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Transnational City Networks as an Instrument of Inter-City Cooperation in the Age of Global Interconnectedness : The Euro-Latin American City Network URB-AL
No full textNetzwerke spielen eine immer wichtigere Rolle als räumliche Struktur wirtschaftlicher Entwicklungsprozesse und auch als Form der Steuerung und Organisation politischer, unternehmerischer und sozialer Verflechtungen. Der Bedeutungszuwachs transnationaler Netzwerkstrukturen wurde erst durch die technologische Revolution im Bereich der Kommunikation und des Transportwesens ermöglicht. Im Hinblick auf die räumlichen Wirtschaftsstrukturen wurde er aber auch gefördert durch die Neudefinierung grundlegender raumordnerischer Ziele, die unter neoliberalem Vorzeichen in der Mehrzahl der Staaten keine räumlich ausgleichende Entwicklung mehr priorisieren, sondern die Steigerung der internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit spezialisierter Cluster um deren Positionierung in den globalen Wirtschaftsnetzwerken zu sichern.
Angesichts immer stärker auf die globale Ebene verlagerter politischer, wirtschaftlicher und gesellschaftlicher Verflechtungen verlieren die Nationalstaaten zunehmend die Steuerungsfähigkeit über Abläufe in ihrem eigenen Territorium. Parallel zu diesem Denationalisierungsprozess vergrößert sich die Stärke und Reichweite des Einflusses der subnationalen Ebene. Stadtverwaltungen organisieren sich zunehmend in transnationalen bis hin zu globalen Städtenetzwerken, internationalisieren ihre Kooperationsbeziehungen und üben auch einen verstärkten Einfluss auf internationale politische Prozesse aus.
Das Instrument der "transnationalen Städtenetzwerkkooperation" wird seit den 90er Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts immer stärker auch von verschiedenen internationalen und supranationalen Organisationen wie der Europäischen Union zur Förderung einer nachhaltigen urbanen Entwicklung eingesetzt. Seit 1996 fördert die EU durch das URB-AL-Programm den Aufbau von Städtenetzwerken, die bereits über 1.200 verschiedene Kommunalverwaltungen aus Europa und Lateinamerika vernetzen. Es hat zum Ziel, die Zusammenarbeit und den Er-fahrungsaustausch zwischen den beiden Regionen zu fördern. Im Rahmen der 13 thematischen Netzwerke, von denen jedes ca. 150 bis 300 Städte umfasst, wurden bereits 177 Projekte mit rund 1.600 beteiligten Partnern genehmigt, die sich den unterschiedlichsten urbanen Fragestellungen im Hinblick auf eine nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung widmen.
Um das URB-AL-Programm als Instrument zur Förderung der Netzwerkkooperation systematisch untersuchen zu können, wurde das "Mehrebenenmodell zur Analyse transnationaler Städtenetzwerkkooperation" entwickelt, das die unterschiedlichen Interaktionsebenen der Austauschprozesse wiedergibt (Gesamtprogramm, thematische Netzwerke, Projekte, Mitgliedsstädte und lokale zivilgesellschaftliche Partner). Zwischen diesen werden wechselseitige Informationsflüsse gefördert, die den beteiligten Stadtverwaltungen Werkzeuge zur Verfügung stellen sollen, um ihre lokalen Entwicklungsbedingungen zu verbessern. Auf der Basis dieses Modells wurden am Beispiel des URB-AL-Netzwerks Nr. 8 "Steuerung der urbanen Mobilität" umfangreiche empirische Untersuchungen durchgeführt, die der Überprüfung der zwei zentralen Hypothesen der Arbeit dienen. Diese postulieren erstens, dass die transnationale Städtenetzwerkkooperation ein effizientes Instrument zur breitenwirksamen Förderung nachhaltiger Entwicklungsprozesse im urbanen Raum ist und zweitens, dass erst eine kohärente Programmierung der Funktionslogik des Programms das Potenzial der Netzwerke für eine räumlich ausgleichende Entwicklungsförderung mobilisieren kann.
Die konkreten lokalräumlichen Auswirkungen der transnationalen Städtenetzwerkkooperation werden schließlich anhand einer Fallstudie analysiert, die im südbrasilianischen Criciúma durchgeführt wurde. Dabei werden die Faktoren untersucht, die die Absorption und kommunalpolitische Umsetzung von Informationen und Impulsen aus dem Netzwerk fördern (politischer Wille, persönliches Engagement, qualifizierte Mitarbeiter, effiziente Institutionen, organisationsinterne sowie externe Kommunikations- und Kooperationsbereitschaft etc.), bzw. die sie behindern (mangelnde Rechtsstaatlichkeit und politische Wechsel, personelle Diskontinuität, mangelnde finanzielle Ressourcen und zu seltene Möglichkeiten für persönliche Netzwerkkontakte etc.).
Auf der Basis dieser empirischen Forschungsergebnisse werden abschließend die Hypothesen überprüft und die zentralen Aussagen in den Entwurf eines modellhaften Entwicklungsinstruments der transnationalen Städtenetzwerkkooperation eingebracht. Über die Formulierung konkreter Verbesserungsvorschläge für das URB-AL-Programm hinaus werden in einem Ausblick die Potenziale transnationaler Städtenetzwerke unter dem Blickwinkel der Dauerhaf-tigkeit, eines möglichen Beitrags zu Regionalisierung und Global Governance sowie zur Stärkung der Verbindungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Kulturräumen durch eine das gegenseitige Verständnis fördernde Zusammenarbeit auf der kommunalen Ebene diskutiert.Networks play an ever-increasing role, not only as a form of steering and organising political, entrepreneurial and social relationships, but also as a main structuring force of spatial processes of economic development. The augmentation of the importance of transnational network structures has only become possible due to the technological revolution in the fields of com-munication and transportation. Regarding spatial economic structures, the appearance of networks has also been fostered by redefining the basic objective of territorial planning which, under the neoliberal paradigm, in the majority of countries does not pursue the goal of a balanced spatial development any more but the raising of international competitiveness of spe-cialised clusters, aiming at securing their positions in the global networks of a liberalised economy.
In view of the fact that patterns of political, economic and social interconnectedness shift ever more towards the global level, the nation states increasingly lose control on processes occurring within their own territory. Parallel to this process of denationalisation the strength and reach of the influence of subnational governments is growing. Local administrations increasingly engage in transnational and global city networks, internationalising their relations and exerting an augmented influence on international political decisions.
Since the 1990’s, the instrument of "transnational city-network cooperation" has been increasingly used by different international and supranational organisations, such as the European Union to promote sustainable development in the urban sphere. Since 1996 the EU has been supporting the creation of several city networks in the framework of the URB-AL programme which connect over 1.200 different municipalities from Europe and Latin America. The pro-gramme aims at fostering the exchange of experience between both regions. Within the scope of the 13 thematic networks integrating 150 to 300 cities each, 177 projects with some 1.600 partners and dealing with a great variety of urban issues regarding sustainable urban development have been approved so far.
For the purpose of systematically scrutinising the URB-AL programme as an instrument for promoting network cooperation, a "multi-level model for the analysis of transnational city network cooperation" has been developed, which differentiates between the different levels where the exchange processes occur (overall programme, thematic networks, projects, member cities and local partners from civil society). Between those levels information flows are mobilised to allow the participating local authorities to use new tools for improving their institutional capacity and the general frame conditions for local development. Based on this model, extensive empirical research has been conducted within the framework of URB-AL network no. 8 "Control of Urban Mobility", examining the two main hypotheses. They postulate, firstly, that transnational city networks are an efficient instrument for promoting sustain-able development in urban centres and, secondly, that only a coherent "programming" of the functional logic of the programme will allow to mobilise the potential of city networks to foster a balanced spatial development.
The performance and concrete impacts of transnational city network cooperation "on the ground" were subject to detailed analysis in a case study carried out in the city of Criciúma, southern Brazil. Here, the focus of research is concentrated on the factors which foster the process of absorbing and locally implementing information and impulses from the network within the field of urban policy i.e. political leadership, personal commitment, qualified personnel, efficient institutions, commitment to disseminate information and cooperate internally as well as beyond the participating local authority, etc. and on those which hamper it: deficits of the constitutional state and government change, discontinuity of personnel, scarcity of fi-nancial resources and rare opportunities to maintain personal network contacts, etc.
Based on these empirical results, the hypotheses have been evaluated and the main findings were included in a draft theory as well as a model concept of the development instrument of transnational city network cooperation. Moreover, the research results were used for elaborating concrete proposals for improving the URB-AL programme. Finalising, the potentials of transnational city networks have been discussed from the point of view of their durability, possible contributions to processes of regional integration and global governance, as well as their potential for strengthening the interconnectedness between different cultural areas worldwide by fostering cooperation on the municipal level
Brasil. Modernização e Globalização: Congresso da Associação Alemã de Pesquisas sobre América Latina (ADLAF), de 7 a 9 de outubro de 1998, na Universidade de Tübingen
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Conflitos de interesse no ordenamento territorial da Amazônia brasileira
No full textA REGIÃO de planejamento "Amazônia Legal", de cinco milhões de Km², sendo a maior área de florestas tropicais do mundo, passou nos últimos 30 anos por seis fases de programas de desenvolvimento regional com ações estatais e privadas: 1 Integração nacional, 2 Polamazônia, 3 Desenvolvimento rural integrado, 4 Grande Carajás, 5 Estratégias de desenvolvimento sustentável no âmbito do Programa Piloto, 6 Avança Brasil. Com exceção do Programa Piloto Internacional, que quer contribuir ao desenvolvimento sustentável e ao manejo dos recursos naturais, todos os programas de desenvolvimento levaram a uma crescente destruição das florestas tropicais, significando 14% da área florestal da Amazônia. O mega-programa Avança Brasil, financiado em grande parte pelo governo, com ampliação da infra-estrutura e atividades econômicas reforçadas, provocará enormes impactos ambientais, o que representa grande desafio para o futuro desenvolvimento da Amazônia. A modificação das estratégias da política regional e o desenvolvimento regional descentralizado deverão satisfazer as condições de vida da população regional, tendo como base o manejo sustentável dos recursos e a preservação da biodiversidade da Amazônia.DURING the last three decades, the 5-million square kilometer planning region "Amazônia legal", the world's largest area of tropical forests, endured six phases of regional development programs with far-reaching state and private activities: 1 National integration, 2 Polamazônia, 3 Integrated rural development, 4 Grande Carajás, 5 Sustainable development strategies in the Pilot Program, 6 Avança Brasil. With the exception of the Pilot Program, which contributed to the sustainable development and management of natural resources, the consequences of all regional development programs have been the increased destruction of tropical forests, comprising 14 % of the total forest area in Amazonia. The new Avança Brasil mega-program, financed mostly by the government, with an enormous expansion of infrastructure and complex economic activities, is causing huge environmental impacts, constituting a major challenge for the future development of Amazonia. Changes in the strategies for regional policy and decentralized regional development will have to satisfy the basic needs of the regional population on the basis of sustainable management of forest resources and the preservation of biodiversity in Amazonia
Espaço e etnia
No full textSuábios do Danúbio no Brasil. Processos de desenvolvimento dos espaços social e econômico da colônia de refugiados Entre Rios no Paraná. Desde a sua imigração no Paraná em 1951/52 os agricultores suábios do Suábio fazem parte dos inovadores agropecuários mais consideráveis nos campos limpos do sul do Brasil, apesar de um constante processo de concentração fundiária e, em conseqüência disto, de uma crescente diferenciação social, foram as atividades eficazes da cooperativa agrícola de aquisição de novas terras, de uma reforma agrária interna, de consolidação da estrutura dos estabelecimentos agrícolas e de estabilização da colônia central, que garantiram a preservação dos suábios do Danúbio como grupo étnico-social. Depois de passar pelos " booms" do arroz, do trigo e da soja hoje se procura alcançar uma rotação de culturas equilibrada, com alternativas específicas para a região nas semeadas de inverno, onde especialmente a cevada (destinada à fabricação de cerveja) desenvolve uma função inovadora e difusora, marcada pelas atividades dos suábios do Danúbio, a transformação estrutural dos espaços agrário e social nos Campos de Guarapuava, com seus efeitos de irradiação regional e de integração no processo de modernização da agricultura brasileira, é acompanhada de sforços de integração sociocultural. Mesmo com isto Entre Rios, a única colônia coesa de suábios do Danúbio do ultramar, preservou a sua identidade étnico-social.Spatially effective agrarian activities of ethno-social groups in Brazil. The example of Danube Swabian settlers in Entre Rios/Paraná. Since their immigration to Paraná in 1952 Danube swabian farmers have belonged to the most important innovators in agriculture on South-Brazilian Campos Limpos. The efficient activities of the agrarian cooperative have safeguarded the existence of the Danube Swabians as an ethno-social group by means of land purchase, internal land reform, consolidation of farm structure and stabilization of the core settlement despite continuing land concentration and social differentiation. Following the rice, wheat and soja booms, a balanced crop-rotation with sustainable winter crop alternatives is today the central aim. Barley for brewing has gained a special junction in the innovation and diffusion of innovations. Danube Swabian caused agro and socio-spatial structural changes on the modernization process of Brazilian agriculture is accompanied by attempts at socio-cultural integration. Nevertheless, Entre rios, the only concentrated settlement of Danube Swabians in overseas, has retained its ethno-social identity
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