383,312 research outputs found
Emissions Trading, CDM, JI, and More – The Climate Strategy of the EU
No full textThe objective of this paper is to assess the likely allocation effects of the current cli-mate protection strategy as it is laid out in the National Allocation Plans (NAPs) for the European Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). The multi-regional, multi-sectoral CGE-model DART is used to simulate the effects of the current policies in the year 2012 when the Kyoto targets need to be met. Different scenarios are simulated in order to highlight the effects of the grandfathering of permits to energy-intensive installations, the use of the project-based mechanisms (CDM and JI), and the restriction imposed by the supplementarity criterion.Kyoto targets, EU, EU emissions trading scheme, National allocation plans, CDM and JI, Computable general equilibrium model, DART
Xiu ke yan ju shi ben: [gong liu tao shi er ji]
No full text[V.1-2]. 雙珠記 / 沈鯨撰 -- [v.3-4]. 尋親記 -- [v.5-6]. 東郭記 / 孫仁孺撰 -- [v.7-8]. 金雀記 -- [v.9-10]. 焚香記 / 王玉峰撰 -- [v.11-12]. 荊釵記 / 朱權撰 -- [v.13-14]. 霞箋記 -- [v.15-16]. 精忠記 / 姚茂良撰 -- [v.17-18]. 浣紗記 / 梁辰魚撰 -- [v.19-20]. 琵琶記 / 高明撰 -- [v.21-22]. 西廂記 / 李日華撰 -- [v.23-24]. 幽閨記 / 施惠撰 -- [v.25-26]. 明珠記 / 陸采撰 -- [v.27-28]. 玉簪記 / 高濂撰 -- [v.29-30]. 紅拂記 / 張鳳翼撰 -- [v.31-32]. 還魂記 / 湯顯祖撰 -- [v.33-34]. 紫釵記 / 湯顯祖撰 -- [v.35-36]. 邯鄲記 / 湯顯祖撰 -- [v.37-38]. 南柯記 / 湯顯祖撰 -- [v.39-40]. 西廂記 / 王實甫撰 -- [v.41-42]. 春蕪記 / 汪錂撰 -- [v.43-44]. 琴心記 / 孫柚撰 -- [v.45-46]. 玉鏡臺記 / 朱鼎撰 -- [v.47-48]. 懷香記 / 陸采撰 -- [v.49-50]. 綵毫記 / 屠隆撰 -- [v.51-52]. 運甓記 / 吾丘端撰 -- [v.53-54]. 鸞鎞記 / 葉憲祖撰 -- [v.55-56]. 玉合記 / 梅鼎祚撰 -- [v.57-58]. 金蓮記 / 陳汝元撰 -- [v.59-60]. 四s喜記 / 謝讜撰 -- [v.61-62]. 三元記 / 沈受先撰 -- [v.63-64]. 投梭記 / 徐復祚撰 -- [v.65-66]. 鳴鳳記 / 王世貞撰 -- [v.67-68]. 飛丸記 -- [v.69-70]. 紅梨記 / 徐復祚撰 -- [v.71-72]. 八義記 / 徐元撰 -- [v.73-74]. 西樓記 / 袁于令撰 -- [v.75-76]. 還魂記 / 湯顯祖撰 -- [v.77-78]. 繡襦記 / 徐霖撰 -- [v.79-80]. 青衫記 / 顧大典撰 -- [v.81-82]. 錦箋記 / 周履靖撰 -- [v.83-84]. 蕉帕記 / 單本撰 -- [v.85-86]. 紫簫記 / 湯顯祖撰 -- [v.87-88]. 水滸記 / 許自昌撰 -- [v.89-90]. 玉玦記 / 鄭若庸撰 -- [v.91-92]. 灌園記 / 張鳳翼撰 -- [v.93-94]. 種玉記 / 汪廷訥撰 -- [v.95-96]. 雙烈記 / 張四維撰 -- [v.97-98]. 獅吼記 / 汪廷訥撰 -- [v.99-100]. 義俠記 / 沈璟撰 -- [v.101-102]. 千金記 / 沈采撰 -- [v.103-104]. 殺狗記 / 徐[Zhen]撰 -- [v.105-106]. 玉環記 -- [v.107-108]. 龍膏記 / 楊珽撰 -- [v.109-110]. 贈書記 -- [v.111-112]. 曇花記 / 屠隆撰 -- [v.113-114]. 白兔記 -- [v.115-116]. 香囊記 / 邵璨撰 -- [v.117-118]. 四賢記 -- [v.119-120]. 節俠記.Detailed table of contents in vernacular field only.[毛晉輯].綫裝, 12函.框20x12.9公分, 9行19字, 小字單行同. 白口, 左右雙邊, 無魚尾. 版心上鐫小題及葉次.題名據第一冊內封頁.內封題頁鐫"汲古閣訂正, 本衙藏板"分子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰 ,巳 ,午 ,未 ,申, 酉, 戌, 亥共十二集.內容項v.103-104作者名字中的[zhen], 字形為: '田'在左, '臣'在右.Library's copy: 內容間有手抄補缺.Xian zhuang, 12 han.Kuang 20 x 12.9 gong fen, 9 hang 19 zi, xiao zi dan hang tong. Bai kou, zuo you shuang bian, wu yu wei. Ban xin shang juan xiao ti ji ye ci.Ti ming ju di yi ce nei feng ye.Nei feng ti ye juan "Ji gu ge ding zheng, ben ya cang ban"Fen zi, chou, yin, mao, chen , si , wu , wei , shen, you, xu, hai gong shi er ji.Nei rong xiang v.103-104 zuo zhe ming zi zhong de [Zhen], zi xing wei: 'tian' zai zuo, 'chen' zai you.[Mao Jin ji].Library's copy: nei rong jian you shou chao bu que
Prophylactic Effects of Ji-Sui-Kang in Paraquat-Induced Rat Models of Parkinson's Disease
No full textThis project aims to test the efficacy of Ji-Sui-Kang as a neuroprotectant in the treatment of an environmental toxin-induced model of Parkinson's disease
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
JI's fading control spells more disaster
No full textTerrorism in Indonesia has evolved since the last bombing, writes Greg Fealy
IT IS too early to speak with any certainty about who carried out Saturday’s bombings in Bali. Undoubtedly, though, Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) will be singled out as the most likely perpetrator.
This is understandable, given JI’s record of mass-casualty terrorism since 2000, but recent developments within JI and, more broadly, Indonesian jihadist groups suggest that JI should not be the only suspect.
The International Crisis Group has adduced evidence of growing rifts within JI, particularly between the ‘bombers’, who favour continued large-scale attacks, and the ‘non-bombers’, who believe that JI should revert to a longer-term strategy of preaching, education and military training in order to achieve its primary goal of an Islamic state in Indonesia.
The bombers believe that terrorism against Islam’s foes is the only way to protect Muslims and is thus a religious obligation. The non-bombers argue that terrorist attacks like those in Bali in October 2002, or at the Marriott Hotel and Australian embassy in Jakarta in August 2003 and September 2004 respectively, are not only unjustified according to Islamic law but have also harmed JI’s struggle by provoking a massive crackdown by Indonesian and international security agencies.
Some sources suggest that the non-bombers may be ascendant and as a result the bombers are marginalised.
What is reasonably certain is that two of JI’s most notorious operatives, the Malaysians Azhari Husin and Noordin Mohammad Top, are recruiting and organising outside JI structures. In putting together the Australian embassy bombing last year they seemed to be working without the approval of the central JI leadership and recruited foot soldiers for that operation from other jihadist networks.
Jihadists who have fought in the Muslim-Christian conflict in eastern Indonesia (particularly the provinces of Maluku and Central Sulawesi) are emerging as an increasingly important source of recruits for terrorist operations. Azhari, Noordin and other terrorist leaders are using networks created through this sectarian violence to find new operatives who are ‘blooded’ in violent jihad. These recruits are drawn from groups such as Darul Islam, Mujahidin Kompak and Wahdah Islamiyah.
Hence, terrorism networks in Indonesia are becoming more diffuse and the JI-centric approach of several years ago is no longer adequate in monitoring and preventing jihadist attacks.
JI retains the capacity to mount highly lethal attacks but may no longer be the central node of Indonesian terrorist networks. Increasingly, non-JI groups and individuals are keen to join terrorist operations and growing numbers of them are acquiring terrorist capabilities.
Aside from the question of who mounted the weekend’s Bali bombing, there is also the question of why they did so. If the statements of the 2002 Bali bombers and the Australian embassy attackers are any guide, the primary aim was to kill Westerners, specifically citizens of the United States and its allies, such as Australia and Britain, because these countries are seen as posing a mortal threat to Islam.
To quote from the diary of the Bali bomber Aly Ghufron (alias Muchlas): ‘Bali is the area most often visited by foreign tourists, particularly from Western and other countries, which nota bene are the countries that ally themselves with America and participate directly in the coalition army led by it... These countries include England, Australia, France, Germany.’
He further wrote that the Sari Club was attacked because ‘we obtained solid data that this entertainment venue was only for foreigners’. He makes it clear that it was not targeted because it was a place of immoral behaviour.
Another Bali bomber, Imam Samudra, declared: ‘The Bali bombing was part of the resistance aimed at the coloniser, America, and its allies’, which ‘have, are and will continue to massacre the civilians of Muslim nations. War will be met with war, blood with blood, lives with lives’.
This is ample evidence that our close relations with the US and involvement in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts have made us a legitimate target in the eyes of the terrorists, despite Australian government assertions to the contrary.
The choice of Bali for a repeat attack is probably linked to the perceived failure of the Marriott Hotel and Australian embassy bombings, as in both these operations most of the victims were ordinary Indonesian Muslims, not foreigners of other faiths. Within jihadist circles, these bombings were seen as counterproductive, in that they caused JI sympathisers to question the effectiveness of such attacks.
If, as appears likely, most of those killed in Saturday’s attacks were non-Muslim, then the bombers can claim to be smiting once again Islam’s enemies.
This second Bali bombing shows the competence (or perhaps luck) of the perpetrators in conducting a covert operation in what would usually be regarded as an uncongenial environment. Of all Indonesia’s provinces, Hindu-dominated Bali has been the hardest hit by past terrorist acts. Yet because of this it has probably become the province that is hardest to hit. Community vigilance and preparedness to inform police of suspicious activities would be higher there than in any other part of the country.
Regardless of whether it was mounted by JI or another group, the latest bombing shows that terrorism in Indonesia will continue to be a deadly threat for many years to come. •
Greg Fealy is lecturer and research fellow in Indonesian politics at the Australian National University.
Photo: Kok Chuan Wong/ iStockphoto.co
Seo, Ji-Youn
No full text학위논문(석사)--아주대학교 일반대학원 :분자과학기술학과,2011. 2본 연구에서는 무기결정에 비해 높고 빠른 광학적 비선형성을 얻기위해 새로운 유기 결정을 개발하였다: 1) 싸이올(–S–) 기반의 새로운 전자 주게를 도입한 cofigurationally locked polyene (CLP) (X : –H, –CH₃, –Ph,– PhSCH₃,–PhOSH₃) 발색단 2) 싸이올 기반의 hydrazone 발색단 (X : –CH₃, –Ph). 3)새로운 전자 받게인 cyanoacetate 를 도입한 발색단을 설계,합성하고 결장을 성장시켰다.
본 연구를 통해 싸이올 기반의 전자 주게를 갖는 새로운 발색단은기존의 보편적인 전자 주게를 갖는 CLP 발색단에 비해 높은 hyperpolarizability (β_(max)) 이론적 계산 값을 갖지만 실험적으로 얻어진 발색단은 이론값보다 낮은 hyperpolarizability (β_(max)) 값을 보인다. 원인을 알기 위해 같은 결정구조를 갖는 두 형태이성질체 결정 구조 및 이론적 비선형 계산 값을 통해 이는 싸이올 결합의 용이한 회전에 의해 발생된 현상으로 전자 주게가 갖는 torsion 각에 따라 그 값이 달라지게 되는 사실을 발견하였다.
또한 싸이올 기반의 hydrazone 발색단인 SB-NPH(4-(4-phenylthio)benzealdehyde-4-nitrophenylhydrazone 을 합성하였다.
람다(lamda) 형태의 결정구조를 이루는 기존의 hydrazone 발색단의 성질은 유지하면서 싸이올 그룹의 성질인 헤링본 형태를 보이는)의 비대칭형 중심구조를 갖는 결정구조를 얻었다. 이는 또한 ㎔ 응용의 가능성을 확인하였다.
새로운 전자 주게 연구뿐만 아니라 CLP 에 새로운 전자 받게를 도입하여 비대칭형 중심구조를 갖는 결정을 얻었다. Cyanoacetate 기반의 C2-COOMe (methyl 2-cyano-2-(3-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene)acetate)라 불리는 발색단은 비대칭분자구조를 갖기 때문에 E 형과 Z 형이 존재한다.
결정구조내에 E 형은 대칭분자배열을 갖는 결정을 이루며 Z 형은 대칭형과 비대칭형 분자배열의 두가지의 결정형태를 이룬다.I. Introduction 1
II. Brief Review 4
II .1 Nonlinear optical Effects and Materials 4
II.1.1 Nonlinear Optical Effects 4
II.1.2 Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials 5
II.1.3 Molecular Nonlinearities 7
II.2 Organic Nonlinear Single Crystals 8
II.2.1 Noncentrosymmetric Crystalline Packing: Approaches 8
II.2.2 Examples of Molecular Crystals 9
II.2.3 Crystal Growth of Organic Materials 11
II.2.4 Challenges of Organic Nonlinear Optical Crystals 12
III. Experiments 14
III.1 Chemical Structure 14
III.2 Synthesis 15
III.2.1 Materials 16
III.2.2 General Characterization 16
III.2.3 Synthesis of Thiolated Donor Molecules 16
III.2.4 Synthesis of the Chromophores 18
III.3 Macroscopic and Microscopic Nonlinearities 30
III.4 Crystal Structure Data for the MT, SB1, SB2 and C2-COOMe Crystal 30
IV. Results and Discussion 34
IV.1 New Configurationally Locked Polyene Chromophores with Tiolated Donor 34
IV.1.1 Design of New Configurationally Locked Polyene Chromophores 34
IV.1.2 Characterization and Nonlinear Optical Properties 34
IV.1.3 Single Crystal Structure of Isomorphic SM, SB1, and SB2 42
IV.2 New Thiolated-based hydrzone Chromophores 54
IV.2.1 Design of the Thiolated-based hydrzone Chromophores 54
IV.2.2 Single Crystal Structure of Thiolated-based hydrzone Chromophores 56
IV.2.3 Characterization and Nonlinear Optical Properties 58
IV.3 Assymetric isomerism with New Acceptor 63
IV.3.1 Design of C2-COOMe 63
IV.3.2 Characterization and Powder test 63
VI. Conclusions 65
VII. References 66MasterOrganic nonlinear optical crystals have been attracted much interest due to their numerous design possibilities and larger and faster optical nonlinearities when compared to inorganic crystals. To investigate new nonlinear optic chromophores, we designed and synthesized (1) new cofigurationally locked polyene (CLP) choromophores, by changing the donor groups, (2) thiolte-based hydrazone chromophores, (3) cyanoacetate-based chromophore with new electron acceptor.
Here, we mainly have investigated the new nonlinear molecules contaning sulfur, a series of thiolated-donor based configurationally locked polyene chromophores and thiolated-based hydrazone chromophores for second-order nonlinear optical applications. We synthesized a series of nonlinear optical chromophores based on thiolated electron donors(X : -H, -CH₃, -Ph,-PhSCH₃,-PhOSH₃). The first hyperpolarizability (β(_(max)) of thioladted polyene chromophores was investigated experimentally and theorically by quantum chemical calculations with, TD-DFTand finite-field (FF) method from the optimized (OPT)molecular structures with B3LYP/6-311+G(d). The thiolated polyene chromophores exhibit large molecular nonliearities than CLP chromophores with conventional donors such as OH1 (2-(3-(4-hydroxystyryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene)malononitrile) and DA (2-(3-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene)malononitrile). But they have low molecular nonliearities at solution state. We approach the crystal analysis as solid state to know how it works lowing molecular nonliearities.
We have investigated the hydrazone crystal, SM-NPH (4-(methylthio)benzealdehyde-(4-nitrophenylhydrazone) and SB-NPH (4-(4-phenylthio)benzealdehyde-4-nitrophenylhydrazone). Interestingly, the main supramolecular interaction is still maintaining lambda-shaped packing of nitrophenylhydrazone reported previously groups and is modified by herringbone-shaped packing of phenylthiobenzene groups. We also investigated the microscopic and macroscopic nonlinearities theoretically.
As well as donor derivatives, we have developed the new DA derivative containong acetate acceptor, C2-COOMe (methyl 2-cyano-2-(3-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene)acetate). They are asymmetric molecular form unlike DA and were synthesized E and Z form. C2-COOMe has two isomers, E-form and Z-form and Z-form are consisted of two phase structure. E-form and Z-form(1) are consist of centrosymmetric structure with P 21/n and Z-form(2) dose acentric structure. Now we try to analysis the acentric crystals from Z-form(2)
JI : resilient & growing, despite arrests
No full textJI is a resilient clandestine organisation with far greater numbers than estimated, including by most security analysts. Its growth is partly because JI does not invent its Islamist narrative but modifies from existing ones. How does JI rejuvenate itself? Will its influence wane with time?Published versio
- …
