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LUDOBÓJSTWO W IRACKIM KURDYSTANIE WLATACH 80. XX WIEKU I JEGO UMIĘDZYNARODOWIENIE
Get PDFKurdish genocide in Iraqi Kurdistan marked a turning point in Iraqi Kurdish conflict which dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Iraqi nationalist party, Al-Baas, which took over power in 1963 introduced a policy of repressions against Kurds and was successively displacing them from their indigenous areas to the territory inhabited by Arab population who was loyal to the government. Iraqi government was destroying and confiscating the property of the Kurdish minority on a massive and organized scale. It banned Kurds from staying in designated prohibited zones, and carried out massive scale ethnic cleansing. The number of Kurds who fell victim to the regime of Saddam Hussein is estimated at 182 thousand. Chemical attack in the town of Halabja killed over 5 thousand people and those who survived still feel the impact of this deadly attack. It was exactly Halabja chemical attack that led to the internalization of the Kurdish problem and finally to the emergence of an independent Kurdish autonomy protected by international forces under the auspices of the United Nations. Following the collapse of Iraqi regime in 2003, nearly all authors of the chemical attack and other crimes against Kurds were brought to court and sentenced.Problem ludobójstwa w irackim Kurdystanie stanowi apogeum konfliktu iracko-kurdyjskiego sięgającego początku lat 20. XX wieku. Nacjonalistyczna partia Al-Baas, która doszła do władzy w 1963 r., zaczęła prowadzić represyjną politykę wobec Kurdów polegającą na wysiedleniach z rdzennych obszarów na terytoria zamieszkałe przez ludność arabską lojalną wobec rządu. Kolejnymi krokami skierowanymi przeciw mniejszości kurdyjskiej było zorganizowane, masowe niszczenie i konfiskata jej mienia, ponadto zakaz przebywania w strefach wydzielonych przez władze, a także czystki etniczne na dużą skalę. Liczbę Kurdów, którzy padli ofiarą reżimu Saddama Husajna szacuje się na 182 tysiące. Użycie broni chemicznej w miejscowooeci Halabdża spowodowało śmierć ponad 5 tysięcy Kurdów, a ci którzy ocaleli do dziś odczuwają skutki tego ataku. To właśnie ta zbrodnia doprowadziła do umiędzynarodowienia kwestii kurdyjskiej, a w konsekwencji do uniezależnienia obszarów kurdyjskich od Bagdadu w latach 90. XX wieku. Niemal wszyscy autorzy ataku chemicznego oraz innych zbrodni na Kurdach zostali postawieni przed sądem i skazani za popełnione czyny
Stosunek mniejszości etnicznych, narodowych i religijnych do wydarzeń Arabskiej Wiosny w Syrii
Get PDFAs compared to other Arab countries, Syria has quite a complex ethnic and religious structure. One can mention such ethnoses as Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, Turkmenians and more. Although Islam is the predominant religion, different types of Christianity and Judaism can also be found there. The author’s aim is to present the antagonisms between selected national and religious groups. The main issue is showing the different aspects of these groups’ involvement in the Arab Spring in Syria, for examplethe escalation of the conflict between the Sunnites and Alavites and its consequences for other groups. A conflict that lasts too long may increase the threat of Islamization by extremist groups. This could lead to a long-lasting crisis and destabilization of the country, which could cause a large-scale civil war as times goes by.Syria w porównaniu do innych państw arabskich ma skomplikowaną strukturę etniczno-religijną. Można wyróżnić: Arabów, Kurdów, Ormian, Asyryjczyków, Turkmenów oraz inne grupy etniczne. Mimo, że dominującą religiąjest islam, można także zaobserwować różne odmiany chrześcijaństwa czy judaizmu. W artykule przeanalizowany zostanie wpływ konfliktu sannicko-alawickiego i jego wpływ na inne grupy etniczne i religijne w Syrii
Arab Nationalism in Syria
No full textSyria is one of many countries in the Middle East diverse in terms of religion, nationality, and ethnicity. Internal divisions emerged when Syria reclaimed independence in 1946, but the differences inside Syrian society have become a taboo. One of the reasons for that was Arab nationalism, which claimed that they were all Arabs. The Syrian authorities managed to maintain the appearance of national homogeneity owing to these claims. This article aims to show the uniqueness of Arab nationalism, which is not characteristic of one country but of numerous states sharing a common past, language, and their citizens belonging to the family of the Arab nation. As a case study for Syria, this article analyses the basic concepts relevant to the subject (nationalism, the nation from the perspective of Islam, and Arab thought), the roots of pan-Arabism in Syria and its presence in the public and legal space. It also attempts to demonstrate that Arab nationalism helped the Syrian authorities (represented by the Alawite minority) blur national, ethnic, and religious differences and thus preserve the unity of society and state
The role of Muslim women in political life based on the examples of selected Muslim countries
Get PDFThe topic of those publication is the role of Muslim women in political and social life. Presents the first women in Islam, which played an important role in politics. Presents some Muslim countries and the presence of women in the governments of these countries. It describes the degree of their involvement in politics. Discusses the factors that affect the growth of the role of women in the political arena and those that limit their participation in political and social life. You’ll find the answer to the question whether the high rate of GDP has an impact on women’s involvement in social and political life.Tematem publikacji jest rola kobiet muzułmańskich w życiu politycznym i społecznym. Przedstawione zostały pierwsze kobiety w islamie, które odegrały ważną rolę w polityce. Na przykładzie wybranych krajów muzułmańskich opisano obecność kobiet w rządach tych krajów i stopień ich zaangażowania w politykę. Omówione zostały czynniki, które wpływają na wzrost roli kobiet na arenie politycznej oraz te, które ograniczają ich udział w życiu politycznym i społecznym. W artykule znajduje się odpowiedź na pytanie, czy wysoki wskaźnik PKB ma wpływ na zaangażowanie kobiet w życie społeczne i polityczne
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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