29 research outputs found
Studies on the β-Lactamase Production of Bacterial Isolates From Smoked Bush Meats Correlated With Bacterial Resistance to Three β-Lactam Antibiotics
No full textEight bacterial species were isolated from smoked meats and screened
for the production of β-lactamase; which was detected by
penicillin impregnated starch paper strips. β-lactamase was
detected in the following bacterial isolates: Klebsiella pneumoniae
(75.0%), Escherichia coli (69.7%), Proteus sp. (33.3%), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (25.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (80.0%) and Streptococcus
feacalis (12.5%). There was no β-lactamase detected in
Lactobacillus casei and Salmonella sp. isolated from the meats. The
prevalence of β-lactamase detected in the samples shows that the
bacteria posses the potential to produce β-lactamase irrespective
of the source of isolation. The sensitivity of the β-lactam
antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin and cloxacillin) used range from
8.3-100.0%. Although, penicillin G has the lowest sensitivity of 8.3%
to Klebsiella pneumoniae while, ampicillin and cloxacillin were 25.0%
and 16.7% sensitive to the same bacteria respectively. Salmonella
species is the most susceptible (range from 70.0-100.0%) to the tested
antibiotics among the β-lactamase positive bacteria screened. The
frequency of occurrence of the pathogenic bacteria and the feacal
indicator organism (E.coli) indicated gross contamination of some of
the meat samples analyzed; this indicates that the meats may have been
contaminated either during processing with faecal contaminated water or
handling by the sellers. In conclusion, the habit of eating uncooked
smoked meat should be discouraged and emphasis should be laid on
properly cooked meat before consumption
Physico-chemical analysis and nutrient retention of mixed-culture fungal fermented mango (Mangifera indica) kernel cake in cockerels
No full textThe study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of mixed-culture fungal fermented mango (Mangifera indica) kernel cake (MKC) as chicken feed ingredient. Four fungi namely Rhizopus oligosporus (Ro), Aspergillus niger (An), Rhizopus stolonifer (Rs) and Penicillium chrysogenum (Pc) were mixed as starter inoculums to ferment MKC. Eight treatments consisting of RoAn fermented MKC (T1), RoRs fermented MKC (T2), RoPc fermented MKC (T3), AnRs fermented MKC (T4), AnPc fermented MKC (T5), RsPc fermented MKC (T6), unfermented MKC (T7) and maize as control ingredient (T8) were used for nutrient retention trial. One hundred and eight cockerels were allotted for the treatments ingredients for 72 h using a completely randomized design. The birds were fed on the ingredients with a tubular instrument, while water was administered ad-libitum during the experimental period. The pH (3.50) of RoRs fermented MKC decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared with unfermented MKC which had highest pH 5.13 at 168 h. Majority of the fermented MKC had higher (p < 0.05) titratable acidity (8.25 - 15.37 mg/100 g) compared with unfermented MKC (10.61 mg/100 g). Between 5.62 and 11.05% of MKC biomass was lost during fermentation which was higher (p < 0.05) at 168 h compared with unfermented MKC. Crude protein of the fermented MKC was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the values of unfermented MKC, while crude protein of RsPc fermented MKC (21.93%) and RoRs (23.96%) fermented MKC were higher (p < 0.05) than other treatments. A great extent of the mixed-culture fermented MKC had higher (p < 0.05) total carbohydrate and glucose compared with unfermented MKC. Between 59 and 80 min were obtained as transit time for birds fed on the mixed-culture fungal fermented MKC. Most of the values were higher (p < 0.05) than 62 min obtained for the unfermented MKC (T7). Birds fed on RoAn fermented MKC (T1) had highest feed intake (28.34 g/day/bird), while those fed on RoRs fermented MKC (T2) had lowest feed intake (21.90 g/day/bird) but had higher (p < 0.05) nutrient retention (59.45%). The values of average nutrient retention of the mixed-culture fermented MKC were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the values of unfermented MKC (39.72%), except for RsPc fermented MKC (T6) that had 38.56%. Ranking according to average nutrient retention (ANR) of the birds fed on the test ingredients is as follows: RoRs (T2) > RoPc (T3) > Maize (T8) > RoAn (T1) > AnPc (T5) > AnRs (T4) > RsPc (T6). The study indicates that mixed-culture fungal fermented MKC had significant (p > 0.05) increase in titratable acidity, crude protein, glucose and biomass loss with decreased pH. There was improvement in transit time and significant (p > 0.05) increase in nutrient retention of the fermented MKC compared with unfermented MKC. In conclusion, results of the fermented MKC were comparable with maize which makes it suitable as a potential feed ingredient in chicken’s diet.Keywords: Unfermented mango kernel cake, fermented mango kernel cake, mixed-culture starter inoculum, transit time, nutrient retentionAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(36), pp. 5887-5892, 6 September, 201
Physicochemical characterization of cellulase produced from Kurthia gibsonii isolated from cassava dumpsites in Ibadan, Nigeria
No full textNo Abstrac
Optimal culture conditions and characterization of cellulolytic bacteria from cassava dumpsites in Ibadan, Nigeria
No full textThis study is designed to investigate cellulolytic bacteria capable of removing cellulolytic wastes that are produced from cassava during processing. Cellulolytic bacteria isolates from cassava dumpsite soil in Ibadan, Nigeria were characterized and their optimal culture conditions determined. The total viable bacterial count of the sample of cassava dumpsite soil was 24.4 x 108cfu/g. A total of twenty four bacteria were isolated from the samples out of which nine of the bacterial isolates were positive for cellulose degrading abilities. The 16S rDNA analysis of two bacterial isolates which gave the highest zones of hydrolysis on carboxy-methyl cellulose agar plates showed maximum similarity ratio towards strains of Kurthia gibsonii (90%) and Myroides odoratimimus (98%) using BLAST and hence the isolates were referred to as Kurthia gibsonii CAC1 andMyroides odoratimimus CAC2 respectively. Kurthia gibsonii CAC1 which was motile, aerobic, rod-shaped, nonpigmented and possessing a Gram positive reaction grew best at incubation temperature of 30oC, pH 5.5 andon lactose and ammonium chloride supplemented medium. Also, at incubation temperature of 30°C there was enhanced growth of a light yellowish, non-motile, aerobic, and rod-shaped Gram negative M. odoratimimus CAC2 at pH 6.0. Lactose and urea were best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively in the growth medium boosting the bacterial proliferation. It can be concluded that these microorganisms if properly cultivated can be used to reduce cassava waste littering in the environment.Key Words: Cassava, cellulolytic, carboxy-methyl cellulose, Kurthia gibsonii, Myroides odoratimimus
Investigation on the activities of yeasts in the post harvest spoilage of sweet potato(Ipomea batatas L.)
No full textPostharvest losses due to the activities of indigenous microorganisms occur in many crops such as sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) which result in heavy financial losses for farmers. Correct identification of the pathogen responsible for postharvest infection is central to adopting an appropriate control strategy. Samples of sweet potato tubers were purchased from the local market and stored at three temperatures: 13°C, 21°C and 29° for four weeks. Spoilage yeasts were isolated from the tuber samples. The isolates were characterized using yeast genomic DNA extraction, polymerase chain amplification of rRNA and sequence determination. The yeasts were identified on the basis of the 26S rDNA. Six yeast species were identified as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, R. minuta, Pichiaguilliermondii, P. anomala, Sporobolomyces marcillae and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera. The results indicated that the D1 and D2 domains of the 5’ end of the 26S rDNA showed a high degree of interspecies sequence variation for the isolates. Two of the yeasts; P. anomala and R. minuta were selected for further investigations namely pathogenicity testing and assay for extracellular enzymes. Results of the pathogenicity tests showed that P. anomala and R. minuta were clearly able to infect the sweet potato tubers. The results of the enzyme assay revealed that P. anomala and R. minuta were able to secrete varying amounts of eight extracellular enzymes: cellulose, amylase, polygalacturonase, glucanase, xylanase, xylosidase, arabinofuranosidase and ferulic acid esterases. These enzymes have the capacity to degrade plant cell walls and possibly enhanced the pathogenicity of the yeasts. Key Words: Sweet-potato, yeast, Postharvest, Pathogenicity, Ipomoea batata
Effects of changes in the soil environment associated with heavy precipitation on soil greenhouse gas fluxes in a Siberian larch forest near Yakutsk
No full textA future increase in heavy precipitation events is predicted in boreal regions. An irrigation experiment was conducted in Taiga forest in eastern Siberia to evaluate the effect of heavy precipitation on greenhouse gas (GHG; CO2, CH4, and N2O) fluxes in the soil. The GHG fluxes on the soil surface were measured using a closed-chamber method and GHG production rates in the mineral soil were estimated using the concentration-gradient method based on Fick's law. Irrigation water (20 mm day^[-1]) was applied continuously for six days (120 mm in total; the same amount of summer precipitation in this region). Greenhouse gas production rates in the organic layer (O-layer) were defined as the difference between the GHG fluxes and the GHG production rates in the mineral soil. Carbon dioxide flux was measured both in root-intact (Rs) and trenched plots (Rmw). The root respiration rate (Rr) was calculated as the difference between Rs and Rmw. Considering root distribution in the soil, we regarded CO2 production rate in the mineral soil as microbial respiration rate in the mineral soil (Rmm) and microbial respiration rate in the O-layer (Rmo) as the difference between Rmw and Rmm. Irrigation increased both soil temperature and moisture in the irrigated plot. The Rs, CH4 flux and N2O flux during the irrigation period were higher in the irrigated plot than that in the non-irrigated plot (P < 0.05; mean Rs ± S.D. (mg C m^[-2] h^[-1]) were 171 ± 20 and 109 ± 11, mean CH4 flux ± S.D. (μg C m^[-2] h^[-1]) were -5.4 ± 4.1 and -14.0 ± 6.5, and mean N2O flux ± S.D. (μg N m^[-2] h^[-1]) were 1.6 ± 1.6 and 0.2 ± 1.1, respectively). Soil moisture affected positively on Rmm and CH4 production rate in the O-layer, a negatively on Rr, and did not affect Rmo, the CH4 production rate in the mineral soil, and the N2O production rates in both the O-layer and the mineral soil. Soil temperature had a positive effect on Rr and Rmo. The increment of global warming potential of the soil mainly due to the increase in microbial respiration rates. Future change in precipitation patterns in this region would accelerate decomposition of the soil organic matter
Preservative effects of aqueous and ether extracts of Aframomum melegueta on West African soft cheese
No full textThe Total Bacterial Count, proximate composition, and sensory evaluation of West African Soft Cheese supplemented with aqueous and ether extracts of the spice Aframomum melegueta (at 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% each) were determined with a completely randomized design. Effects of the spice were monitored for 3 days. The results revealed that 3% concentration of the ether extract of the spice was the most inhibitory (p<0.05) of microbial growth for the duration of the experiment and it also significantly improved the fat, ash and protein contents of the cheese. The study recommended the addition of 3 % ether extract of A. melegueta as an additive to fortify West African soft cheese.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2017. 46 (1): 51-56</jats:p
Comparison of Organoleptic Properties of Egusi and Efo Riro Soup Blends Produced with Moringa and Spinach Leaves
No full textThe organoleptic properties of melon, “egusi” (Citrullus colocynthis var. Lanatus seed) and efo riro (Spinach; Amaranthus spinosus) soup blends produced with Moringa (Moringa oleifera) and spinach leaves were compared. Three soup blends were produced for egusi soup: Spinach: Egusi (60:40; Control), Moringa: Egusi (60:40), Moringa: Spinach: Egusi (30:30:40). Also, three soups blends were produced for efo riro: Moringa: Spinach (Moringa only) (100:0;Control), Moringa: Spinach (MS) (50:50), Moringa: Spinach (Spinach only) (0:100). The soup blends were subjected to organoleptic tests using a 7-point hedonic scale. Data obtained were statistically analyzed. The control Spinash:Egusi soup had the highest acceptability in terms of colour, aroma, texture and general acceptability, this was closely followed by the soup blend with Moringa: spinach: egusi (30:30:40) and the Moringa: egusi (60:40) was least accepted. In the efo riro group, the 100% spinach had the greatest acceptability, while the 100% Moringa had the least acceptability. However, most of the respondents (60%) on realizing that Moringa leaf was included in the samples indicated their preference and higher rating for the Moringa soup blends. These studies show that a 30% or lower level of inclusion of Moringa leaves in traditional vegetable soup recipes is acceptable to consumers irrespective of whether content of the soup is declared/indicated, and a higher level of inclusion is acceptable when “Moringa” is declared/revealed as a recipe ingredient. Therefore, traditional soups can be used as vehicles or carriers of the nutritional/medicinal qualities of Moringa that are preserved during cooking, thereby circumventing negative psychological feeling of using medicines whilst gaining attendant benefits. Key words: Soups, Efo Riro, Egusi, Moringa/Spinach Blen
Changes in metabolic nutrients utilization and alterations in biochemical and haematological indices in broilers fed graded levels of dietary Moringa oleifera
No full textGraded levels of full-fat undecorticated Moringa oleifera seed meal (MOSM) were evaluated in diets of 96-day old broilers at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% while a maize-soybean diet was used as a reference diet. Nutrients utilization by the broilers and effects of the virgin dietary MOSM on serum chemistry, haematology and some bio-data- protein efficiency ratio (PER) and nitrogen metabolism (NM) were used as response criteria for the evaluation. The metabolic utilization of nutrients, most of the serum chemistry and haematological parameters decreased in response to increasing dietary levels of MOSM except values on products of metabolism like creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin that tended to elevate with increasing levels of dietary unprocessed MOSM. Since no mortality was recorded in this experiment even at 7.5% MOSM inclusion, further research is on-going to determine the lethal level to poultry including other monogastric animals.Keywords: MOSM, broilers, nutrient utilization, serum and haematological indice
Análise do uso de sinvastatina e arcabouços de PLGA+HA no reparo ósseo de defeitos criados na calota craniana de ratos
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em OdontologiaEste estudo avaliou a resposta tecidual e inflamatória do uso de sinvastatina e arcabouços de PLGA+HA no reparo ósseo de defeitos produzidos na calota craniana de ratos. Um defeito de 5 mm de diâmetro foi criado em cada osso parietal de 180 animais, divididos em 6 grupos: naïve, sham, veículo, arcabouço de PLGA+HA, sinvastatina (4 mg/ml) e a combinação de arcabouço e sinvastatina. As intervenções foram realizadas somente no lado direito e o lado esquerdo serviu como controle. Os animais foram sacrificados nos 1, 7, 15, 30 e 60 dias pós-operatórios para coleta das amostras teciduais. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de análise de variância ANOVA, seguida pelos testes de Tukey e Bonferroni (p<0,05). A atividade inflamatória foi avaliada nos dias 1, 7 e 15 por meio da dosagem das citocinas TNF? e IL1?. A sinvastatina aumentou, significativamente, os níveis de TNF? no período de 1 dia quando comparado ao grupo naïve (p<0,05). A presença do arcabouço aumentou, significativamente, os níveis de IL1? no período de 1 dia quando comparado aos grupos naïve (p<0,001), sham (p<0,001), veículo (p<0,001), sinvastatina + arcabouço (p<0,001) e, sinvastatina (p<0,01). As análises de 7 e 15 dias mostraram queda nos níveis destas citocinas em todos os grupos. O reparo ósseo foi avaliado por densitometria nas radiografias das amostras de tecido ósseo, observando-se atraso na mineralização nos grupos veículo e sinvastatina nas análises de 15 e 30 dias (p<0,01). Nos demais grupos ocorreu mineralização progressiva a partir do sétimo dia e, aos 60 dias, todos os grupos apresentaram valores de densitometria estatisticamente semelhantes. Não houve diferença estatística em relação a mineralização dos lados direito e esquerdo, exceto entre o grupo sinvastatina + arcabouço do lado direito, com densitometria superior ao lado esquerdo (p<0,001). Conclui-se que o uso da sinvastatina e arcabouços de PLGA+HA, isolados ou associados, não permitiram um melhor reparo ósseo quando comparados aos controles.To evaluate tissue repair and inflammatory responses promoted by simvastatin and PLGA+HA scaffolds in bone defects created in rat calvaria. A 5-mm-diameter defect was created in each parietal bone of 180 animals, divided into 6 groups: naïve, sham, vehicle, PLGA+HA scaffold, simvastatin (4 mg/ml) and the combination of simvastatin and scaffold. All the interventions were done only on the right parietal bone while the left side served as control. Tissue sample collection was performed on postoperative days 1, 7, 15, 30, and 60. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA followed by post-hoc tests (p<0.05). Tissue levels of TNFa and IL1ß were evaluated on days 1, 7 and 15 in order to assess the inflammation status. Simvastatin significantly increased levels of TNFa on day 1 compared to the naïve group (p <0.05). The scaffold group significantly increased the levels of IL1ß on day 1 compared to naïve (p <0.001), sham (p <0.001), vehicle (p <0.001), simvastatin + scaffold (p <0.001), and simvastatin alone (p <0.01) groups. In all groups, at 7 and 15 days, these cytokines showed a decrease in levels. Bone healing was evaluated by densitometry on radiographs of the bone tissue samples, indicating that there was a delay in mineralization in vehicle and simvastatin groups until the 15th and 30th days (p <0.01). From the seventh day on, a progressive mineralization was observed in all other groups while, within 60 days, all groups showed statistically similar values of density. There was no statistical difference between the sides, except between the right side of simvastatin + scaffold, with higher density than the left (p<0.001). It may be concluded that the use of simvastatin and scaffolds of PLGA + HA, alone or in association, did not allow a better bone repair when compared to controls
