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Optimasi Produksi Gaultherin Dari Gandapura Dengan Teknologi Mixed-Drying Extraction
No full textThis study purposed the optimization of gaultherin production from “gandapura” by inactivating the gaultherase enzyme, including gaultherin productivity and process parameters. This research applied the combination processes of extraction-dryer, simultanously. The productivity of gaultherin was improved by adding the drying agent, such as magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, and calcium sulfate. The optimization was conducted using a factorial design 2n. Dependent variables determined by calculating the main effects and interactions, following by the application of probability plots. During the research, the content of gaultherin, methyl salicylate, salicylic acid were measured by using a spectrophotometer and HPLC-MS. The results shows that the higher concentration of drying agent (especially calcium chloride) and ethanol, increased the content of gaultherin. However, the most influenced factor to this conducted process was pH, regarding to the concentration of ethanol. During extraction, the higher the pH, increased the active compound of gaultherin. The optimum condition of enzyme inactivation was found at pH 8 with the content of gaultherin at 14.46%. The higher the solvent concentration of ethanol, the higher content of gaultherin can be extracted. The maximum process condition regarding to ethanol concentration found at 90% with active compound concentration at 13.10%
Proses Inaktivasi Enzim Gaultherase Melalui Mixed-Drying Extraction untuk Pengambilan Gaultherin Sebagai Antikanker
Get PDFResearch destination is to determine the production process of gaultherin from gandapura in optimum manner through gaultherase enzyme inactivation techniques with mixed-drying extraction technology. Research activities include: gaultherin productivity studies and optimization of process parameters. Efforts to improve gaultherin productivity including the effect of addition of drying agent (magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, and calcium sulfate). Optimization study was conducted using a factorial design 2n. Determination of influential variables by using normal probability plots, after the calculation of the main effects and interaction calculations. During the process, measure the content of gaultherin, methyl salicylate, salicylic acid using a spectrophotometer or HPLC-MS. The results show that increasing the concentration of drying agent and ethanol causes greater gaultherin acquisition, especially with the addition of calcium chloride. Results stated that the variable of mixed-drying process extraction for enzyme inactivation of gaultherase which most influential is the pH and concentration of alcohol. The greater pH of extraction, will enhance the result of the active compound gaultherin. The greater solvent concentration, gaultherin that extracted increasing. Optimum Gaultherin production achieved at a concentration 90% of ethanol with the acquisition of active compound 13.10%
Proses Inaktivasi Enzim Gaultherase Melalui Mixed-Drying Extraction untuk Pengambilan Gaultherin Sebagai Antikanker
Get PDFResearch destination is to determine the production process of gaultherin from gandapura in optimum manner through gaultherase enzyme inactivation techniques with mixed-drying extraction technology. Research activities include: gaultherin productivity studies and optimization of process parameters. Efforts to improve gaultherin productivity including the effect of addition of drying agent (magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, and calcium sulfate). Optimization study was conducted using a factorial design 2n. Determination of influential variables by using normal probability plots, after the calculation of the main effects and interaction calculations. During the process, measure the content of gaultherin, methyl salicylate, salicylic acid using a spectrophotometer or HPLC-MS. The results show that increasing the concentration of drying agent and ethanol causes greater gaultherin acquisition, especially with the addition of calcium chloride. Results stated that the variable of mixed-drying process extraction for enzyme inactivation of gaultherase which most influential is the pH and concentration of alcohol. The greater pH of extraction, will enhance the result of the active compound gaultherin. The greater solvent concentration, gaultherin that extracted increasing. Optimum Gaultherin production achieved at a concentration 90% of ethanol with the acquisition of active compound 13.10%
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
PENGARUH BENTUK BAHAN ISIAN DALAM KOLOM EKSTRAKSI CAIR-CAIR TERHADAP PERUBAHAN DIAMETER TETESAN FASA TERDISPERSI
Get PDFProses ekstraksi cair-cair mengenal istilah fasa kontinyu yang dialirkan dari bagian atas kolom berisi umpan yang akan diekstraksi menggunakan solven yang dialirkan dalam bentuk dispersi atau tetesan dari bawah kolom melalui distributor dan disebut fasa terdispersi. Ukuran dispersi tetes pada media cair dalam kolom isian sangat beragam. Distribusi ukuran tetes tersebut berbeda pada posisi ketinggian kolom isian. Hal ini diakibatkan adanya peristiwa penggabungan dan pemecahan tetesan selama tetesan tersebut bergerak keatas dalam kolom isian. Peristiwa penggabungan dan pemecahan tetesan dapat disebabkan berbagai faktor temasuk diantaranya karena adanya isian yang menghalangi gerakan tetesan. Ketidak seragaman ukuran tetes dalam kolom tersebut mempengaruhi laju proses perpindahan massa dari fasa kontinyu ke fasa terdispersi atau sebaliknya, karena adanya variasi luas permukaan kontak serta perubahan tetesnya. Pengamatan perubahan tetesan mulai saat pembentukan tetes hingga pergerakannya saat melewati sela-sela isian merupakan faktor penting untuk menggambarkan distribusi tetesan dalam kolom isian. Perubahan ukuran tetesan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh berbagai variabel operasi dan variabel fisik. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan kolom segi empat yang terbuat dari bahan transparan sehingga bagian dalam kolom dapat dilihat, dan digunakan bahan isian berbentuk bola dari kaca dan raschig ring. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan membagi ketinggian kolom menjadi 6 segmen yang sama yaitu berjarak 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 dan 60 cm dari dasar kolom dan diberi nama Z0 hingga Z5. Pengamatan perubahan tetesan dilakukan secara visual dan direkam dengan kamera digital pada segmen ketinggian tersebut. Dari gambar yang diperoleh dapat dihitung diameter dan jumlah tetesan yang terbentuk, kemudian dapat ditentukan distribusi ukuranya dan juga bisa diamati pergerakan tetes fasa terdispersi saat melewati celah-celah bahan isian bola kaca maupun raschig ring. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa distribusi ukuran tetes cenderung mengarah ke diameter yang lebih kecil seiring dengan bertambahnya jarak dari dasar kolom. Pergerakan tetes fasa terdispersi dalam kolom dipengaruhi oleh laju alir dan bahan isian yang digunakan
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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