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Lęk przed ekspresją twarzy: refleksja „w ramach" filozofii Emmanuela Levinasa.
No full textThe main purpose of the article is to supplement the philospohy of Emmanuel Levinas with the conception of fear. The analysis of certain expressions used in the works of Levinas leads the author to the conclusion that the ethical relation to the face of the Other causes irreversable changes in the self. Jaranowski considers two types of reaction to nakedness (Levinas describes the face of the Other as “naked”) and puts emphasis on the negative one – nakedness is something that should not be exposed, it causes anxiety. The question of nakedness casts light on the problem of the call from the Other as a kind of interruption. For one can not predict all the consequences of responding to the call from the face of the Other. Finally author claims that there is a kind of fear that has its subject in moral obligation as such. The main purpose of the article is to supplement the philospohy of Emmanuel Levinas with the conception of fear. The analysis of certain expressions used in the works of Levinas leads the author to the conclusion that the ethical relation to the face of the Other causes irreversable changes in the self. Jaranowski considers two types of reaction to nakedness (Levinas describes the face of the Other as “naked”) and puts emphasis on the negative one – nakedness is something that should not be exposed, it causes anxiety. The question of nakedness casts light on the problem of the call from the Other as a kind of interruption. For one can not predict all the consequences of responding to the call from the face of the Other. Finally author claims that there is a kind of fear that has its subject in moral obligation as such.
Victim and Guardian: A Short Ethical Reconnaissance
No full textThe article Victim and Guardian: A Short Ethical Reconnaissance is a proposal for fundamental rethinking of the phenomenon of care and support in the context of the experience of evil. The author analyses the phenomenon of transitivity of evil, and describes suffering of a guardian as an extension of the harm done to the victim. He notices that the expectation of care occurring in a difficult situation is one of the fundamental claims in social life, and not receiving it is one of the most painful moral experiences. Finally, the author emphasizes the moral value of guardian’s participation in the defeat of the victim. He says that we do not need the notion of triumph over evil to recognize this value
On good without prejudice. An essay with reference to ethics of beliefs
Get PDFArtykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniu pozapoznawczej wartości przekonań moralnych. Autor analizuje przykład obrony przekonania, iż wyrządzone innym dobro zawsze wraca do osoby, dzięki której zaistniało ono w świecie. Zasady tej broniła uczestniczka zajęć z etyki, wbrew opinii pozostałych osób z grupy zajęciowej. Odpowiedź na pytanie, czy studentka miała prawo żywić i głosić przekonanie, którego nie potrafiła uzasadnić, przedstawiona jest w kontekście stanowisk filozoficznych Williama K. Clifforda oraz Williama Jamesa. Autor opowiada się za rozwiązaniem tego drugiego: nie tylko mamy prawo żywić przekonania moralne, które przyjmujemy na wiarę, ale nawet nie możemy tego typu przeświadczeń uniknąć. Niektóre przekonania moralne, choć są niedowiedliwe, są warte zachowania, ponieważ mogą przyczyniać się do poprawy świata, w którym żyjemy.The main subject of the article is a question of non-cognitive value of moral beliefs. Author analyses an example of the defence of the hopeful moral belief (called “the principle of returning good”) presented by a student during the courses of ethics, and shows the problem of value of this belief in the light of philosophical statements of William K. Clifford and William James. Finally, the author supports the view of the latter and argues that there are beliefs that cannot be empirically verified, but at the same time they answer urgent moral questions that cannot be postponed because of their existential and moral importance. Although the student was not able to prove that “the principle of returning good” governs our moral life, she has a right to hold that belief
The Dramaturgy of Article 17 of the Code of Medical Ethics. An Axiological approach
No full textTekst prezentuje interpretację aksjologicznego tła artykułu 17. kodeksu etyki lekarskiej, w której wykorzystane są przede wszystkim elementy filozofii wartości Józefa Tischnera. Autor posługuje się pojęciami aksjologii, by opisać szczególną dynamikę deontologii zawartej w artykule dotyczącym sytuacji informowania pacjenta o niepomyślnych rokowaniach co do jego stanu zdrowia. Zamiast opisów powszednich sytuacji tego typu, czytelnik otrzymuje inspirowaną przede wszystkim filozofią Tischnera rekonstrukcję układu wartości i roszczeń, w którym znajduje się lekarz.The text presents an interpretation of the axiological background of Article 17 of the Polish Code of Medical Ethics. The interpretation uses elements of Józef Tischner’s philosophy of values. The author employs the concepts of axiology to describe the special dynamics of deontology contained in Article 17, which refers to the situation of informing the patient about an unfavorable prognosis regarding his health. Instead of descriptions of everyday situations of this type, the reader receives a reconstruction of the system of values and demands in which the doctor resides, inspired by Tischner’s philosophy
Primo Levi's "useless violence": extension of the notion
No full textArtykuł zawiera prezentację, analizę oraz interpretację pojęcia przemocy zbędnej, które pojawia się w piątej części książki Primo Leviego Pogrążeni i ocaleni. Levi podjął próbę uchwycenia przy pomocy tego pojęcia specyfiki przemocy stosowanej przez niemieckich nazistów. Sposób ujęcia fenomenu bezużytecznej przemocy przez tego autora zostaje rozszerzony o dodatkowe relacje świadków oraz ustalenia badaczy, którzy zajmują się sposobem funkcjonowania obozów koncentracyjnych oraz fenomenem nazistowskiego terroru. W ten sposób charakterystyka pewnej formy przemocy, którą wypracował autor, będący jednocześnie jej ofiarą, uzyskuje poparcie i szeroki komentarz.The article presents, analyzes, and interprets the concept of useless violence, which appears in the fifth part of Primo Levi's book "The Drowned And The Saved". Levi tries to capture the specificity of the violence used by the German Nazis with this concept. The author's approach to the phenomenon of useless violence is extended to include additional accounts by witnesses and the findings of researchers who deal with the functioning of concentration camps and the phenomenon of Nazi terror. In this way, the description of a certain form of violence developed by the author who is also a victim of it obtains support and broad commentary
Lekcja dyscypliny moralnej z Prymatu dobra przedstawiona na szarym tle
Get PDFThis article is devoted to the philosophy of morality presented by a British writer Iris Murdoch in her three texts from the 1960s, which make up the book The Sovereignty of Good. The author of the article recalls Murdoch’s proposal by presenting it against a certain social background. In his view, an environment of low public confidence and the conflict of systems of value (referred to in the title as “a gray background”) particularly highlights the merits of Murdoch’s normative ethics. Individual moral improvement in a situation of a crisis of confidence and in an atmosphere of hostility requires a combination of moral and cognitive effort. An integral part of moral work serving to improve the relationships with those towards whom we are reluctant should consist in a personal cognitive effort. Murdoch’s postulate for “looking with attention” seems to be nearly a recipe for the amendment of interpersonal relations in such conditions.Artykuł jest poświęcony filozofii moralności przedstawionej przez brytyjską pisarkę Iris Murdoch w trzech tekstach z lat 60., składających się na książkę Prymat dobra. Autor niniejszego opracowania przypomina propozycję Murdoch, umieszczając ją na pewnym tle społecznym. Jego zdaniem środowisko niskiego zaufania społecznego oraz konfliktu systemów wartości (określone w tytule jako „szare tło”) w sposób szczególny uwidacznia zalety etyki normatywnej Murdoch. Indywidualne doskonalenie się moralne, w sytuacji kryzysu zaufania i w atmosferze wrogości, wymaga łączenia wysiłku moralnego i poznawczego. Integralną częścią pracy moralnej, służącej poprawie stosunków z osobami, wobec których jesteśmy niechętni, powinien być osobisty wysiłek poznawczy. Głoszony przez Murdoch postulat „spojrzenia z uwagą” wydaje się niemal receptą na poprawę stosunków interpersonalnych w tych warunkach
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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