161,992 research outputs found
Trachusa namibiensis Kasparek 2018, sp. n.
No full textTrachusa namibiensis sp. n. (Figs 1–6) Type material. All material had originally been deposited in the Albany Museum (AMG). Paratypes have been donated to the museum collections in Berlin (ZMB), London (NHMUK) and Kansas (SEMC). Holotype: Male. NAMIBIA, WNW Omatjete (20.57°S, 15.14°E), 15.iii.2004, F. W. and S. K. Gess leg. (Nos. 75595) (AMG). Paratypes (21 ex.): NAMIBIA: 1 ♀ 47 km from Kamanjab by road to Palm (19.37°S, 14.26°E), 30.iii.1997, F. W. and S. K. Gess leg. (No. 75588: AMG).— 1 ♂ 5 km S of Palmwag (19.54°S, 13.58’E), 27.iii.2004, F. W. and S. K. Gess leg. (No. 75587: SEMC).— 1 ♀ between Palm and Khorixas (20.17°S, 14.05°E), 31.iii.1997, F. W. and S. K. Gess leg. (No. 75590: AMG).— 7 ♀ circa 15 km south of Swartbooisdrif (17.27°S, 13.46°E), 23.iii.2004, F. W. and S. K. Gess leg. (No 75597: SEMC, No 75598: NHMUK, No 75599: NHMUK, No 75600: SEMC, No 75601: ZMB, No 75602: SEMC, No 75603: AMG).— 1 ♀ WNW Omatjete (20.57°S, 15.14°E), 15.iii.2004, F. W. and S. K. Gess leg. (No. 75596) (AMG).— 3 ♀, 1 ♂ Gaub / Kuiseb passes (23.27°S, 15.46°E), 13.iii.2000, F. W. and S. K. Gess leg. (No 75591: ZMB, No 75592: ZMB, No 75593: AMG, No 75594: AMG).— 5 ♀, 1 ♂ near Two Palms, Uniab River (19.53°S, 13.54°E), 27–28.iii.2004, F. W. and S. K. Gess leg. (No 75604: ZMB, No 75605: AMG, No 75606: AMG, No 75607: AMG, No 75608: AMG, No 75609: AMG). Description. Female. Head. Black with yellow band on vertex (Figs 1, 2); clypeus densely and deeply punctured; side of clypeus convex, apical margin with semi-circular emargination (Figs 1, 4); mandible broad, black, with one large apical tooth and four irregular blunt subapical teeth (Figs 1, 5); tooth 2 and 3 (counted from inwards) often merged but still two distinguishable tips; subantennal suture nearly straight (Figs 1, 4); entire head with dark brown to black erect hairs, longer around antennal sockets; clypeus and paraocular area in most individuals dark black but in 2 out of 18 individuals upper half of clypeus and parts of paraocular area indistinctly yellow; maxillary palpus four-segmented (one short basal segment, two elongate and one short apical segments) (Fig. 6e).— Mesosoma: Black, polished with L-shaped yellow band on scutum anterolaterally (Fig. 1); distance between punctures much larger in middle and anterior parts (distance between punctures equal to their diameter and more) than laterally (distance mostly half their diameter or less); lateral margin of scutum carinate; scattered dark brown to black erect pubescence; scutellum broadly rounded with median emargination (Figs 1, 5), mostly black, but sometimes with yellow stripe or yellow lightening on outer side; axillae entirely or partly yellow; pronotal lobe oval, margin carinate, usually black but some individuals bicoloured yellow-black; mesepisternum black, shining; omaulus sharply angular-shaped to carinate, carina extending onto ventral surface nearly to middle coxa.— Legs: Dark brown to black (Fig. 2), some individuals with small yellow lightening in proximal part of tibiae (more than half of the specimens with at least some small yellow lightening on hind tibia, more rarely also on fore and mid tibiae); width of tibia at widest point: fore tibia 0.75 mm, middle tibia 1.07 mm, hind tibia 1.09 mm (average values) (cf. Figs 6b, 6c); small arolium present.— Metasoma: T1–T4 black with yellow to brownishyellow sides; yellow area with dark spot; T5 and T6 entirely brownish-yellow (T6 darker than T5), sometimes with some black maculation (Fig. 1); terga with black, erect, scattered pubescence; scopa ochraceous to reddish-brown. S1–S5 reddish-brown, S6 black. Male. Head. Clypeus yellow, slightly convex, with black (holotype) to brownish-transparent crenulation on apical margin, wider laterally than in middle (Fig. 1); clypeus emarginate medially (Figs 1, 5); mandible yellow, lower side brown, teeth black (Fig. 1); one large apical and two smaller subapical teeth, the latter two separated by deep rounded emargination (Fig. 5); condylar ridge conspicuous; lower paraocular area yellow up to upper edge of antennal socket; supraclypeal area mostly yellow, upper margin W-shaped; subantennal suture slightly arcuate outwards (Fig. 4); vertex with broad yellow transverse band extending onto upper genal area (Fig. 1); antenna dark brown, front side of scape yellow; long white pubescence on underside of head, around antennal socket, on paraocular area and laterally on clypeus; other parts with only scattered pubescence.— Mesosoma. Pronotal lobe bicoloured (black proximally, yellow distally) with strong carina; scutum black and shining with anterolateral yellow L-shaped band (Figs 1, 2); punctation shallow, more sparse medially than laterally (punctures widely separated in the middle, many of them separated by 2–3 times their diameter; laterally, distance between punctures usually only half their diameter or less); omaulus sharply angular-shaped to carinate, carina extending on to ventral surface of thorax close to middle coxa; scutellum broadly rounded, with shallow emargination medially (Fig. 5); yellow band on distal side, interrupted medially; proximal side black; axilla entirely yellow (Fig. 1).— Legs: Femora dark brown to black with yellow longitudinal stripes; tibiae on outer sides yellow with some ill-defined brown maculation, inner sides brown; middle tibia drop-shaped, middle basitarsus slender, flat; width of tibiae at widest point: fore tibia 0.75–0.81 mm (holotype: 0.78 mm), middle tibia 1.05–1.20 mm (holotype: 1.20 mm), hind tibia 0.97–1.07 mm (holotype: 1.05 mm); mediotarsal segments brown; pulvilli small.— Metasoma. T1 and T2 with one yellow band on each side; T3 yellow with broad V-shaped black emargination; T4–T7 yellow (Fig. 1); T1–T5 with narrow light brown stripe within yellow area laterally; T6 emarginate apicomedially, with apical carina; T7 small, crescent-shaped, curled under metasoma (visible only ventrally); apical margin of S2 convex, with fringe of long hair in middle of outer margin; S3 with median emargination, dense fringe of hair at margin (Fig. 3); S4 broadly emarginate with black marginal comb of approximately 20–30 bristles on each side; S5 with black comb of almost same size as that on S4. Combs on S4 and S5 run diagonal to each other; gonoforceps deeply bifid, Yshaped (Fig. 6d); apex of longer arm spoon-like, flattened and pointed, with dark brown margins; shorter arm broader, with thickened apex. Differential Diagnosis. Of the six sub-Saharan species of Trachusa, males are only known for T. schoutedeni, T. aquiphila, and T. namibiensis sp. n. The general appearance of Trachusa namibiensis sp. n., particularly the male, superficially resembles Trachusa aquiphila, the only other species of Trachusa known from southern Africa, although both species can be distinguished by a number of characters (Table 2). The female of T. namibiensis sp. n. is distinguished from T. aquiphila by a number of characters including the bilobed apical margin of the clypeus (dentate to crenulated margin without emargination in T. aquiphila), the black, shining head and mesosoma with short, black, erect bristles (relatively long, golden pubescence in T. aquiphila), T1–T4 with one lateral ochraceous stripe on each side (uninterrupted, ochraceous transverse bands on T1–T 4 in T. aquiphila). The male of T. namibiensis sp. n. is distinguished from T. aquiphila by the shape of the clypeus and paraocular area, which is slightly convex in T. namibiensis sp. n. (clypeus medially strongly protuberant with flat sides and flat paraocular area in T. aquiphila), the scutum is shining with punctures separated by half their diameter in T. namibiensis sp. n. (in T. aquiphila the scutum is dull with dense, contiguous or sub contiguos punctation), pubescence of upper side of head, meso- and metasoma is sparse with short, erect hairs in T. namibiensis sp. n. (long ochraceous hairs in T. aquiphila), tibiae yellow with inconspicuous light brown oblong maculation in T. namibiensis sp. n. (yellow with dark brown oblong maculation in T. aquiphila), and the terga have one yellow maculation on each side of T1–T 2 in T. namibiensis sp. n. (transverse bands in T. aquiphila). The female of Trachusa namibiensis sp. n. is distinguished from T. eburneomaculata by the bilobed apical margin of the clypeus (apical margin widely rounded and crenulate in T. eburneomaculata), the presence of a yellow stripe on the vertex (one yellow spot on each side of vertex in T. eburneomaculata), and a sparse, short, black and erect pubescence on head and mesosoma (T. eburneomaculata has long, dense, white pubescence on head and sides of mesosoma and a patch of white hair in middle of anterior side of scutum). The female of Trachusa namibiensis sp. n. is distinguished from T. flavorufula by the number of mandibular teeth (one large and four small blunt teeth in T. namibiensis sp. n.; one large and six small, blunt, different-sized teeth in T. flavorufula), the colouration of scutum, scutellum and axillae, and in particular by the colour of the terga (see key). The female of Trachusa namibiensis sp. n. is distinguished from T. massauahensis by the ground colour of the integument (black in T. namibiensis sp. n., reddish to reddish-brown in T. massauahensis), the colour pattern of the terga (T5–T6 ochraceous in T. namibiensis sp. n.; T. massauahensis T5 has on each side one lateral ochraceous stripe, T6 without ochraceous markings). The male of T. schoutedeni is distinguished from T. namibiensis by the presence of a long, rod-shaped projection arising from the underside of the head, a bicoloured (black and yellow) clypeus (entirely yellow in T. namibiensis sp. n.) and the distinct colour pattern of the metasomal terga (yellow colouration confined to T 1 in T. schoutedeni, T1–T7 with yellow in T. namibiensis sp. n.). The female of T. schoutedeni is distinguished by the colouration of the terga (yellow band on T1, the other terga are dark, while yellow on all terga in T. namibiensis sp. n.), and yellow longitudinal stripes on tibiae (entirely black in T. namibiensis sp. n.). Seasonal occurrence. Found on the wing so far only in the second half of March, i.e., autumn in Namibia. Flower preferences. Trachusa namibiensis sp. n. was collected on the flowers of Acanthaceae (Monechma cleomoides (S. Moore) C. B. Clarke); Brassicaceae (Cleome); Fabaceae (Adenolopus pechuellii (Kuntze) Torre & Hillc., Crotalaria sp., Indigofera filipes Benth. ex Harv.); Lamiaceae (Hemizygia floccosa Launert) and Pedaliaceae (Sesamum). There was a wide spectrum of variation in the colour of the flowers visited, which included pink, white, yellow, orange, violet and mauve. Remarks. Michener (2007: 535) noted in a chapter on the subgenus Massanthidium that “an additional species is represented by a specimen from Namibia ”. Also Eardley et al. (2010) mentioned a hitherto undescribed species of Trachusa (Massanthidium) from Namibia. It is not clear whether these statements refer to the same material. The specimens on which these statements were based could not be located. Significantly, the series of T. namibiensis sp. n. collected by F. W. and S. K. Gess included also a male T. aquiphila, which was labelled by the collectors as “ Trachusa (Massanthidium) sp. (undescr.) male, det. F. W. Gess 2000”. Whereas the maxillary palpus is normally four-segmented, there also seem to be three-segmented individuals, but the small apical segment may be broken off in those individuals.Published as part of Kasparek, Max, 2018, A new species of Trachusa Panzer, 1804 (Megachilidae: Anthidiini) from southern Africa, with notes on the subgeneric classification and a key to the Afrotropical species, pp. 329-340 in Zootaxa 4399 (3) on pages 332-338, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/120668
Anthidiellum africanum Kasparek & Wood & Ferreira & Benarfa 2023, sp. nov.
No full textAnthidiellum africanum Kasparek sp. nov. (Figures 2–4) Type material Holotype. Female. ALGERIA: Tébessa: Hammamet (35.42°N, 07.96°E), 865 m, 25 June 2021, R. Abdelkarim leg. (nou047; CMK). Paratypes. 3♀, same data as holotype (nou045, nou050, nou058; CMK). 25♀, same location as holotype, 18 June – 02 July 2022, B. Noudjoud leg., S/ Marrubium vulgare (nou123–134, 136–142, 144–149). – TUNISIA: 2♀, Fernana, 18 July 1979, J. Schmidt leg. (ms7714, ms7716; CMK). – 1♀, Ain Draham, 1 km S Kroumirie, 23 June 1994, M. Hauser leg. (mh100; CMK). Other material examined ALGERIA: 1♀, Tébessa: El Kouif (35°30 ʹ N, 08°17 ʹ E), 940 m, 11 July 2020, R. Abdelkarim leg. (nou054; CMK). – 2♀, same location as holotype, 30.vi., 02 July 2022, B. Noudjoud leg., S/ Marrubium vulgare (nou135, 143). – MOROCCO: 1♀, High Atlas: Taddert, 16 June 2000, Brandl leg. (awe031). – 1♂, Mischliffen [Michlifen] nr. Ifrane, 1900 m, 17 July 1975, A. W. Ebmer leg. (awe030). – 1♂, Ouzoud 2.5 km NE (32°01 ʹ 27″N, 6°41 ʹ 39″ W), 949 m, 07 May 2015, V. Soon leg. (tuz020). Literature data MOROCCO: Record listed by GBIF, see under ‘material ̍. – TUNISIA: Hammam-Lif (Warncke 1980). – Jendouba, 25 km S (36.299°N, 8.751°E), 19.vii.1979 (GBIF). Diagnosis The female is characterised by a combination of the absence of apically hooked bristles on the labial palpi, rich yellow maculations on the integument, and fine punctation of the clypeus and the terga. The male is characterised by a combination of rich yellow maculations on the integument and fine punctation of the clypeus and terga. A detailed comparison of the new taxon with its closest congeners is given in Tables 2 and 3. Description/variation (female) (Table 2) 6–7 mm. Head: Finely punctured, clypeus yellow with dentate, black apical margin; lower paraocular area with yellow maculation reaching beyond antennal sockets; mandible brown with light brown base; three shallow teeth and one strong apical tooth; punctation on supraclypeal area finer than on clypeus; yellow, 3–4 antennal diameters wide preoccipital band present, reaching middle of compound eye, and sometimes continued as reddish-brown extension to malar area; punctation of head fine; labial palpi with long, apically hooked bristles. – Mesosoma: Black, rarely with anterolateral yellow band or remnants of it; scutellum black at base, yellow posteriorly; posterolateral margin semitransparent; axillae yellow. – Metasoma: Terga with fine, dense punctation; yellow bands on T1–T2 broadly interrupted in the middle, T3–T3 interrupted in the middle with a narrow gap; T6 black, sometimes with a yellow spot on each side; scopa yellow. Description/variation (male) (Table 3) 6–7 mm. Head: Clypeus yellow with light brown apical margin; punctation fine; mandible yellow with three black teeth; lower paraocular area with yellow maculation reaching beyond antennal sockets; supraclypeal area black or black with lower half yellow; preoccipital band 2–3 antennal diameters wide, reaching upper part of compound eye. – Mesosoma: Scutum black with L-shaped anterolateral yellow band; scutellum as in female; posterior part of axillae yellow. – Metasoma: Punctation fine, shining; yellow bands on T1– T2 widely interrupted in the middle; bands on T3–T6 interrupted, lateral bands contiguous or sub-contiguous medially. Etymology The epithet indicates that it occurs in Africa. No other species of the breviusculum group is known from Africa. Biology The flight period extends from May to July. Only two males were collected, as compared to 36 females. Distribution ( Figure 6) North-western Africa. The species is found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.Published as part of Kasparek, Max, Wood, Thomas, Ferreira, Sónia & Benarfa, Noudjoud, 2023, Taxonomic status of the disjunct populations of the resin bee Anthidiellum breviusculum (Pérez, 1890) s. l. in the Mediterranean (Apoidea: Anthidiini), pp. 2047-2063 in Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48) on pages 2049-2054, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2152749, http://zenodo.org/record/761529
Prof. Th. W. Adorno and the author Hans Erich Nossack.
No full textProf. Th. W. Adorno and the author Hans Erich Nossack at a reception of Insel Verlag, Buchmesse Frankfurt 1966LB
Nowe spojrzenie na planowanie architektury mieszkaniowej w afryce subsaharyjskiej
No full textThe author shares his reflections on state of art in housing and urban planning, deficiencies, expectations and possibilities in the Sahel region of Africa. He notices, that the housing problem in Africa is one of the challenges, which should be solved in order to recover life dignity of African people and secure their rights to traditional family life in acceptable conditions. The paper describes the studies on the typical dispersed urban structures and the need to foster this type of settlement structure and proposals of introduction of new on light steel frame housing system in the area of Sahel, combining the traditional way of building houses with modern technology. The particularly analysed case, is the housing problem in the Republic of Chad. The author presents the basic discussion on this topic and his architectural proposals. Unfortunately, the gap between the needs and the financial feasibility of housing construction in this area, makes this project already at the starting point extremely difficult to be realized without external subventions.Problem mieszkaniowy w Afryce jest jednym z wyzwań, które należy rozwiązać, aby Afrykanie mogli odzyskać godność życiową i zabezpieczyć swoje prawa do tradycyjnego życia rodzinnego w akceptowalnych warunkach. W artykule opisano badania nad typowymi rozproszonymi strukturami miejskimi i potrzebą wspierania tego typu struktur osadniczych oraz propozycji wprowadzenia nowego systemu konstrukcji domów, opartym na lekkim szkielecie stalowym, łączącym tradycyjny sposób budowania domów z nowoczesną technologią. Przypadkiem szczególnie analizowanym jest problem mieszkaniowy w Republice Czadu. Autor przedstawia podstawową dyskusję na ten temat i swoje propozycje architektoniczne. Niestety luka między potrzebami mieszkaniowymi w Czadzie a finansową wykonalnością budownictwa mieszkaniowego w tym obszarze sprawia, że projekt ten, już w punkcie wyjścia, jest niezwykle trudny do realizacji bez uzyskania zewnętrznych dotacji
Seeing the world anew : the radical vision of Martin Waldseemüller's 1507 & 1516 world maps /
No full text9781929154470 (ISBN). 192915447X (ISBN). First edition 2012. Accompanied by 2 foldeds map in front and back pockets: 1507 map -- 1516 map.; Includes bibliographical references: pages 98-107.; Maps from pockets also available online http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-vn6254227; Original version of the 1507 map: Universalis cosmographiae secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii alioru que lustrationes. [St. Dié, France? : s.n., 1507]; Original version of the 1516 map: Carta marina, navigatoria Portugallen, navigationes atque tocius cogniti orbis terre marisque formam naturamq[u]e situs et terminos nostris temporibus recognitos et ab antiquorum traditione differentes eciam quor[um] vetusti non meminerunt auctores hec generaliter indicat / consumatum est in oppido S. Deodati compositione et digestione Martini Waldseemuller Ilacomili. [St. Dié, France? : s.n., 1516]. Prologue: In a Renaissance Vision, a Glimpse of the Modern / John W. Hessler -- "An island surrounded on all sides by sea" : The World Map, 1507 / John W. Hessler -- "Land of Cuba, part of Asia" : The Carta marina, 1516 / Chet Van Duzer -- Epilogue: A Renaissance That Resonates Still / John W. Hessler -- Notes -- Afterword / Ralph E. Ehrenberg -- About the authors -- Acknowledgments -- The Maps: The 1507 World Map, 12 sheets, with commentary -- Composite: front pocket -- The 1516 Carta marina, 13 sheets, with commentary -- Composite: back pocket
Klimat społeczny w szkole inkluzyjnej
No full textAuthor presented in this paper theoretical approach to the building of social climate in an inclusive school. The publication indicatessome tendencies and directions of changes to improve the functioning of these institutions and to implement the idea of inclusive education.Autorka przedstawiła w artykule teoretyczne ujęcie zagadnienia związanego z budowaniem klimatu społecznego w szkole inkluzyjnej. W publikacji ukazano pewne dążenia i kierunki zmian, jakich należy dokonywać w masowych szkołach, aby poprawić jakość funkcjonowania tych placówek, tak by kierowały się one ideą edukacji włączającej
Ewolucja programowa FDP w polityce wschodniej w latach 1949-1969 w świetle nowych zasobów Archiwum Niemieckiego Liberalizmu
No full textZasadniczym celem artykułu jest analiza działalności programowej FDP w polityce wschodniej Republiki Federalnej Niemiec w latach 1949-1969. Autor wykorzystał nowe zasoby Archiwum Niemieckiego Liberalizmu w Gummersbach, co umożliwiło przedstawienie nowej oceny wpływu FDP na politykę wschodnią Republiki Federalnej Niemiec.The main goal of the article is to analyze the FDP's program activities in the eastern policy of the Federal Republic of Germany in the years 1949-1969. Of great importance here is the fact that the author used in this work new archives from the Archives of German Liberalism in Gummersbach. This enabled him to present a new assessment of the FDP's impact on the eastern policy of the Federal Republic of Germany
Zasady szacowania gruntów w postępowaniach scaleniowych w Polsce
No full textThe subject of the study was the principles of land estimation used for the purpose of consolidation
proceedings, as they are applied in Poland.
The work examines the legal conditions relating to the estimation of land for the purposes of
consolidation. Documents prepared in the years 2005–2017 concerning land estimation (resolutions
of the consolidation participants, and protocols from the value estimates) have been
collected for 41 consolidated sites, located in 28 districts of 11 voivodships (regions). A survey
was conducted among the surveyors-designers of the consolidation proceedings, consisting of
19 questions. In the current year, the co-author of the present article was present at meetings of
consolidation proceedings’ participants, convened in order to determine the rules for estimating
land value on two sites located in different regions, and the material she collected during those
meetings was used in the article.
The collected data were subjected to an analysis, which showed that within Poland there is no
homogeneity in the method of estimating land value for the purpose of consolidation proceedings,
and that the method used to determine the value of land, taking into account the 1-hectare
estimated rate, and the price of 1dt of rye grain, according to the provisions of the agricultural
tax, is incompatible with the principles for the valuation of agricultural real estate, as specified in
the law on real estate management.Przedmiotem badań były zasady szacowania gruntów stosowane w postępowaniach scaleniowych w Polsce.
W ramach pracy przeanalizowano uwarunkowania prawne odnoszące się do szacunku gruntów na potrzeby scaleń. Zebrano dokumentację sporządzoną w latach 2005-2017 dotyczącą szacunku gruntów (uchwały uczestników scalenia i protokoły z przeprowadzonego szacunku) dla 41 obiektów scaleniowych, położonych na terenie 28 powiatów z 11 województw. Przeprowadzono ankietę wśród geodetów-projektantów scaleń, składającą się
z 19 pytań. Współautorka artykułu w bieżącym roku była obecna na spotkaniach uczestników scalenia, zwołanych w celu ustalenia zasad szacowania gruntów na dwóch obiektach, zlokalizowanych w różnych województwach i zebrane materiały dotyczące tych spotkań wykorzystane zostały w artykule.
Zgromadzone dane poddano analizie, która wykazała, że w Polsce nie ma jednolitości
w sposobie szacowania gruntów na potrzeby postępowań scaleniowych oraz że stosowany sposób określania wartości gruntów z uwzględnieniem stawek szacunkowych 1 ha oraz ceny 1dt żyta wg przepisów o podatku rolnym jest niezgodny z zasadami wyceny nieruchomości rolnych określonymi w ustawie o gospodarce nieruchomościami
Ograniczenia wolności słowa w Internecie
No full textThe development of Internet services lead to many changes in forms of expression of our opinions and ideas. The author shall discuss whether the term “freedom of speech” is still suitable for modern times, regarding the conversations in the social media. As we all know, the freedom of speech and the freedom of expression were never absolute and certain limitations of them are completely legal and necessary. However, as the author will try to prove, there are some serious concerns about executing such limitations online as well as effectively proving if someone’s rights have been violated due to excess of freedom of expression. The possible ideas of fighting the hate speech and other acts of trespassing the right to free expression shall also be presented.Rozwój usług Internetowych spowodował wiele zmian w sposobach wyrażania naszych opinii i pomysłów. Autor przeprowadzi rozważania odnośnie tego czy określenie “wolność słowa” jest wciąż adekwatne do współczesnych czasów, odnosząc się do rozmów w przestrzeni mediów społecznościowych. Powszechnie wiadomo, że wolność słowa i wolność wypowiedzi nigdy nie były absolutne i pewne ich ograniczenia są całkowicie legalne oraz konieczne. Jednakże, jak autor spróbuje wykazać, istnieją poważne wątpliwości odnośnie wykonalności takich ograniczeń w sieci, a także efektywnego dowodzenia, że cudze prawa zostały naruszone w związku z przekroczeniem granic wolności wypowiedzi. Propozycje możliwych rozwiązań w walce z mową nienawiści i innymi przejawami przekraczania prawa do wolności wypowiedzi także zostaną zaprezentowane
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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