326 research outputs found
sj-docx-1-jct-10.1177_23800844231199393 – Supplemental material for Longitudinal Microbiome Changes in Supragingival Biofilm Transcriptomes Induced by Orthodontics
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-jct-10.1177_23800844231199393 for Longitudinal Microbiome Changes in Supragingival Biofilm Transcriptomes Induced by Orthodontics by E. Babikow, N. Ghaltakhchyan, T. Livingston, Y. Qu, C. Liu, A. Hoxie, T. Sulkowski, C. Bocklage, A. Marsh, S. T. Phillips, K. B. Mitchell, A. De A. Ribeiro, T. H. Jackson, J. Roach, D. Wu, K. Divaris and L. A. Jacox in JDR Clinical & Translational Research</p
City Sustainability Reporting: An Emerging & Desirable Legal Necessity
No full textThis article will begin with a brief history of sustainability reporting, including recent developments related to its adoption by cities. The author will then review two major trends that, considered together, indicate sustainability reporting should be viewed as an emerging legal necessity for municipalities in the United States. First, the exemption shielding cities from the disclosure requirements of securities laws has eroded. Second, sustainability disclosures now fit the definition of what must—as a matter of materiality, if not specific mandates—be reported to investors. This means that the cities that have collectively issued over $3.67 trillion in securities2 should all be disclosing sustainability data. The author concludes that this emerging legal requirement is in the interest of all stakeholders and is pragmatic public policy
In search of home: an ethnographic case study exploring collaborative educational efforts addressing rural homelessness
No full textDoctor of PhilosophyCurriculum and Instruction ProgramsKakali BhattacharyaSally J. YahnkeOver the past five years, alone, in the rural state of West Virginia, the number of identified homeless students has increased 315%— from 2,000 students to 8,300 students— which is assumed to be a conservative estimate by local and state education officials (Mays, 2014). Homelessness is often identified as an urban problem, as the most visible forms occur among street dwellers in urban settings (Joyce-Beaulieu & Sulkowski, 2014). Within rural locations, however, homelessness predominately remains a concealed issue requiring extensive collaboration to combat issues of geographic isolation and lack of support, infrastructure, and public services. This study will demonstrate how community school programming offers considerable potential to provide direct support and services within the school setting for rural homeless youth
Perpetuum Mobile of Radicalism – Islamism in la France Laïque
No full textThe article points to growing cultural tensions in France today. On the one hand, the French government is tightening the rules of laïcité, while on the other, Islam is playing an increasingly important role. This is due to both the consolidation of Muslim identity and the ever-growing Muslim population in France. According to the author, French republicanism, which is inextricably linked to laïcité, is incapable of resolving this tension and, in fact, systemically generates it.The article points to growing cultural tensions in France today. On the one hand, the French government is tightening the rules of laïcité, while on the other, Islam is playing an increasingly important role. This is due to both the consolidation of Muslim identity and the ever-growing Muslim population in France. According to the author, French republicanism, which is inextricably linked to laïcité, is incapable of resolving this tension and, in fact, systemically generates it
L'évolution des méthodes d'évaluation de l'efficacité des investissements en Pologne
No full textThe Evolution of Methods in Rating Investment Efficiency in Poland.
The starting point of the paper is the definition of the relative and absolute investment efficiency and their interrelation. Thus, three, historically formed types of economic calculation in investment have been specified, namely the stationary calculation of relative efficiency of investment, the stationary calculation of absolute investment efficiency and the dynamic calculation of absolute efficiency of investment.
Main attention is focused on the analysis of calculation methods of economic efficiency of investment which have been in operation in Poland since 1962. The author provides an evaluation of those methods, and, among others, points out the following: there is a need of such calculation in which the limitation of human labour would be treated differently than the limitation of better working conditions; the calculation should be based on one synthetic criterion of choice; the use of foreign market prices in the calculation is not justified.
The author's proposals aim at building up such method of investment efficiency calculation in which investment decisions would be made on the basis of comparing the sum of the profit from the analysed investment project discounted for a given moment with the sum of correspondingly discounted lost profit resulting from the limitation of means which can be disposed of for investment ends.
The comparison of the proposed method with the method in operation allowed the author to formulate some comments on parameters used in the actually applied method of investment efficency calculation.L'article débute par la définition de l'efficacité relative et absolue des investissements et de leur interrelation. Ainsi, l'auteur expose trois types d'évaluation économique des investissements, à savoir le calcul statique de l'efficacité relative de l'investissement, le calcul statique de l'efficacité absolue de l'investissement et le calcul dynamique de l'efficacité absolue de l'investissement.
L'attention est centrée sur l'analyse des méthodes d'évaluation de l'efficacité économique des investissements qui ont été utilisées en Pologne depuis 1962. L'auteur évalue ces méthodes et accentue notamment les points suivants : on a besoin d'un mode de calcul où la contrainte du travail humain serait traitée différemment de celle de meilleures conditions de travail ; le calcul devrait être fondé sur un critère de choix unique ; l'utilisation des prix du marché international n'est pas justifiée dans le calcul.
Les propositions de l'auteur entendent contribuer à l'élaboration d'une méthode de calcul de l'efficacité des investissements où la décision d'investir serait fondée sur une comparaison entre le montant du profit tiré d'un projet d'investissement donné, calculé pour une période donnée, et du montant du profit perdu, calculé dans les mêmes conditions, résultant de la limitation des ressources dont on peut disposer à des fins d'investissement.
La comparaison de la méthode proposée avec la méthode en vigueur permet à l'auteur de formuiler quelques commentaires sur la méthode d'évaluation de l'efficacité des investissements actuellement appliquée.Sulkowski Czeslaw. L'évolution des méthodes d'évaluation de l'efficacité des investissements en Pologne. In: Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest, vol. 9, 1978, n°2. pp. 109-128
Ochrona sekretu spowiedzi w prawie kanonicznym i polskim prawie procesowym
No full textThe article analyses the protection of the seal of confession in both canon law and Polish procedural law, highlighting the differences between sigillum sacramentale and secretum. The author presents the norms of canon law regarding the duty to maintain the seal and the secret, the entities obliged to maintain them, and the sanctions for their violation. The author then examines the regulations of Polish procedural law in this area, giving particular attention to the conflict between canon law and state law, as well as the possibility of invoking conscientious objection in the context of testimony by individuals bound by the secretum. The analysis leads to the conclusion that while the Polish legal system effectively protects the sigillum, the lack of regulations concerning the secretum may lead to violations of freedom of conscience and religion. Therefore, the author points to the necessity of legislative changes to ensure full protection of the secrecy of confession.Autor podejmuje w artykule analizę ochrony tajemnicy spowiedzi w prawie kanonicznym oraz polskim prawie procesowym, wskazując na różnice między sigillum sacramentale a secretum. Charakteryzuje normy prawa kanonicznego dotyczące obowiązku zachowania tajemnicy oraz sekretu, podmioty zobowiązane do ich zachowania oraz sankcje za ich naruszenie. Następnie autor przedstawia regulacje polskiego prawa procesowego w tym zakresie, szczególną uwagę poświęcając kolizji norm prawa kanonicznego i państwowego oraz możliwości powołania się na sprzeciw sumienia w kontekście zeznań osób objętych secretum. Przeprowadzona analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że chociaż polski system prawny skutecznie chroni sigillum, to brak regulacji dotyczących secretum może prowadzić do naruszenia wolności sumienia i wyznania. W związku z tym autor wskazuje na konieczność dokonania zmian legislacyjnych w celu zapewnienia pełnej ochrony sekretu spowiedzi
Perpetuum Mobile of Radicalism – Islamism in la France Laïque
No full textThe article points to growing cultural tensions in France today. On the one hand, the French government is tightening the rules of laïcité, while on the other, Islam is playing an increasingly important role. This is due to both the consolidation of Muslim identity and the ever-growing Muslim population in France. According to the author, French republicanism, which is inextricably linked to laïcité, is incapable of resolving this tension and, in fact, systemically generates it
Évaluation de la gestion des investissements au cours des années soixante-dix en Pologne
No full textEvaluation of investment performances in Poland during the 1970's
The process of investment during the 1970's is generally regarded as one of the main causes of the economic crisis of the 1980's. This is why an analysis of this system in its theoretical and practical aspects continues to be of immediate relevance.
In this article, the author attempts to evaluate investment performance in the light of the following criteria :
- internal coherence of the centralized system of investment management, - internal coherence of the centralized system of investment management,
- its external coherence,
- stability and flexibility of the centralized system,
- utility of the system with reference to the specific nature of the investments,
- efficiency.
His conclusion is that, while the development of productive forces and the accompanying concentration require an improvement in the centralized management of investment, he finds it difficult to accept a strenghtening of the part played by direct compulsory contracts. The principle of centralized management of economic units in no way implies a given form of management or the need for the use of administrative directives. His view is that this style of management does not meet the requirements of the forces of production, because it hampers the autonomy of economic units and acts as a brake on worker's creativity. The reduction in the role of administrative directives, and an increase in economic incentives seem to him, therefore, to be the best solution.La gestion des investissements au cours des années soixante-dix est généralement considérée comme l'une des principales causes de la crise économique du début des années quatre-vingt. C'est pourquoi, une analyse de ce système, du point de vue théorique et pratique, reste d'actualité.
L'auteur tente, dans cet article, d'évaluer l'efficacité du système de gestion des investissements en prenant en considération les critères suivants :
- cohésion interne du système centralisé de gestion des investissements,
- cohésion extérieure de ce système,
- stabilité et souplesse du système centralisé,
- utilité du système compte tenu de la spécificité des investissements,
- efficacité.
Il conclut que si le développement des forces productives et la concentration qui l'accompagne nécessistent une amélioration de la gestion centrale des investissements, il lui est difficile d'admettre un renforcement parallèle du rôle des instruments directs obligatoires. Le principe de la gestion centralisée des unités économiques n'implique nullement une forme donnée de gestion ou la nécessité d'utiliser des instruments directs. Il lui semble que ce mode de gestion ne correspond pas au niveau des forces productives parce qu'il restreint l'autonomie des unités économiques et freine la créativité des travailleurs. La limitation des ordres administratifs et le renforcement des stimulants économiques lui paraissent donc être la meilleure des solutions.Sulkowski Czeslaw. Évaluation de la gestion des investissements au cours des années soixante-dix en Pologne. In: Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest, vol. 18, 1987, n°4. pp. 77-91
Méthodes de calcul du taux d'efficacité des dépenses des investissements
No full textCalculating Investment Efficiency Ratings.
In a planned economy the parameters included in the calculation of investment efficiency ratings must assure the best choice of solutions in the general interest. The most expressive parameter of this type is the macro-economic standard for investment expenditures set by central authority.
In this article the author explains the different methods of calculating rates and the mathematical formulas employed. He subsequently treats methods based on the use of curves « choice of techniques », elaborated by Jan Lipinski, methods based on production curves, those where the choice of techniques and the curve of production are unknown and the method based on solution factors illustrated in the works of L.V. Kan- torovich and V. Novozhilov.
These different theoretical conceptions of standards for the efficiency of investment expenditures having been applied only to new installations, the author, in conclusion, also evokes the relationship between determination of the above-mentioned efficiency ratings and the modernization of obsolescent installations.En économie planifiée, le calcul économique de l'efficacité des investissements doit tenir compte de paramètres assurant le choix de solutions optimales du point de vue de l'intérêt général. Le paramètre de ce type le plus important est le taux (norme) macroéconomique des dépenses d'investissement, déterminé au niveau central.
Dans cet article, l'auteur rend compte des diverses méthodes de calcul de ce taux et des formules mathématiques utilisées. Il aborde successivement, les méthodes utilisant les courbes de choix des techniques, élaborées par Jan Lipinski, les méthodes utilisant la courbe de production, celles qui sont appliquées quand les courbes de production et de choix des techniques ne sont pas connues et la méthodes des facteurs de solution illustrée par les travaux de L.V. Kantoroviô et V. Novozilov.
Ces diverses conceptions théoriques de recherche du taux standard d'efficacité des dépenses d'investissement ne concernent que les installations nouvelles. Aussi, l'auteur envisage-t-il pour terminer les rapports entre la détermination du taux d'efficacité mentionné ci-dessus et la modernisation des installations anciennes.Sulkowski Czeslaw. Méthodes de calcul du taux d'efficacité des dépenses des investissements. In: Revue de l'Est, vol. 4, 1973, n°3. La Pologne. pp. 65-84
Cyber-Extortion: Duties and Liabilities Related to the Elephant in the Server Room
No full textThis is a comprehensive analysis of the legal frameworks related to cyber-extortion – the practice of demanding money in exchange for not carrying out threats to commit harm that would involve a victim\u27s information systems. The author hopes it will catalyze an urgently needed discussion of relevant public policy concerns.
Cyber-extortion has, by all accounts, become a common, professionalized and profit-driven criminal pursuit targeting businesses. 17% of businesses in a recent survey indicated having received a cyber-extortion demand. An additional 13% of respondents were not sure if their business had received such a demand.
Awareness of the risks of cybercrime has spread. Advancements have been made in the field of cyber-security. Furthermore, statutes, regulations and recent FTC settlements have begun to articulate a minimum standard of care that businesses should maintain with regard to the security of information systems. Yet not all businesses have taken readily available precautions.
To complicate matters, cyber-extortions often involve a threat to commit a harm using hijacked networks of computers owned by other businesses. Thus, an analysis specifically dedicated to cyber-extortion is required because of the unique web of liabilities that may arise from a typical cyber-extortion scenario.
This article first reviews the available means for prosecuting or recovering damages from a cyber-extortionist. The article then considers the duties and potential liabilities of businesses that are victims of cyber-extortion. For example, an extortionist may follow-through on a threat to disclose or sell private customer data, resulting in the targeted enterprise being liable to its customers. However, a victimized business could conceivably be able to recover damages against a business that failed to take adequate steps to secure its information systems, such that its systems became the tools of the crime. This article reviews current trends and possible theories for recovering damages in such a scenario. The article concludes with a discussion of the public policy implications of finding businesses liable for damages caused by their unsecured information systems
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