3,278 research outputs found
Effects of training and anthropometric factors on marathon and 100 km ultramarathon race performance
Full text linkBACKGROUND
Marathon (42 km) and 100 km ultramarathon races are increasing in popularity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential associations of anthropometric and training variables with performance in these long-distance running competitions.
METHODS
Training and anthropometric data from a large cohort of marathoners and 100 km ultramarathoners provided the basis of this work. Correlations between training and anthropometric indices of subjects and race performance were assessed using bivariate and multiple regression analyses.
RESULTS
A combination of volume and intensity in training was found to be suitable for prediction of marathon and 100 km ultramarathon race pace. The relative role played by these two variables was different, in that training volume was more important than training pace for the prediction of 100 km ultramarathon performance, while the opposite was found for marathon performance. Anthropometric characteristics in terms of body fat percentage negatively affected 42 km and 100 km race performance. However, when this factor was relatively low (ie, less than 15% body fat), the performance of 42 km and 100 km races could be predicted solely on the basis of training indices.
CONCLUSION
Mean weekly training distance run and mean training pace were key predictor variables for both marathon and 100 km ultramarathon race performance. Predictive correlations for race performance are provided for runners with a relatively low body fat percentage
Limits in endurance performance of octogenarian athletes
No full textLepers, Romuald | Stapley, Paul J. | Cattagni, Thomas | Gremeaux, Vincent | Knechtle, BeatInternational audienc
Nation related participation and performance trends in ‘Norseman Xtreme Triathlon’ from 2006 to 2014
Full text linkWe investigated the nation related participation and performance trends in triathletes competing in ‘Norseman Xtreme Triathlon’ between 2006 and 2014 using mixed models, one-way analysis of variance and multi-variate regression analyses. A total of 1594 athletes (139 women and 1455 men) originating from 34 different countries finished the race. Most of the athletes originated from Norway, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, USA and France. In the mixed model analysis considering all finishers (n = 1594), with calendar year, sex and country as independent and overall race time as dependent variable, calendar year (p < 0.0001), sex (p < 0.0001), country (p < 0.0001) and the interaction sex × calendar year (p = 0.012) were significant. In the model where overall race time was separated in the three disciplines, we found interactions such as country × discipline (p < 0.0001), year × discipline (p < 0.0001), sex × discipline (p < 0.0001), calendar year × sex (p = 0.044), calendar year × sex × discipline (p = 0.031). Overall race time decreased every year, above all in the year 2012. Women were slower than men, but women reduced this gender gap year after year and above all in the year 2007 (p = 0.001). Athletes from Norway and Germany were faster than those from Great Britain and other countries. Split times of the discipline decreased throughout the years. In particular, the discipline having more impact on overall race time was cycling. Most of the podiums were achieved by Norwegian women and men. For women, the fastest split and transition times were achieved by Norwegian women with exception of the run where German women were faster. Norwegian men were the fastest in split and transition times although French athletes were the fastest in swimming. Across years, the annual three fastest Norwegian women improved in cycling, running, overall race time and transition times but not Norwegian and German men. British men, however, improved running split times and transition times. To summarize, most of the finishers in ‘Norseman Xtreme Triathlon’ originated from Norway and the fastest race times were achieved by Norwegian women and men. Norwegian women improved race times across years but not Norwegian men
''No Gender Difference in Peak Performance in Ultra-Endurance Swimming Performance - Analysis of the 'Zurich 12-h Swim' from 1996 to 2010''
No full textEichenberger, Evelyn | Knechtle, Beat | Christoph, Alexander Rust | Knechtle, Patrizia | Lepers, Romuald | Rosemann, ThomasInternational audience''The aims of the study were to [1] investigate the performance trends at the 'Zurich 12-h Swim' in Switzerland from 1996 to 2010; and [2] determine the gender difference in peak performance in ultra-endurance swimming. In total, 113 male and 53 female swimmers competed in this indoor ultra-endurance event while swimming in a heated pool. The number of male participants significantly increased (r(2) = 0.36, P = 0.04) over time while the participation of females remained unchanged (r(2) = 0.12, P = 0.26). In the age group 0.05). The best performance was achieved in the age groups 30-39 years and 40-49 years for both genders, respectively. The athletes in the age groups 0.05). The best male and female swim performances remained unchanged across the years. Females are able to achieve a similar swim performance in an indoor ultra-endurance swim event of similar to 40 km. Further studies are needed to investigate whether females are able to achieve similar or even better performances than males in open-water ultra-swimming events such as 'Channel Swimming'.'
''Sex-related Trends In Participation and Performance In the 'swiss Bike Masters' From 1994-2012''
No full textGloor, Roman Urs | Knechtle, Beat | Knechtle, Patrizia | Ruest, Christoph Alexander | Haupt, Samuel | Rosemann, Thomas | Lepers, RomualdInternational audience''General participation in contests such as ultra-marathons and ultra-triathlons has increased considerably over the past 30 years, especially among women. This study investigated performance trends in the Swiss Bike Masters, one of the first and most prestigious mountain bike, ultra-endurance races in its class, with comparisons of participation and performance trends to similar races. The development of performance in the Swiss Bike Masters held between 1994 and 2012 was investigated by analysing the number of finishers, their age, sex, and cycling speed. Between 1994 and 2009, the athletes had to cover 120 kilometers with a total difference in altitude of 5,000 meters. Since 2010, the race distance was shortened to 105 kilometers and the total difference in altitude was reduced to 4,400 meters. The total men participating and total finishing decreased significantly, while women's participation has remained low. The age of the annual winners and the annual top three finishers showed no changes over time. Performances of the annual fastest women improved, while performances of the annual fastest men remained unchanged. To summarize, rate of finishing has decreased for men and has been stable, but low, among women. The sex difference in cycling speed for the best cyclists has decreased across the years.'
The age of peak performance in women and men duathletes - The paradigm of short and long versions in "Powerman Zofingen"
Full text linkPurpose: The age of peak performance (APP) has been studied extensively in various endurance and ultra-endurance sports; however, less information exists in regard to duathlon (ie, Run1, Bike, and Run2). The aim of the present study was to assess the APP of duathletes competing either in a short (ie, 10 km Run1, 50 km Bike, and 5 km Run2) or a long distance (ie, 10 km Run1, 150 km Bike, and 30 km Run2) race. Participants and methods: We analyzed 6,671 participants (women, n=1,037, age 36.6±9.1 years; men, n=5,634, 40.0±10.0 years) in "Powerman Zofingen" from 2003 to 2017. Results: Considering the finishers in 5-year age groups, in the short distance, a small main effect of sex on race time was observed (p<0.001, η2 =0.052) with men (171.7±20.9 min) being faster than women (186.0±21.5 min) by -7.7%. A small main effect of age group on race was shown (p<0.001, η2 =0.049) with 20-24 years being the fastest and 70-74 years the slowest. No sex × age group interaction was found (p=0.314, η2 =0.003). In the long distance, a small main effect of sex on race time was observed (p<0.001, η2 =0.021) with men (502.8±56.8 min) being faster than women (544.3±62.8 min) by -7.6%. A large main effect of age group on race time was shown (p<0.001, η2 =0.138) with age group 25-29 years the fastest and age group 70-74 years the slowest. A small sex × age group interaction on race time was found (p<0.001, η2 =0.013) with sex difference ranging from -22.4% (15-19 age group) to -6.6% (30-34 age group). Conclusion: Based on these findings, it was concluded an older APP in the long than in the short distance was seen in "Powerman Zofingen." This indicates that APP in duathlon follows a similar trend as in endurance and ultra-endurance running and triathlon, ie, the longer the distance, the older the APP.ance and ultra-endurance running and triathlon, ie, the longer the distance, the older the APP
Code choice and code-switching in Swiss-German internet relay chat rooms
No full textIn the German-speaking regions of Switzerland, dialect is spoken by all social groups in most communicative situations, Standard German being used only when prescribed. Swiss dialects rarely appeared in written form before the 1980s, apart from the genre of dialect literature. Due to the growing acceptance of informal writing styles in many European languages, dialect is increasingly employed for written personal communication, in particular in computer-mediated communication (CMC). In Swiss Internet Relay Chat (IRC) rooms, varieties of German are used side by side as all chatters have a command of both standard and dialectal varieties. Depending on the channel, the proportion of dialectal contributions can be as high as 90 percent. The choice of a particular variety depends on both individual preference and on the predominant variety used within a specific thread. In this paper I take a quantitative approach to language variation in IRC and demonstrate how such an approach can help embed qualitative research on code-switching in CMC
Sex Differences Between Women and Men in Running
No full textBook cover
Book cover
The Running Athlete pp 35–41Cite as
Sex Differences Between Women and Men in Running
Beat Knechtle & Pantelis T. Nikolaidis
Chapter
First Online: 22 April 2022
404 Accesses
1 Citations
Abstract
In recent years, more women competed in shorter running races (10 km to marathon) than in longer races (ultra-marathons longer than a marathon). Generally, men are running faster than women with a sex difference of 10–20% regarding the length of a running race. Although earlier studies assumed that would be able to outrun men in ultra-marathon running, the fastest men are ~17–20% faster than the fastest women for all ultra-marathon distances up to 3100 miles. Women can, however, reduce the gap to men in older age groups (i.e., 40–99 years). The sex difference depends in ultra-marathon running on the participation of women where the sex difference in running speed was largest when there were fewer women than men finishers in a race. The age of peak running performance is similar for women and men for shorter running races (10 km to marathon) but seems to be higher for women in ultra-marathons. The better performance in male runners compared to female runners can be explained by physiological differences (i.e., maximum oxygen uptake, running economy). Women will never outrun men in the future
Who Runs? Psychological, Physiological and Pathophysiological Aspects of Recreational Endurance Athletes
No full textThis eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
[Small Tick - Big Danger].
No full textWe report a 23-year-old patient who presented to the general practitioner due to persisting headache, fever, and vomiting. In the further course, a tetraparesis dominated on the right side, dysphagia and dysarthria occurred, and a general tonic-clonic seizure. Further examinations confirmed tick-borne encephalomyelitis as well as polyradiculitis. After two months of rehabilitation, neuropsychological as well as focal-neurological deficits persisted in the unvaccinated patient
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