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Mchango wa Ishara za Mwili kwenye Maana katika Lugha ya Kiswahili : Mifano kutoka katika Vialami Pragmatiki eh, sawa, mh na ah
Get PDFEnglish version
The contribution of gestures on meaning has attracted attention of many scholars (c.f Goodwin, 1986; Mc Neill, 1992; Kendon, 2004; Kidwell, 2013; Müller, 2013; Zhi-pheng 2014). Many researches dealt on its contributions in English language. However, its contributions specifically on Swahili has been given less or no attention. As noted by Kendon (2004) and Zhi-pheng (2014) that the intepretation of gestures can yield different intepretations from one culture to another. The current article investigates the contributions of gestures on meaning in Swahili. Pragmatic markers (henceforth PMs) eh, sawa, mh, and ah have been used as case study. Data was obtained from ‘vijiwe vya kahawa’ (setting of informal conversations created around people drinking coffee) and ‘vijiwe vya mamantilie’ (setting of informal conversations created around women preparing and selling food on the streets. The analysis was done using Social Semiotic Approach under Multimodality Theory by Kress (2010). The results indicate that gestures contribute to the meaning-making. It was observed that various gestures (such as facial expressions, eye gaze, mouth, head and hand movements) were used in conjunctions with uttering the PMs hence helped to convey their meanings. Generally, the article concludes that spoken Swahili is rich in meanings complemented by the contributions of gestures. Thus, the current study calls for more researches on gestures in Kiswahili since they play a big role in the sense-making process.
Kiswahili version
Mchango wa ishara za mwili kwenye maana ni suala ambalo limewashughulisha wataalamu wengi (taz. kwa mfano Goodwin, 1986; Mc Neill, 1992; Kendon, 2004; Kidwell, 2013; Müller, 2013; Zhi-pheng 2014). Hata hivyo, tafiti nyingi zilizofanywa zinahusu mchango wa ishara za mwili kwenye maana katika lugha ya Kiingereza na si Kiswahili. Kufuatia tahadhari wanayoitoa Kendon (2004) na Zhi-pheng (2014) kwamba matumizi ya ishara za mwili yanaweza kutofautiana baina ya lugha moja na nyingine, makala hii inachunguza mchango wa ishara za mwili kwenye maana katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Vialami Pragmatiki (kuanzia sasa VIPRA) eh, sawa, mh na ah vimetumika kama uchunguzi kifani. Data zimekusanywa kutoka katika mazungumzo yasiyo rasmi yanayofanywa na wazungumzaji wa Kiswahili katika vijiwe vya kahawa na vya mamantilie. Uchambuzi wa data umeongozwa na Nadharia ya Njianyingi za Mawasiliano kwa kutumia mkabala wa Semiotiki Jamii wa Kress (2010). Matokeo ya uchunguzi huu yanaonesha kwamba ishara za mwili zina mchango kwenye maana za eh, sawa, mh na ah. Ishara tofautitofauti za (kama vile mwonekano wa sura na macho, kichwa, mikono, macho na mdomo) zilionekana kutumika pamoja na eh, sawa, mh na ah na; hivyo, zilisaidia kuchanuza maana za VIPRA hivyo. Kwa ujumla, makala hii inadokeza kwamba lugha ya Kiswahili (hususani Kiswahili cha mazungumzo) ina hazina kubwa ya maana inayotokana na mchango wa ishara za mwili. Hivyo, ipo haja ya kufanya uchunguzi zaidi ili kubaini ishara mbalimbali za mwili na namna zinavyotoa mchango kwenye maana
The Pragmatic Functions of the Marker Sawa in Spoken Swahili
No full textThis study examines the pragmatic functions of the marker sawa in spoken Swahili. The data have been obtained from informal conversations made by Swahili speakers in informal social settings. These settings include “vijiwe vya kahawa” (setting of informal conversations created around people drinking coffee) and "vijiwe vya mamantilie” (setting of informal conversations created around women preparing and selling food on the streets). The analysis of the data, performed within the framework of the contextualization theory (Gumperz 1982), shows that, apart from its basic connotation of agreement, the marker sawa conveys other meanings, depending on these very contexts of communication, and therefore acquires also various pragmatic functions. The pragmatic functions identified in this work include: to show that the speaker agrees with what has been said but on a condition (I agree, but…), as a receipt marker, as a tag-positioned-comprehension check, as an answer to the question showing that the speaker has understood what has been said (Yes, I understand), as a continuer, as a negative releasing marker, and as a gap filler. Interestingly, the study shows also that intonation and other paralinguistic features (like gestures) play a role in determining the pragmatic functions of this marker. The article concludes that the pragmatic markers in spoken Swahili are rich in meanings and are used to show speakers’ attitudes and emotions, therefore manifesting a deep and meaningful interconnection between the language and its contextualized experience
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dhima za Kialami Pragmatiki ‘mh’ katika Mazungumzo ya Kiswahili
Get PDFMakala hii inachunguza dhima za kialami pragmatiki mh katika mazungumzo ya Kiswahili. Data ya makala hii imekusanywa kutoka katika mazungumzo yasiyo rasmi ya Kiswahili yanayofanywa katika maeneo yasiyo rasmi. Maeneo hayo ni kama kwenye vijiwe vya kahawa na vijiwe vya mamantilie. Uchambuzi wa data za makala hii umeongozwa na Nadharia ya Umuktadhaishaji ya Gumperz (1982). Matokeo ya utafiti huu yanaonesha kwamba kialami pragmatiki mh huchanuza maana tofautitofauti kulingana na muktadha kinamotumika. Kwa hiyo, kialami pragmatiki hicho huwa na dhima mbalimbali za kipragmatiki. Baadhi ya dhima hizo ni kama vile kuashiria kuitika, kumtaka mzungumzaji arudie kauli au swali, kumjulisha mshiriki mwingine wa mazungumzo apokee au achukue kitu, kudokeza kwamba mzungumzaji anaanzisha mazungumzo, kumruhusu mzungumzaji mwingine aendelee kuzungumza, kutumika kama jibu la swali na kuonesha hisia mbalimbali kama vile dharau na mshangao. Kwa ujumla, makala hii inaadokeza kwamba vialami pragmatiki vina dhima mbalimbali katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Hivyo, tafiti zaidi zifanyike ili kubaini dhima za vialami pragmatiki vingine katika lugha hii. Aidha, kialami pragmatiki mh kinaweza kuchunguzwa zaidi kwa kuhusisha na taaluma za fonolojia na fonetiki ili kubaini ruwaza zake na athari zake kwenye maana za kialami hicho
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dhima za Kipragmatiki za Kialami Pragmatiki ‘eh’ katika Kiswahili cha Mazungumzo
No full textVialami Pragmatiki (VIPRA) ni eneo ambalo limepata mashiko katika uwanja wa isimu. Hali hii imepelekea VIPRA kuchunguzwa katika lugha mbalimbali ulimwenguni kama vile Kiingereza (Taz. Schiffrin, 1987 na Zarei, 2013), Kijerumani (Taz. Hogeweg na wenzake 2016), Kidachi (Taz. Hoek, 2013), Kigiriki (Taz Archakis, 2001), Kichina (Taz. Chen na He, 2001), Kiitaliano (Taz. Bazanella, 1990), Kihispania (Taz. Durán na Unamuno, 2001) Kituruki (Taz. Yilmaz, 2004) na Kiindonesia (Taz. Nasir, 2017). Hata hivyo, VIPRA katika lugha ya Kiswahili havijachunguzwa. Makala haya yanakusudia kuchunguza kuhusu dhima za kipragmatiki za kialami pragmatiki (KIPRA) eh katika Kiswahili cha mazungumzo. Data za makala haya zimekusanywa kutoka katika mazungumzo yasiyo rasmi yanayofanywa na wazungumzaji wa Kiswahili katika maeneo yasiyo rasmi kama vile kwenye vijiwe vya kahawa na vijiwe vya mamantilie. Matokeo ya uchunguzi huu yanaonesha kwamba licha ya KIPRA eh kuwa na maana yake ya msingi ambayo ni kukubaliana na jambo, huchanuza pia maana nyingine za ziada kama vile mshangao, swali na msisitizo. Tabia hiyo hukifanya KIPRA hicho kuwa na dhima mbalimbali za kipragmatiki
Dhima za kipragmatiki za kialami pragmatiki ‘ah’ katika mazungumzo ya Kiswahili
No full textThis study examines the pragmatic functions of the pragmatic markers ah in spoken Kiswahili. The data has been obtained from informal conversations made by Swahili speakers in informal social settings. These include ‘vijiwe vya kahawa’ (setting of informal conversations created around people drinking coffee) and ‘vijiwe vya mamantilie’ (setting of informal conversations around women preparing and selling food on the streets). Using Conversation Analysis (Sacks, 1962) and Contextualization Theory (Gumpers, 1982), the results show that the pragmatic marker ah conveys different meanings depending on context of use and hence has various pragmatic functions. Among the pragmatic functions identified in this article are; to be used as gap filler (the interlocutor is thinking about what to say), is used to start the conversation, is used to disagree with what the other interlocutor has said, to show that the speaker has changed from the state of not knowing to the state of knowing (Now I get you) and to show exclamation. Interestingly, also, the study shows that intonation and other paralinguistic features (like gestures) play a role in determining the pragmatic functions of this marker. Generally, this article concludes that pragmatic markers in spoken Kiswahili are rich in meanings. Therefore, they are wealthy to be investigated
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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