7,759 research outputs found
Acoustic position calibration of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope
No full text[EN] KM3NeT is a future neutrino telescope with a volume of several cubic kilometres at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. It will be composed of at least 300 vertical structures of several hundred metres length, named detection units (DU), anchored on the seabed and kept vertical with a buoy. The DU will host optical sensors able to detect the faint Cherenkov light emitted in the deep sea by charged particles originating from collisions of the neutrinos with nuclei in the sea water or the rock below. A precise knowledge of the optical sensor positions relative to each other, not worse than 20 cm, is needed for an accurate reconstruction of the charged particle tracks. Since the marine currents cause movements of the DUs and thus a displacement of the optical sensors of up to several tens of metres from their nominal positions, an Acoustic Positioning System (APS) is necessary to monitor their positions in deep sea. The KM3NeT APS will be composed of acoustic transceivers at fixed positions on the sea floor and acoustic receivers (hydrophones) along each DU. The hydrophone positions are determined by triangulation using the travel times of acoustic signals between emitters and receivers. This paper presents the acoustic positioning system designed for KM3NeT and in particular the innovative technologies used for transducers, electronics, and signal processing. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This work has been supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spanish Government), project references FPA2009-13983-C02-02, ACI2009-1067, AIC10-D-00583, Consolider-Ingenio Multidark (CSD2009-00064). It has also been funded by Generalitat Valenciana, Prometeo/2009/26, and the European 7th Framework Programme, Grant no. 212525.Larosa, G.; Ardid Ramírez, M.; KM3NeT Consortium (2013). Acoustic position calibration of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 718:502-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.11.176S50250371
Development of an acoustic transceiver for the KM3NeT positioning system
No full text[EN] In this paper we describe an acoustic transceiver developed for the KM3NeT positioning system. The acoustic transceiver is composed of a commercial free flooded transducer, which works mainly in the 20-40 kHz frequency range and withstands high pressures (up to 500 bars). A sound emission board was developed that is adapted to the characteristics of the transducer and meets all requirements: low power consumption, high intensity of emission, low intrinsic noise, arbitrary signals for emission and the capacity of acquiring the receiving signals with very good timing precision. The results of the different tests made with the transceiver in the laboratory and shallow sea water are described, as well as, the activities for its integration in the Instrumentation Line of the ANTARES neutrino telescope and in a NEMO tower for the in situ tests. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This work has been supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Spanish Government), Project references FPA2009-13983-C02-02, ACI2009-1067, AIC10-D-00583, and Consolider-Ingenio Multidark (CSD2009-00064). It has also been funded by Generalitat Valenciana, Prometeo/2009/26, and the European 7th Framework Programme, Grant no. 212525.Larosa, G.; Ardid Ramírez, M.; Llorens Alvarez, CD.; Bou Cabo, M.; Martínez Mora, JA.; Adrián Martínez, S.; KM3NeT Consortium (2013). Development of an acoustic transceiver for the KM3NeT positioning system. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 725:215-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.11.167S21521872
Design and Development of an acoustic positioning system for a cubic kilometre underwater neutrino telescope
No full textEn los últimos años los telescopios submarinos de neutrinos han cobrado una mayor importancia ya que consisten en un nuevo y único instrumento para observar el Universo. Los neutrinos son partículas sin carga e interactúan muy débilmente con la materia que les rodean, pueden escaparse fácilmente de la fuente que los ha producidos y llegar a La Tierra sin ser desviada por los campo magnético y sin interactuar con otras partículas. Esto implica que los neutrinos pueden traer informaciones astrofísicas que otros mensajeros no pueden aportar y abrir una potencial ventana hacia el Universo. Por otro lado, su baja interacción con la materia impone la necesidad de construir un detector de grandes dimensiones del orden de 1 km3 utilizando volumen de agua o hielo y con muchos sensores ópticos para detectar esta interacción de neutrino de alta energía. Un método para detectar neutrinos es a través de la luz Cherenkov emitida por el muon generado después de una interacción de neutrino. Esta partícula, al atravesar el detector con una velocidad superior a la luz en el medio, genera una débil luz azulada llamada radiación de Cherenkov que es detectada por una red de sensores ópticos (fotomultiplicadores). El tiempo de llegada de la luz a los fotomultiplicadores puede ser utilizado para reconstruir la traza del muon y consecuentemente del neutrino que lo ha producido. La precisión en la reconstrucción de la traza del muon depende de la precisión en la medida del tiempo de llegada de la luz y en la precisión en de la posición de los sensores ópticos en el detector. Por esta razón, en telescopios submarinos es necesario un sistema de posicionamiento acústico (APS) capaz de monitorizar el movimiento de los sensores ópticos con una precisión de ~10 cm. Los estudios realizados están enmarcados dentro de las actividades de calibración de posicionamiento acústico en dos colaboraciones europeas para el diseño, construcción y operación de telescopios submarinos de neutrinos en el MediterLarosa ., G. (2012). Design and Development of an acoustic positioning system for a cubic kilometre underwater neutrino telescope [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/16877Palanci
Performance of photo-sensors for KM3NeT
No full text<p>The future deep-sea neutrino telescope of multi cubic-km size, KM3NeT, has been designed for an efficient search for high energy neutrinos originating from galactic and extragalactic sources. The detection principle relies on the measurement of Cherenkov light emitted from relativistic charged secondary particles caused by the interaction of neutrinos with matter inside or surrounding the active detection volume. In order to provide a homogeneous photon acceptance and to reduce the environmental background by local coincidences between neighbouring photo sensors, a digital optical module (DOM) containing an array of 31 3-in, diameter photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) has been designed. Optimum performance requires sensitivity to single-photo electrons, high collection efficiency at low dark noise, homogeneous photo-cathode response and excellent timing properties. We have studied the response to single photo electrons of a newly developed 3-in. diameter PMT from ET Enterprises Ltd. A 2D-scanning system with a picosecond laser illuminating various positions on the photo-cathode surface was employed to study the timing and homogeneity of the PMT. Results of these investigations indicate good photo-cathode homogeneity, low dark noise on the sub-kHz level, and an average transit-time spread below 2 ns. Simulations indicate a significantly improved signal-to-background ratio in the multi-PMT DOM as compared to a triplet of optical modules each housing a single 10-in. PMT. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>
KM3NeT: a cubic-kilometre-scale deep sea neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea
No full textThe groups presently pursuing neutrino telescope projects in the Mediterranean Sea, ANTARES, NEMO, and NESTOR, formed the KM3NeT consortium [1] aiming at the construction of a cubic-kilometre-scale neutrino telescope in the Northern hemisphere to complement the sky coverage of IceCube and have an unsurpassed sensitivity and angular resolution - down to 0.1± at 100 TeV. This challenging project will require the installation of thousands of photon detectors with their related electronics and calibration systems several kilometres below the sea level. The realisation of this project will provide the scientific community with a very powerful instrument to study many astrophysical objects, including supernova remnants, active galactic nuclei, gamma-ray bursts and possibly also dark matter. The construction of this detector will require the solution of technological problems common to many deep submarine installations, and will help pave the way for other deep-sea research facilities. In April 2008 the KM3NeT consortium has published the Conceptual Design Report (CDR) [1] for the KM3NeT telescope. The Design Study phase has now passed its mid-point and will culminate in 2009 with the KM3NeT Technical Design Report (TDR), detailing the design and the expected physics performance of the future detector. Concurrent with the publication of the CDR, an EU-funded Preparatory Phase began, which will lead through to the start of telescope construction. We present the physics objectives and outline the technological aspects of this new projec
Time Calibration of the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope
No full textAbstractKM3NeT is a future deep-sea Research Infrastructure hosting a cubic kilometer-scale neutrino telescope and facilities for marine and earth sciences in the Mediterranean Sea. The consortium is made up of 40 institutes from 10 European countries, and includes all the groups that have developed the pilot projects, ANTARES, NEMO and NESTOR. The KM3NeT telescope will consist of a three-dimensional array of optical modules arranged on vertical detection units (DUs), anchored to the sea floor and held in tension by submerged buoys. The time resolution of this detector has to be known with great accuracy since the angular resolution of the track reconstruction depends on the accurate measurement of the relative arrival times of Cherenkov photons reaching the photon sensors. The intrinsic, unavoidable limitation in time resolution (chromatic dispersion and PMT transit time spread) imply that the calibration system of a water-based neutrino telescope must provide a precision at the nanosecond level. The experience with the ANTARES deep sea neutrino telescope has shown that a distributed system of external light sources illuminating the photon detectors with short (∼ 5ns FWHM) time-referenced light flashes is very useful to ensure the time calibration of the detector and to measure water optical properties. Whilst the basic timing calibration concept applied in ANTARES will be retained, the larger spacing between photo-detectors required in a cubic-kilometer-scale detector results in modified requirements for the KM3NeT system. A three-dimensional system of optical emitters has been studied: several LED models have been tested, and four models preselected as suitable for use in KM3NeT were incorporated into ANTARES for in-situ testing. Based on the resulting data, several LED beacons will be integrated in the forthcoming deployment of a pre-production KM3NeT detection unit planned for autumn 2011. The design, optimization and construction of the KM3NeT optical time calibration devices are described
The sound emission board of the KM3NeT acousticpositioning system
No full text[EN] We describe the sound emission board proposed for installation in the acoustic positioning system of the future KM3NeT underwater neutrino telescope. The KM3NeT European consortium aims to build a multi-cubic kilometre underwater neutrino telescope in the deep Mediterranean Sea. In this kind of telescope the mechanical structures holding the optical sensors, which detect the Cherenkov radiation produced by muons emanating from neutrino interactions, are not completely rigid and can move up to dozens of meters in undersea currents. Knowledge of the position of the optical sensors to an accuracy of about 10 cm is needed for adequate muon track reconstruction. A positioning system based on the acoustic triangulation of sound transit time differences between fixed seabed emitters and receiving hydrophones attached to the kilometre-scale vertical flexible structures carrying the optical sensors is being developed. In this paper, we describe the sound emission board developed in the framework of KM3NeT project, which is totally adapted to the chosen FFR SX30 ultrasonic transducer and fulfils the requirements imposed by the collaboration in terms of cost, high reliability, low power consumption, high acoustic emission power for short signals, low intrinsic noise and capacity to use arbitrary signals in emission mode.This work was supported by the European Commission through the KM3NeT Design Study (FP6, contract no. DS 011937) and Preparatory Phase (FP7, grant no. 212525) and also by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Spanish Government), project references FPA2009-13983-C02-02, ACI2009-1067, Consolider-Ingenio Multidark (CSD2009-00064). It was also funded by Generalitat Valenciana, Prometeo/2009/26.Llorens Alvarez, CD.; Ardid Ramírez, M.; Sogorb Devesa, TC.; Bou Cabo, M.; Martínez Mora, JA.; Larosa, G.; Adrián Martínez, S. (2012). The sound emission board of the KM3NeT acousticpositioning system. Journal of Instrumentation. 7(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/01/C01001S1971Ageron, M., Aguilar, J. A., Al Samarai, I., Albert, A., Ameli, F., André, M., … Ardid, M. (2011). ANTARES: The first undersea neutrino telescope. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 656(1), 11-38. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2011.06.103Ardid, M. (2009). Positioning system of the ANTARES neutrino telescope. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 602(1), 174-176. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.12.033Ardid, M., Bou-Cabo, M., Camarena, F., Espinosa, V., Larosa, G., Llorens, C. D., & Martínez-Mora, J. A. (2010). A prototype for the acoustic triangulation system of the KM3NeT deep sea neutrino telescope. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 617(1-3), 459-461. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2009.10.110Ardid, M., Bou-Cabo, M., Camarena, F., Espinosa, V., Larosa, G., Llorens, C. D., & Martínez-Mora, J. A. (2011). R&D towards the acoustic positioning system of KM3NeT. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 626-627, S214-S216. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.250Ameli, F., Ardid, M., Bertin, V., Bonori, M., Bou-Cabo, M., Calì, C., … Viola, S. (2011). R&D for an innovative acoustic positioning system for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 626-627, S211-S213. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.04.130Taiuti, M., Aiello, S., Ameli, F., Amore, I., Anghinolfi, M., Anzalone, A., … Bersani, A. (2011). The NEMO project: A status report. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 626-627, S25-S29. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.04.07
The KM3NeT project: status and perspectives
No full textKM3NeT is an international consortium involving more than 300 scientists from 10 EU countries. Its main objective is the construction of a multi-km3 high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea that will also host an interdisciplinary observatory for marine sciences. KM3NeT has been included in the roadmap of the European Strategy Forum of Research Infrastructures (ESFRI). Very high energy neutrinos are important messengers to study non-thermal phenomena in the Universe. The pioneering ANTARES, NEMO and NESTOR underwater neutrino telescope projects include the extensive R&D knowledge base behind the KM3NeT project. A Technical Design Report has been published that describes the technological solutions chosen for the detector. The present status of the project is presented
R&D for an innovative acoustic positioning system for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope
No full textInternational audienceAn innovative Acoustic Positioning System for the km(3)-scale neutrino telescope has been designed and is under realization within the KM3NeT Consortium. Compared to the Acoustic Positioning Systems used for the km(3) demonstrators, ANTARES and NEMO Phase 1, this new system is based on the "all data to shore" concept and it will permit the enhancement of detector positioning performances, reduction of costs and its use as real-time monitor of environmental acoustic noise
Prospects for combined analyses of hadronic emission from gamma-ray sources in the Milky Way with CTA and KM3NeT
No full textThe Cherenkov Telescope Array and the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes are major upcoming facilities in the fields of gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy, respectively. Possible simultaneous production of rays and neutrinos in astrophysical accelerators of cosmic gamma-ray nuclei motivates a combination of their data. We assess the potential of a combined analysis of CTA and KM3NeT data to determine the contribution of hadronic emission processes in known Galactic gamma-ray emitters, comparing this result to the cases of two separate analyses. In doing so, we demonstrate the capability of GAMMAPY, an open-source software package for the analysis of gamma-ray data, to also process data from neutrino telescopes. For a selection of prototypical gamma-ray sources within our Galaxy, we obtain models for primary proton and electron spectra in the hadronic and leptonic emission scenario, respectively, by fitting published gamma-ray spectra. Using these models and instrument response functions for both detectors, we employ the GAMMAPY package to generate pseudo data sets, where we assume 200 h of CTA observations and 10 years of KM3NeT detector operation. We then apply a three-dimensional binned likelihood analysis to these data sets, separately for each instrument and jointly for both. We find that the largest benefit of the combined analysis lies in the possibility of a consistent modelling of the gamma-ray and neutrino emission. Assuming a purely leptonic scenario as input, we obtain, for the most favourable source, an average expected 68% credible interval that constrains the contribution of hadronic processes to the observed gamma-ray emission to below 15%.The KM3NeT Collaboration acknowledges the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Européenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Paris Île-de-France Region, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-22-13708), Georgia; The General Secretariat of Research and Innovation (GSRI), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation, Morocco, and the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Kuwait; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2021/41/N/ST2/01177); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Grants PID2021-124591NB-C41, -C42, -C43 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and, as appropriate, by “ERDF A way of making Europe”, by the “European Union” or by the “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”, Programa de Planes Complementarios I+D+I (refs. ASFAE/2022/023, ASFAE/2022/014), Programa Prometeo (PROMETEO/2020/019) and GenT (refs. CIDEGENT/2018/034, /2019/043, /2020/049, /2021/23) of the Generalitat Valenciana, Junta de Andalucía (ref. SOMM17/6104/UGR, P18-FR-5057), EU: MSC program (ref. 101025085), Programa María Zambrano (Spanish Ministry of Universities, funded by the European Union, NextGenerationEU), Spain; The European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (ChETEC-INFRA – Project no. 101008324). T. Unbehaun, L. Mohrmann, and S. Funk are members of the CTA Consortium. The paper has been reviewed by the CTA Consortium Speakers and Publications Office. This research has made use of the “Prod 5” CTA instrument response functions provided by the CTA Consortium and Observatory, see https://www.cta-observatory.org/science/cta-performance for more details. This research made use of the ASTROPY (http://www.astropy.org; [67, 68]) and MATPLOTLIB (http://www.matplotlib.org; [69]) software packages. The authors gratefully acknowledge the compute resources and support provided by the Erlangen National High Performance Computing Center (NHR@FAU). The publication of this analysis in the open science regime under FAIR principles [70] is pursued in the EOSC Future (https://eoscfuture.eu) and ESCAPE (https://projectescape.eu) projects that received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe and 2020 programme under Grant Agreement nos. 101017536 and 824064, respectively.Peer ReviewedArticle signat per 274 autors: T. Unbehaun, L. Mohrmann, S. Funk, i membres del "KM3NeT Collaboration": S. Aiello, A. Albert, S. Alves Garre, Z. Aly, A. Ambrosone, F. Ameli, M. Andre, E. Androutsou, M. Anghinolfi, M. Anguita, L. Aphecetche, M. Ardid, S. Ardid, H. Atmani, J. Aublin, C. Bagatelas, L. Bailly-Salins, B. Baret, S. Basegmez du Pree, Y. Becherini, M. Bendahman, F. Benfenati, M. Benhassi, D. M. Benoit, E. Berbee, V. Bertin, S. Biagi, M. Boettcher, M. Bou Cabo, J. Boumaaza, M. Bouta, M. Bouwhuis, C. Bozza, R. M. Bozza, H. Brânzaş, F. Bretaudeau, R. Bruijn, J. Brunner, R. Bruno, E. Buis, R. Buompane, J. Busto, B. Caiffi, D. Calvo, S. Campion, A. Capone, F. Carenini, V. Carretero, T. Cartraud, P. Castaldi, V. Cecchini, S. Celli, L. Cerisy, M. Chabab, M. Chadolias, A. Chen, S. Cherubini, T. Chiarusi, M. Circella, R. Cocimano, J. A. B. Coelho, A. Coleiro, R. Coniglione, P. Coyle, A. Creusot, A. Cruz, G. Cuttone, R. Dallier, Y. Darras, A. De Benedittis, B. De Martino, V. Decoene, R. Del Burgo, L. S. Di Mauro, I. Di Palma, A. F. Díaz, D. Diego-Tortosa, C. Distefano, A. Domi, C. Donzaud, D. Dornic, M. Dörr, E. Drakopoulou, D. Drouhin, R. Dvornický, T. Eberl, A. Eddymaoui, T. van Eeden, M. Eff, D. van Eijk, I. El Bojaddaini, S. El Hedri, A. Enzenhöfer, G. Ferrara, M. D. Filipović, F. Filippini, L. A. Fusco, J. Gabriel, T. Gal, J. García Méndez, A. Garcia Soto, C. Gatius Oliver, N. Geißelbrecht, H. Ghaddari, L. Gialanella, B. K. Gibson, E. Giorgio, A. Girardi, I. Goos, S. R. Gozzini, R. Gracia, K. Graf, D. Guderian, C. Guidi, B. Guillon, M. Gutiérrez, H. van Haren, A. Heijboer, A. Hekalo, L. Hennig, J. J. Hernández-Rey, F. Huang, W. Idrissi Ibnsalih, G. Illuminati, C. W. James, M. de Jong, P. de Jong, B. J. Jung, P. Kalaczyński, O. Kalekin, U. F. Katz, N. R. Khan Chowdhury, A. Khatun, G. Kistauri, F. van der Knaap, A. Kouchner, V. Kulikovskiy, R. Kvatadze, M. Labalme, R. Lahmann, G. Larosa, C. Lastoria, A. Lazo, S. Le Stum, G. Lehaut, E. Leonora, N. Lessing, G. Levi, M. Lindsey Clark, F. Longhitano, J. Majumdar, L. Malerba, J. Mańczak, A. Manfreda, M. Marconi, A. Margiotta, A. Marinelli, C. Markou, L. Martin, F. Marzaioli, M. Mastrodicasa, S. Mastroianni, S. Miccichè, G. Miele, P. Migliozzi, E. Migneco, P. Mijakowski, M. L. Mitsou, C. M. Mollo, L. Morales-Gallegos, C. Morley-Wong, A. Mosbrugger, A. Moussa, I. Mozun Mateo, R. Muller, M. R. Musone, M. Musumeci, L. Nauta, S. Navas, A. Nayerhoda, C. A. Nicolau, B. Nkosi, B. Ó Fearraigh, V. Oliviero, A. Orlando, E. Oukacha, J. Palacios González, G. Papalashvili, E. J. Pastor Gomez, A. M. Păun, G. E. Păvălaş, S. Peña Martínez, M. Perrin-Terrin, J. Perronnel, V. Pestel, R. Pestes, P. Piattelli, C. Poirè, V. Popa, T. Pradier, S. Pulvirenti, G. Quéméner, C. Quiroz, U. Rahaman, N. Randazzo, S. Razzaque, I. C. Rea, D. Real, S. Reck, G. Riccobene, J. Robinson, A. Romanov, L. Roscilli, A. Saina, F. Salesa Greus, D. F. E. Samtleben, A. S.ánchez Losa, M. Sanguineti, C. Santonastaso, D. Santonocito, P. Sapienza, J. Schnabel, M. F. Schneider, J. Schumann, H. M. Schutte, J. Seneca, N. Sennan, B. Setter, I. Sgura, R. Shanidze, Y. Shitov, F. Šimkovic, A. Simonelli, A. Sinopoulou, M. V. Smirnov, B. Spisso, M. Spurio, D. Stavropoulos, I. Štekl, M. Taiuti, Y. Tayalati, H. Tedjditi, H. Thiersen, I. Tosta e Melo, B. Trocme, S. Tsagkli, V. Tsourapis, E. Tzamariudaki, A. Vacheret, V. Valsecchi, V. Van Elewyck, G. Vannoye, G. Vasileiadis, F. Vazquez de Sola, C. Verilhac, A. Veutro, S. Viola, D. Vivolo, H. Warnhofer, J. Wilms, E. de Wolf, T. Yousfi, G. Zarpapis, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zegarelli, D. Zito, J. D. Zornoza, J. Zúñiga & N. ZywuckaMembres del KM3Net: S. Aiello, A. Albert, S. Alves Garre, Z. Aly, A. Ambrosone, F. Ameli, M. Andre, E. Androutsou, M. Anghinolfi, M. Anguita, L. Aphecetche, M. Ardid, S. Ardid, H. Atmani, J. Aublin, C. Bagatelas, L. Bailly-Salins, B. Baret, S. Basegmez du Pree, Y. Becherini, M. Bendahman, F. Benfenati, M. Benhassi, D. M. Benoit, E. Berbee, V. Bertin, S. Biagi, M. Boettcher, M. Bou Cabo, J. Boumaaza, M. Bouta, M. Bouwhuis, C. Bozza, R. M. Bozza, H. Brânzaş, F. Bretaudeau, R. Bruijn, J. Brunner, R. Bruno, E. Buis, R. Buompane, J. Busto, B. Caiffi, D. Calvo, S. Campion, A. Capone, F. Carenini, V. Carretero, T. Cartraud, P. Castaldi, V. Cecchini, S. Celli, L. Cerisy, M. Chabab, M. Chadolias, A. Chen, S. Cherubini, T. Chiarusi, M. Circella, R. Cocimano, J. A. B. Coelho, A. Coleiro, R. Coniglione, P. Coyle, A. Creusot, A. Cruz, G. Cuttone, R. Dallier, Y. Darras, A. De Benedittis, B. De Martino, V. Decoene, R. Del Burgo, L. S. Di Mauro, I. Di Palma, A. F. Díaz, D. Diego-Tortosa, C. Distefano, A. Domi, C. Donzaud, D. Dornic, M. Dörr, E. Drakopoulou, D. Drouhin, R. Dvornický, T. Eberl, A. Eddymaoui, T. van Eeden, M. Eff, D. van Eijk, I. El Bojaddaini, S. El Hedri, A. Enzenhöfer, G. Ferrara, M. D. Filipović, F. Filippini, L. A. Fusco, J. Gabriel, T. Gal, J. García Méndez, A. Garcia Soto, C. Gatius Oliver, N. Geißelbrecht, H. Ghaddari, L. Gialanella, B. K. Gibson, E. Giorgio, A. Girardi, I. Goos, S. R. Gozzini, R. Gracia, K. Graf, D. Guderian, C. Guidi, B. Guillon, M. Gutiérrez, H. van Haren, A. Heijboer, A. Hekalo, L. Hennig, J. J. Hernández-Rey, F. Huang, W. Idrissi Ibnsalih, G. Illuminati, C. W. James, M. de Jong, P. de Jong, B. J. Jung, P. Kalaczyński, O. Kalekin, U. F. Katz, N. R. Khan Chowdhury, A. Khatun, G. Kistauri, F. van der Knaap, A. Kouchner, V. Kulikovskiy, R. Kvatadze, M. Labalme, R. Lahmann, G. Larosa, C. Lastoria, A. Lazo, S. Le Stum, G. Lehaut, E. Leonora, N. Lessing, G. Levi, M. Lindsey Clark, F. Longhitano, J. Majumdar, L. Malerba, J. Mańczak, A. Manfreda, M. Marconi, A. Margiotta, A. Marinelli, C. Markou, L. Martin, F. Marzaioli, M. Mastrodicasa, S. Mastroianni, S. Miccichè, G. Miele, P. Migliozzi, E. Migneco, P. Mijakowski, M. L. Mitsou, C. M. Mollo, L. Morales-Gallegos, C. Morley-Wong, A. Mosbrugger, A. Moussa, I. Mozun Mateo, R. Muller, M. R. Musone, M. Musumeci, L. Nauta, S. Navas, A. Nayerhoda, C. A. Nicolau, B. Nkosi, B. Ó Fearraigh, V. Oliviero, A. Orlando, E. Oukacha, J. Palacios González, G. Papalashvili, E. J. Pastor Gomez, A. M. Păun, G. E. Păvălaş, S. Peña Martínez, M. Perrin-Terrin, J. Perronnel, V. Pestel, R. Pestes, P. Piattelli, C. Poirè, V. Popa, T. Pradier, S. Pulvirenti, G. Quéméner, C. Quiroz, U. Rahaman, N. Randazzo, S. Razzaque, I. C. Rea, D. Real, S. Reck, G. Riccobene, J. Robinson, A. Romanov, L. Roscilli, A. Saina, F. Salesa Greus, D. F. E. Samtleben, A. S.ánchez Losa, M. Sanguineti, C. Santonastaso, D. Santonocito, P. Sapienza, J. Schnabel, M. F. Schneider, J. Schumann, H. M. Schutte, J. Seneca, N. Sennan, B. Setter, I. Sgura, R. Shanidze, Y. Shitov, F. Šimkovic, A. Simonelli, A. Sinopoulou, M. V. Smirnov, B. Spisso, M. Spurio, D. Stavropoulos, I. Štekl, M. Taiuti, Y. Tayalati, H. Tedjditi, H. Thiersen, I. Tosta e Melo, B. Trocme, S. Tsagkli, V. Tsourapis, E. Tzamariudaki, A. Vacheret, V. Valsecchi, V. Van Elewyck, G. Vannoye, G. Vasileiadis, F. Vazquez de Sola, C. Verilhac, A. Veutro, S. Viola, D. Vivolo, H. Warnhofer, J. Wilms, E. de Wolf, T. Yousfi, G. Zarpapis, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zegarelli, D. Zito, J. D. Zornoza, J. Zúñiga & N. ZywuckaPostprint (published version
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