as the mesosoma, while in the case of <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. the metasoma is not less than twice as long as broad, but it is as long as the mesosoma. The species <i>M. longicollis</i> has the pronotal collar 1/7 to 1/6 as long as the mesoscutum and its metasoma is less than twice as long as broad compared to <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. The species <i>M. diffinis</i> and <i>M. meditteraneus</i> differ from <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. because the latter has longer marginal vein (1.4 to 1.6) than length of the stigmal vein.</p> <p> The species <i>M. verditer</i> is not present in the keys of Graham (1969) because it has a North American distribution. It differs from <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. in the following: antennal funicle segments shorter than their breadth, while in <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. they are at least as long as their breadth. The ratio of the stigmal vein to the last gastral tergite length is 1.91–2.50 in <i>M. verditer</i>, while in <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. is between 0.08–1.15. <i>Mesopolobus sericeus</i> differs from <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. first by having 2 anelli and 6 funicular segments, but also in having the ratio of the stigmal vein to the last gastral tergite length 1.41, while in the other species this ratio is smaller (0.8–1.15). In <i>M. typographi</i> the median area of the propodeum is 1.75–2 times as broad as long (Graham 1969) while in <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. is 0.82–0.94 times as broad as long (N = 15).</p> <p> Based on von Rosen’s key (von Rosen 1958), the morphological identification of specimens led us to <i>M. mediterraneus</i> as the closest species, from which females of <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. differs, apart from the previously mentioned longer marginal than stigmal vein, in also having a longer pronotal collar and a shorter metasoma than the combined length of head and mesosoma.</p> <p> Gahan (1932: 739) states that <i>Mesopolobus</i> (syn. <i>Amblymerus</i>) <i>verditer</i> (Norton 1868) “…conforms very closely to the characters of the genus <i>Amblymerus</i> Walker as represented by <i>Amblymerus amoenus</i> Walker …” (syn. <i>M. amaenus</i>), when transferring the species to the genus <i>Amblymerus</i> Walker, 1834 from the genus <i>Nasonia</i> Ashmead, 1904. The hosts of <i>M. verditer</i> are usually sawflies (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) on pines (<i>Pinus</i> sp.) (Noyes 2020). <i>Mesopolobus verditer</i> is distributed in the Nearctic and Germany (Thompson 1958). Moreover, <i>M. verditer</i> differs from <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. in having a reticulated middle area of propodeum and oblique wrinkles, as does also from <i>M. amaenus</i> and <i>M. longicollis</i> (von Rosen 1958).</p> <p> We propose the following update to the key of <i>Mesopolobus</i> species of Graham (1969) for females:</p> <p>16. Either metasoma at least slightly longer than head plus mesosoma, and usually more than twice as long as broad, or metasoma not longer than head plus mesosoma, and at most twice as long as broad..........................................................................................................................................16A</p> <p> – Metasoma not longer than head plus mesosoma, their ratio is 0.94 (0.88–0.98), metasoma usually more than twice, 2.37 (1.91–2.96) times as long as broad.......................................................................................................................................................... <i>M. robiniae</i> Lakatos & László sp. nov.</p> <p>16A. Metasoma at least slightly longer than head plus mesosoma, usually more than twice as long as</p> <p>broad............................................................................................................................................ 17 – Metasoma not longer than head plus mesosoma, at most twice as long as broad....................... 27</p> Distribution <p> The type locality for <i>M. robiniae</i> sp.nov. is Săldăbagiu de Munte, Bihor County, Romania (47.096354° N, 21.984963° E). The other localities are situated in the neighbouring counties: Cluj County, Romania and Hajdú-Bihar County, Hungary. The species may appear in the Carpathian Basin where its host plant is present, but we expect that it may also be found outside of the Carpathian Basin, in Eastern Europe and maybe throughout Europe.</p> Biology <p> Based on our rearing, <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. seems to be an early flying parasitoid species. Individuals of the species emerged during spring consequently in all study years. Our black locust seedpod samples were collected mostly in March, and the emergence peak of <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. was in April, with a decrease in May. After May, we rarely encountered any individuals of this parasitoid species.</p> <p> The host of <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. may be <i>Bruchophagus robiniae</i> but there is no information regarding the host plant of <i>B. robiniae</i> before the introduction of black locust. Another possibility is that <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. initially had another host, but switched from it to <i>B. robiniae</i>. Either possibility is plausible; before 1970 (Zerova 1970) the species <i>B. robiniae</i> was not known, and <i>M. robiniae</i> sp. nov. was not described until now. The parasitoid community of black locust is understudied, and the available literature makes no mention of parasitoids in this community (Farkas & Terpó-Pomogyi 1974; Perju 1998), with the exception of our ecological study concerning the seed-predator community of black locust in Eastern Europe (Lakatos <i>et al.</i> 2016).</p>Published as part of <i>László, Zoltán, Lakatos, K. Tímea & Dénes, Avar-Lehel, 2021, A new species of Mesopolobus (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) from black locust crops, pp. 118-137 in European Journal of Taxonomy 740 (1)</i> on pages 128-133, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.740.1285, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4643169">http://zenodo.org/record/4643169</a>
A comparion of I. Lakatos and L. Laudan’s ideas in the aspect of scientific development theories
No full textAmacımız, bilim felsefesindeki bilimsel gelişme teorileri konusunda, I. Lakatos ve L. Laudan’ın katkılarını ortaya koymak ve felsefenin bilimsel gelişmeye getirdiği yeni bakış açılarını karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde incelemektir. Bilimsel gelişme teorileri, bilimin ilerleyiş sürecindeki, eğer varsa, mantıksal yapıyı gözler önünde sermek ve bilimsel gelişmenin yapısını ortaya koymayı denemektedir. İlk soru ise bilimin her daim gelişme halinde olup olmadığı problemidir. Yani bilim ilerlemekte midir? Bize göre, bilimin ilerlediği ve geliştiğine dair ortak kanı kuşkusuz geçerlidir. Ancak burada bilimin ilerlemesinin nasıl olduğu problemi ortaya çıkar. Bilim felsefesi ile ilgilenen birçok filozof bu soruya değişik yanıtlar vermiştir. Bunun sonucunda ortaya, sonraki öncekinin eleştirisi olan, iki temel yaklaşım çıkmıştır. Bunlar; Klasik bilim anlayışı ve Çağdaş bilim anlayışı olarak adlandırılırlar. Klasik bilim anlayışı kısaca, temellerini A. Comte’un fikirlerinde bulan Pozitivist bilim anlayışı iken Çağdaş bilim anlayışı, Klasik bilim anlayışına karşı bir tepki olarak doğan ve bu yaklaşımın eleştirisi üzerinden ilerleyip gelişen bilim anlayışı olarak çıkar karşımıza. Klasik bilim anlayışı 20. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren yetersiz olarak görülmüş, bilimsel gelişimin sanılanın aksine hiç de düzgün, birikimli ve rasyonel olmadığı düşüncesine de dayanarak terk edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bilim felsefesi içerisinde oldukça önemli bir yere sahip olan I. Lakatos ve L. Laudan’ın görüşleri de Klasik bilim anlayışının bir eleştirisi ve ona getirilen çözüm önerileridir.Our aim is to put forth the contritubutions of I. Lakatos and L. Laudan to the philosophy of science in the context of scientific progress theories and make a comparative investigation about the new aspects of their philosophy of scientific progress. Scientific progress theories try to unveil logical structure of scientific development, if any, and to put it forth. The very first question is whether science developes or not. In other words, is science in progression? According to us, the common idea that science progresses and developes is valid with no doubt. But question of “how does science progress?” arises here. Many philosophers interested in philosophy of science had given various answers to this question. After all, two main understanding, namely Classical and Contemporary, in fact latter is a critic of former, has emerged. As Classical understanding of science finds its basis in A. Comte’s ideas which is a Positivist understanding of science briefly, Contemporary understanding of science was born as a reaction to Classical understanding of science and has flourished over this critic. After the second half of tweintieth century, Classical understanding of science has been considered insufficent and has been began to be left, because the idea of sicence was not smooth, cumulative, and rational, contrary to the supposed. Views of I. Lakatos and L. Laudan have very important place in philosophy of science. These are the critic of Classical understanding of science altogether and propose solutions to it. We tried to give a very brief history of main ideas in philosophy of science to expose foundations of Classical understanding of science and analyzed the ideas of I. Lakatos and L. Laudan about scientific progress. Lakatos’ main concept about scientific progress, “research programmes”, claims that every scientific theory has a hard core that is protected against falsification by a protective belt. On the other hand, Laudan’s main concept, “research traditions”, although similar to research programmes, is a critic of this rigidity in scientific development and an attempt to allow science develop more freely
Justifying Definitions in Mathematics—Going Beyond Lakatos
No full textThis paper addresses the actual practice of justifying definitions in mathematics. First, I introduce the main account of this issue, namely Lakatos's proof-generated definitions. Based on a case study of definitions of randomness in ergodic theory, I identify three other common ways of justifying definitions: natural-world-justification, condition-justification and redundancy-justification. Also, I clarify the interrelationships between the different kinds of justification. Finally, I point out how Lakatos's ideas are limited: they fail to show that various kinds of justification can be found and can be reasonable, and they fail to acknowledge the interplay between the different kinds of justification
Key Factors Influencing Consumer Choices in Wood-Based Recycled Products for Circular Construction Sector
No full textThis article explores the integration of wood recycling and reuse practices within construction and reconstruction processes, as highlighted in a wood products questionnaire. The aim of this study is to understand how the Romanian consumers perceive the circular economy in order to adopt responsible consumption models. The working instrument consisted of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was applied to 60.7% urban respondents and 39.3% rural ones and consisted of 23 items. The response rate was 68.5% for certain items (257 responses). In the first part, the integration of wood recycling and reuse practices within construction and reconstruction processes is examined. Emerging recycling techniques and demolition processes, particularly incorporating reused, reconditioned, and recycled wood in the construction industry, are evaluated. The economic and environmental implications of these practices are also examined, contributing to the discussion of eco-design policies, and construction waste management and standards. In the second part, insights are provided into how Romanian consumers' knowledge of CE principles, information about product characteristics, and attitudes influence the demand for recycled wood products. The study concludes with recommendations for better promotion strategies of wood-based recycled products, aiming to increase awareness of its long-term environmental and socio-economic benefits. Additionally, it suggests the need for providing more information on the environmental benefits of wood-based recycled products, and for a more active engagement of stakeholders in the transition to a circular economy. The results serve as a basis for a better understanding of Romanian consumers' adoption of sustainable consumption behavior in agreement with circular economy concepts and SDGs. While the majority of respondents generally shows openness to an eco-friendly product, mere promotion of these principles may not suffice to change entrenched behaviors and purchasing habits
Lakatos and the Euclidean programme
No full textEuclid’s Elements inspired a number of foundationalist accounts of mathematics, which dominated the epistemology of the discipline for many centuries in the West. Yet surprisingly little has been written by recent philosophers about this conception of mathematical knowledge. The great exception is Imre Lakatos, whose characterisation of the Euclidean Programme in the philosophy of mathematics counts as one of his central contributions. In this essay, we examine Lakatos’s account of the Euclidean Programme with a critical eye, and suggest an alternative picture that builds on his while differing from it in a number of important ways
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