12 research outputs found
La rationalisation de la logistique (de la supply chain à la coopération complexe externe dans le travail)
No full textL ensemble des experts de la logistique sont d accord pour dire que celle-ci s est considérablement transformée, depuis les années 1980. Durant cette période, on est passé d une logistique qui avait pour tâche de gérer exclusivement les flux de marchandises, au concept de supply chain (logistique globale d approvisionnement) qui non seulement pilote toujours ces flux, mais qui, en plus, prend en charge les flux d informations correspondant à chaque étape du cheminement d une marchandise, de l approvisionnement en matières premie res pour la produire à sa livraison au client final. Les acteurs logistiques intervenant dans cette chaîne (transporteurs, prestataires logistiques, fournisseurs, producteurs, distributeurs, etc.) sont intégrés au sein d un même processus organisationnel. Cela suppose un type de pilotage spécifique des différentes opérations logistiques et une organisation du travail cohérente avec la structure de la supply chain. L étude menée auprès de plusieurs entreprises de logistique, de transport, de production et de distribution, par l intermédiaire d une cinquantaine d entretiens, conduit à analyser la rationalisation de la logistique provoquée par sa mise en cohérence avec les attentes des autres secteurs industriels et commerciaux déjà rationalisés, notamment en termes de réduction des coûts. La thèse analyse donc les ressorts et les tendances de cette rationalisation aux niveaux stratégiques, organisationnels et techniques.All specialists in logistics agree that this sector has known huge changes since the 1980's. It turned from a logistics that exclusively managed goods flows to the concept of supply chain, which not only manages these flows, but also controls information flows corresponding to every step of the goods way, from the supply of raw material to the delivery to the final customer. Logistics protagonists working in this chain (carriers, logistics providers, suppliers, producers, distributors...) are part of the same organizational process. It supposes a specific management of the different logistic operations and a working organization which corresponds with the supply chain structure. The study, based on about fifty interviews in several logistics, carriage, production and distribution firms, leads to analyze logistics rationalization provoked by its adaptation to the expectations of other industrial and commercial sectors, already rationalized, particularly in terms of costs reduction. Therefore, the study analyzes the causes and tendancies of this rationalization at the strategic, organizational and technical levels.EVRY-Bib. électronique (912289901) / SudocSudocFranceF
Accessible lifelong learning at higher education:outcomes and lessons Learned at two different PilotSites in the EU4ALL Project
No full text[EN] The EU4ALL project (IST-FP6-034778) has developed a general framework to
address the needs of accessible lifelong learning at Higher Education level consisting of several
standards-based interoperable components integrated into an open web service architecture
aimed at supporting adapted interaction to guarantee students' accessibility needs. Its flexibility
has supported the project implementation at several sites with different settings and various
learning management systems. Large-scale evaluations involving hundreds of users,
considering diverse disability types, and key staff roles have allowed obtaining valuable lessons
with respect to "how to adopt or enhance eLearning accessibility" at university. The project was
evaluated at four higher education institutions, two of the largest in Europe and two mediumsized.
In this paper, we focus on describing the implementation and main conclusions at the
largest project evaluation site (UNED), which was involved in the project from the beginning,
and thus, in the design process, and a medium-sized university that adopted the EU4ALL
approach (UPV). This implies dealing with two well-known open source learning environments
(i.e. dotLRN and Sakai), and considering a wide variety of stakeholders and requirements. Thus
the results of this evaluation serve to illustrate the coverage of both the approach and
developments.The authors would like to thank the European Commission for the financial support of the EU4ALL project (IST-2006-034478). The work at aDeNu is also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (TIN2008-06862-C04-01/TSI “A2UN@”). Authors would also like to thank all the EU4ALL partners for their
collaboration.Boticario, JG.; Rodriguez-Ascaso, A.; Santos, OC.; Raffenne, E.; Montandon, L.; Roldán Martínez, D.; Buendía García, F. (2012). Accessible lifelong learning at higher education:outcomes and lessons Learned at two different PilotSites in the EU4ALL Project. Journal of Universal Computer Science. 18(1):62-85. https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/37117S628518
Why (still) no trust in French law?
No full textIn the following piece Raffenne looks at the institution of trust and discusses why it has not entered French law. As most comparatists writing in the English language look at the impact of the civilian tradition on common law, this is a valuable and insightful departure. The author says: '[t]he Fiducie confirms the fact that the trust's dual ownership structure cannot be transplanted into French law: the trust had to be processed, modified and cleansed of its fragmented proprietary essence.' This study analyses this processing. To make the 'alien institution' legitimate, the trust had to be handled within the parameters of the French epistemic tradition and be regulated and transformed into Fiducie. The French drafter gave Fiducie a contractual structure to clearly distinguish it from the trust. The piece discusses the concept of Fiducie, the absolute ownership of the civilian tradition, the French epistemic tradition, the French mentalite and the dynamics of French legal culture.
We are offered a comprehensive analysis of the failed 1992 Bill, a first attempt to introduce the institution of trust into French law, by initially looking into the genesis of the Bill. Ensuring the Frenchness of the new device and its uniformity with the traditions of the Napoleonic codification was foremost in the minds of the drafters. Yet in spite of this, and also the absence of real opposition to the Bill, it was dropped from the agenda of Parliament in late 1994, without ever having been discussed. Was the reason for the failure the attempt to fit the trust into the 'existing legal system'?
However, Raffenne suggests that, despite the lack of a regulated status, a new conceptual element has been added to French law. A pragmatic recourse to fiduciary devices emerged and it has become a 'widely used conceptual tool', although Fiducie cannot be considered as a transposition of the trust into French law.
Within the French epistemic tradition, is the peculiarity of 'absolute ownership' related to the logical structures and mythological images of the French 'epistemic imaginary'? Obviously, the enduring significance of the symbolism of, 'absolute ownership' obstructed the transfer of the trust into the French legal framework. This persistent significance is shown by Raffenne to be mainly epistemic and symbolic. The author claims that, nevertheless, this absolute right is subject to the contradictory ethos of state surveillance of ownership'. This is the revelation of 'governmentalitly', existing on another epistemic plane, 'deeply ingrained in French legal culture'.
The trust also conflicted with the basic premises of French succession laws and challenged the concept of 'unitary patrimony', which, according to Raffenne, creates an 'examinable economic subject' in France.
If the trust cannot be transplanted into French law, with which it is seen to be incompatible, why is there still such an interest in it? One explanation offered is that the epistemic resistance is now overcome. Raffenne suggests that this is due to changes within the legal profession linked to the rhetoric and reality of globalization. The emerging global legal elite in France, shaped by the Anglo-American model of lawyering, acts as broker of the rules. Fiducie, all early illustration of the impact of globalization, is seen as 'a microcosmic expression' of 'two-tiered competition' by these brokers. Fiducie was not a competitor to the trust, which might have gained more support from legal and financial experts. Fiducie, made a useless device by the Bill, may nevertheless develop through lawyers' international practice.
The study shows that the epistemic tradition underlying French law is symbolically powerful, even though not anchored in economic power, and yet the restructuring of legal training and doctrinal research, especially as regards commercial law, helps to erode this mythology of the state. How jar does this example show the strength of epistemic structures in the process of transmigration of legal institutions? Does the transmigration of a commercial and business device depend oil the practice of local experts and stakes raised at national and global levels? One can look back to Foster and ahead to Carey-Miller
On successful Legal Transplants in a Future Ius Commune Europaeum
No full textThe success of a transplant is measured by what it achieves, and this for Smits is uniformity. For Smits, the aim is to establish a new private law for Europe and the main role for comparative law is in the supplying of an answer as to how to establish this, which he sees as the main methodological question of European private law. This piece makes the claim that uniformity can be achieved in an organic bottom-up way by the competition of legal rules, transplanting rules through a 'market of legal culture', for which national courts should be responsible. According to Smits success is in organic growth. He challenges those who claim that legal transplants do not lead to uniformity, and assesses the internal and external factors influencing legal transplants. Like Nelken and Orucu, and also Foster and de Cruz, Smits discusses, compares and contrasts the views of Watson, Legrand and Teubner. The author claims that the use of legal transplants is the most promising way to build a European ius commune if national courts are allowed to choose the most suitable rules. However, diversity of law will remain in Europe and any centralist imposition will strangle diversity. This piece also paves the way for van Gerven's contribution.Smits is not so much interested in the process of, or the reason for, transplants, as in their results. He claims that past transplants have been successful and have led to uniform law and the future European ius commune will largely use legal transplants, which will again lead to uniform law. The contribution presents a programmatic approach to European private law and empirical evidence, through the areas of contract and property (trust), of successful legal transplants. Unlike Nelken and Orucu above, Smits' criterion for assessing the success of a transplant is the creation of some degree of uniformity between the laws of the importing and exporting countries. Mixed legal systems, for Smits, present the answer, a 'mix of national mentality and European uniformity'.He tests his ideas through commercial contract law and property law in Europe because transplants were successful, and no uniformity is seen in property law because there is a lack of successful legal transplants in this field. The acceptance of trust-like arrangements in civil law countries in recent years is, according to Smits, one result of the increasing globalization of world trade. This is also shown as an unsuccessful transplant, since the institution of the trust changed while it moved into the civil law countries from its common law environment. Here the reader might also like to consider the contribution by Raffenne. According to Smits, what is important, then, is the environment of the transplanted rule, international or national. He looks at South Africa and suggests that the transplanted law should be seen by the legal elite as suitable to the environment of the importing country.The environment into which the foreign legal rule is imported is the external factor. The internal factors are approached through the concept of 'path dependence'. The socio-economic environment (that is, the external factor) may favour legal transplants, but the type of rules (that is, the internal factor) may prevent the uniform law from materializing and vice versa.In this contribution legal transplantation is seen as the most promising way of establishing a European ius commune and the test of success is seen as uniformity and tension to be resolved by national courts. We must accept that diversity will remain. But is this indeed just as good as uniformity?
On successful Legal Transplants in a Future Ius Commune Europaeum
No full textThe success of a transplant is measured by what it achieves, and this for Smits is uniformity. For Smits, the aim is to establish a new private law for Europe and the main role for comparative law is in the supplying of an answer as to how to establish this, which he sees as the main methodological question of European private law. This piece makes the claim that uniformity can be achieved in an organic bottom-up way by the competition of legal rules, transplanting rules through a 'market of legal culture', for which national courts should be responsible. According to Smits success is in organic growth. He challenges those who claim that legal transplants do not lead to uniformity, and assesses the internal and external factors influencing legal transplants. Like Nelken and Orucu, and also Foster and de Cruz, Smits discusses, compares and contrasts the views of Watson, Legrand and Teubner. The author claims that the use of legal transplants is the most promising way to build a European ius commune if national courts are allowed to choose the most suitable rules. However, diversity of law will remain in Europe and any centralist imposition will strangle diversity. This piece also paves the way for van Gerven's contribution.Smits is not so much interested in the process of, or the reason for, transplants, as in their results. He claims that past transplants have been successful and have led to uniform law and the future European ius commune will largely use legal transplants, which will again lead to uniform law. The contribution presents a programmatic approach to European private law and empirical evidence, through the areas of contract and property (trust), of successful legal transplants. Unlike Nelken and Orucu above, Smits' criterion for assessing the success of a transplant is the creation of some degree of uniformity between the laws of the importing and exporting countries. Mixed legal systems, for Smits, present the answer, a 'mix of national mentality and European uniformity'.He tests his ideas through commercial contract law and property law in Europe because transplants were successful, and no uniformity is seen in property law because there is a lack of successful legal transplants in this field. The acceptance of trust-like arrangements in civil law countries in recent years is, according to Smits, one result of the increasing globalization of world trade. This is also shown as an unsuccessful transplant, since the institution of the trust changed while it moved into the civil law countries from its common law environment. Here the reader might also like to consider the contribution by Raffenne. According to Smits, what is important, then, is the environment of the transplanted rule, international or national. He looks at South Africa and suggests that the transplanted law should be seen by the legal elite as suitable to the environment of the importing country.The environment into which the foreign legal rule is imported is the external factor. The internal factors are approached through the concept of 'path dependence'. The socio-economic environment (that is, the external factor) may favour legal transplants, but the type of rules (that is, the internal factor) may prevent the uniform law from materializing and vice versa.In this contribution legal transplantation is seen as the most promising way of establishing a European ius commune and the test of success is seen as uniformity and tension to be resolved by national courts. We must accept that diversity will remain. But is this indeed just as good as uniformity?
Redefining phenotypic intratumor heterogeneity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a bottom‐up approach
No full textInternational audiencePancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor interpatient heterogeneity has been well described with two major prognostic subtypes (classical and basal‐like). An important intrapatient heterogeneity has been reported but has not yet been studied extensively due to the lack of standardized, reproducible, and easily accessible high‐throughput methods. We built an immunohistochemical (IHC) tool capable of differentiating RNA‐defined classical and basal‐like tumors by selecting relevant antibodies using a multistep process. The successive stages of (i) an in silico selection from a literature review and a bulk transcriptome analysis of 309 PDACs, (ii) a tumor‐specific selection from 30 patient‐derived xenografts and single‐cell data, followed by (iii) the validation on tissue microarrays in 50 PDAC were conducted. We used our final IHC panel on two independent cohorts of resected PDAC (n = 95, whole‐slide, n = 148, tissue microarrays) for external validation. After digitization and registration of pathology slides, we performed a tile‐based analysis in tumor areas to identify relevant marker combinations. Sequential marker selection led to the following panel: GATA6, CLDN18, TFF1, MUC16, S100A2, KRT17, PanBasal. Four different phenotypes were identified: one classical, one intermediate (KRT17+), and two basal‐like (MUC16+ versus S100A2+) with specific biological properties. The presence of a minor basal contingent drastically reduced overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.90, p = 0.03], even in classical predominant PDACs. Analysis of preneoplastic lesions suggested that pancreatic carcinogenesis might follow a progressive evolution from classical toward a basal through an early intermediate phenotype. In conclusion, our IHC panel redefined and easily assessed the high degree of intra‐ and intertumoral heterogeneity of PDAC. © 2025 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
Supplementary Material for: Gly388Arg FGFR4 Polymorphism Is Not Predictive of Everolimus Efficacy in Well-Differentiated Digestive Neuroendocrine Tumors
No full textIntroduction: Preclinical data suggest that the single nucleotide polymorphism substituting a glycine for an arginine in codon 388 of the FGFR4 transmembrane domain may increase the proliferation of xenografted neuroendocrine cell lines and decrease their sensitivity to everolimus by modulating STAT3 signaling and the mTOR pathway. Aim: To evaluate the prognostic and predictive values of this polymorphism on everolimus efficacy in patients treated for digestive neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Patients and Methods: This monocentric retrospective cohort included patients with small bowel NET (SBNET) and pancreatic NET (PNET) treated with everolimus (2006-2013). The patients were genotyped by classical sequencing, and mTOR pathway activity was assessed by immunochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples (PTEN/pPTEN/pAKT/pmTOR/pS6/p4EBP1). Results: Forty-one patients (21 males, median age 57 years) with PNET (n = 28), SBNET (n = 12) or NET of unknown origin (n = 1), grade 1 (n = 8), 2 (n = 27), 3 (n = 3) or unknown grade (n = 3), were studied. At least one 388Arg allele was found in 14/23 PNET and 10/11 SBNET. Progression-free survival in the whole population and the PNET subgroup was not influenced by the presence of one or two 388Arg alleles [HR = 1.31 (0.58-2.99), p = 0.52 and HR = 1.11 (0.45-2.73), p = 0.82, respectively]. Similarly, overall survival was not influenced. Finally, mTOR pathway molecule expression was not modified by the presence of at least one 388Arg allele. Conclusion: The Gly388Arg FGFR4 polymorphism does not seem to have a prognostic value in digestive NET. In addition, it neither predicts the response to everolimus nor modifies the activation of the mTOR pathway
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group O Infection in France: Clinical Features and Immunovirological Response to Antiretrovirals
No full textInternational audienc
Conditional IMS Learning Design Generation Using User Modeling and Planning Techniques
No full textActive modeling is required in learning settings to
cope with the dynamic evolution of the knowledge,
since learners competences evolves over time as they
participate in the course activities. Moreover, one of
the main issues in a competence based eLearning
process is to deliver personalized instructional designs
adjusted to both 1) intrinsic characteristics of users
(i.e. learning styles) and 2) the desired and achieved
competences in the learning process (i.e. specific and
generic competences). This delivery includes the
adaptation of the content and the activities in a
learning scenario based on a dynamic user model that
evolves according to user interactions. In this paper,
an approach to support Conditional Plans Generation
(IMS Learning Designs) in the context of a virtual
learning environment is presented. The process is
supported by a pervasive usage of standards and
specifications (IMS family of specifications) in
conjunction with an integral user modeling.Hernández, JorgeBaldiris, SilviaC. Santos, OlgaFabregat, RamónG. Boticario, Jesu
