7,818 research outputs found
Segmented Filamentous Bacteria Induce Divergent Populations of Antigen-Specific CD4 T Cells in the Small Intestine
No full textCD4 T cells differentiate into ROR gamma t/IL-17A-expressing cells in the small intestine following colonization by segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). However, it remains unclear whether SFB-specific CD4 T cells can differentiate directly from naive precursors, and whether their effector differentiation is solely directed towards the Th17 lineage. In this study, we used adoptive T cell transfer experiments and showed that naive CD4 T cells can migrate to the small intestinal lamina propria (sLP) and differentiate into effector T cells that synthesize IL-17A in response to SFB colonization. Using single cell RT-PCR analysis, we showed that the progenies of SFB responding T cells are not uniform but composed of transcriptionally divergent populations including Th1, Th17 and follicular helper T cells. We further confirmed this finding using in vitro culture of SFB specific intestinal CD4 T cells in the presence of cognate antigens, which also generated heterogeneous population with similar features. Collectively, these findings indicate that a single species of intestinal bacteria can generate a divergent population of antigen-specific effector CD4 T cells, rather than it provides a cytokine milieu for the development of a particular effector T cell subset. C.The Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology. All rights reserved
Xinjiang (China), folk dancing of Uyghurs
No full textFolk-dance of UighursImage is part of research conducted by Chang Chih-Yi for the article: Land Utilization and Settlement Possibilities in Sinkiang
Author(s): Chang Chih-Yi
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Jan., 1949), pp. 57-75
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/211157http://www.jstor.org/stable/211157Grayscal
Dendritic cell expression of the signaling molecule TRAF6 is required for immune tolerance in the lungthe lung
No full textImmune tolerance in the lung is important for preventing hypersensitivity, such as allergic asthma. Maintenance of tolerance in the lung is established by coordinated activities of poorly understood cellular and molecular mechanisms, including participation of dendritic cells (DCs). We have previously identified DC expression of the signaling molecule TRAF6 as a non-redundant requirement for the maintenance of immune tolerance in the small intestine of mice. Because mucosal tissues share similarities in how they interact with exogenous antigens, we examined the role of DC-expressed TRAF6 in the lung. As with the intestine, we found that the absence TRAF6 expression by DCs led to spontaneous generation of Th2-associated immune responses and increased susceptibility to model antigen-induced asthma. To examine the role of commensal microbiota mice deficient in TRAF6 in DCs were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and/or re-derived on a germ-free (GF) background. Interestingly, we found that antibiotics-treated specific pathogen-free (SPF), but not GF, mice showed restored immune tolerance in the absence of DC-expressed TRAF6. We further found that antibiotics mediate microbiota-independent effects on lung T cells to promote immune tolerance in the lung. This work provides both a novel tool for studying immune tolerance in the lung, and an advance in our conceptual understanding of potentially common molecular mechanisms of immune tolerance in both the intestine and the lung.
© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf
of The Japanese Society for Immunology.111sciescopu
Unregulated antigen-presenting cell activation by T cells breaks self tolerance
No full textT cells proliferate vigorously following acute depletion of CD4+ Foxp3+ T regulatory cells [natural Tregs (nTregs)] and also when naive T cells are transferred to syngeneic, nTreg-deficient Rag1−/− hosts. Here, using mice raised in an antigen-free (AF) environment, we show that proliferation in these two situations is directed to self ligands rather than food or commensal antigens. In both situations, the absence of nTregs elevates B7 expression on host dendritic cells (DCs) and enables a small subset of naive CD4 T cells with high self affinity to respond overtly to host DCs: bidirectional T/DC interaction ensues, leading to progressive DC activation and reciprocal strong proliferation of T cells accompanied by peripheral Treg (pTreg) formation. Likewise, high-affinity CD4 T cells proliferate vigorously and form pTregs when cultured with autologous DCs in vitro in the absence of nTregs: this anti-self response is MHCII/peptide dependent and elicited by the raised level of B7 on cultured DCs. The data support a model in which self tolerance is imposed via modulation of CD28 signaling and explains the pathological effects of superagonistic CD28 antibodies. © 2019 National Academy of Sciences. All Rights Reserve
Microbiota-independent ameliorative effects of antibiotics on spontaneous Th2-associated pathology of the small intestine
No full textWe have previously generated a mouse model of spontaneous Th2-associated disease of the small intestine called TRAF6ΔDC, in which dendritic cell (DC)-intrinsic expression of the signaling mediator TRAF6 is ablated. Interestingly, broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment ameliorates TRAF6 ΔDC disease, implying a role for commensal microbiota in disease development. However, the relationship between the drug effects and commensal microbiota status remains to be formally demonstrated. To directly assess this relationship, we have now generated TRAF6 ΔDC bone marrow chimera mice under germ-free (GF) conditions lacking commensal microbiota, and found, unexpectedly, that Th2-associated disease is actually exacerbated in GF TRAF6 ΔDC mice compared to specific pathogen-free (SPF) TRAF6Δ DC mice. At the same time, broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment of GF TRAF6ΔDC mice has an ameliorative effect similar to that observed in antibiotics-treated SPF TRAF6Δ DC mice, implying a commensal microbiota-independent effect of broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. We further found that treatment of GF TRAF6ΔDC mice with broadspectrum antibiotics increases Foxp3 + Treg populations in lymphoid organs and the small intestine, pointing to a possible mechanism by which treatment may directly exert an immunomodulatory effect. To investigate links between the exacerbated phenotype of the small intestines of GF TRAF6ΔDC mice and local microbiota, we performed microbiotic profiling of the luminal contents specifically within the small intestines of diseased TRAF6ΔDC mice, and, when compared to co-housed control mice, found significantly increased total bacterial content characterized by specific increases in Firmicutes Lactobacillus species. These data suggest a protective effect of Firmicutes Lactobacillus against the spontaneous Th2-related inflammation of the small intestine of the TRAF6ΔDC model, and may represent a potential mechanism for related disease phenotypes1351sciescopu
Yi fen zi dong li mo ni yan jiu cha er tong yi gou mei de xuan ze xing
No full textTung, Chun Fai = 以分子動力模擬研究查耳酮異構酶的選擇性 / 董俊暉.Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-59).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 29, September, 2016).Tung, Chun Fai = Yi fen zi dong li mo ni yan jiu cha er tong yi gou mei de xuan ze xing / Dong Junhui
Zhongyi Li and Fenglian Yi Memoir
No full textBook - A memoir detailing the story of Zhongyi Li and Fenglian Yi in China (48 pages
Profesor Yi Lijun
No full textThe article presents Yi Lijun’s translation and academic activity. Yi Lijun is a professor at the Polish Philology Faculty at Beijing Foreign Studies University and a translator of Polish literature into Chinese. She began her scholarly pursuit in this area in 1962 after graduating a university in Poland. During 50 years of this work she educated close to 200 graduates of Polish Philology Faculty. An important contribution of Professor Lijun is promoting among Chinese readers the canon of Polish literature as well as some important contemporary works. Yi Lijun has translated into Chinese works of Mickiewicz, Sienkiewicz, Gombrowicz. She is also an author of numerous critical works concerning Polish literature. Professor Yi Lijun’s merits have been highly appreciated by Chinese and Polish governments.The article presents Yi Lijun’s translation and academic activity. Yi Lijun is a professor at the Polish Philology Faculty at Beijing Foreign Studies University and a translator of Polish literature into Chinese. She began her scholarly pursuit in this area in 1962 after graduating a university in Poland. During 50 years of this work she educated close to 200 graduates of Polish Philology Faculty. An important contribution of Professor Lijun is promoting among Chinese readers the canon of Polish literature as well as some important contemporary works. Yi Lijun has translated into Chinese works of Mickiewicz, Sienkiewicz, Gombrowicz. She is also an author of numerous critical works concerning Polish literature. Professor Yi Lijun’s merits have been highly appreciated by Chinese and Polish governments
Zao nian hui yi
No full textSelected paragraphs from 早年回憶 by 趙元任.1. Date of birth, 看月食, interest in astonomy.[趙元任].Live recording.Electronic reproduction from Rulan Chao Pian Audio Cassette Collection.Spoken in Chinese.[Zhao Yuanren].Selected paragraphs from Zao nian hui yi by Zhao Yuanren.Detailed contents in vernacular field only
A study on Yi-Hui's Ci poetry
No full textThe purpose of this thesis, which is based on Yi-Hui\ue2s Ci poetry \ue2Xie Chun Jing She Ci\ue2 and \ue2Nan Gu Qiao Chang\ue2 written by Yi-Hui (1799-1838), a royal member, during Jia Qing and Dao Guang period of Qing Dynasty, is to investigate the central idea and writing style of Yi-Hui\ue2s Ci.
The research is divided into following eight chapters.
Chapter one : Introducing and describing the motivation, purpose, scope and methods of the research, and reviewing Yi-Hui's Ci poetry.
Chapter two : Discussing author\ue2s writing motivation at each stage of life according to author\ue2s background.
Chapter three : Discussing the themes and content of \ue2Xie Chun Jing She Ci.\ue2
Chapter four : Discussing the themes and content of \ue2Nan Gu Qiao Chang.\ue2
Chapter five : Analyzing Yi-Hui and Gu Tai-Qing's Responsorial Ci poetry, and discussing the responsorial interaction between Yi-Hui and his wife, Gu Tai-Qing.
Chapter six : Discussing the idea and literary characteristics of Yi-Hui's Ci poetry, and the influence of Quanzhen Taoism and Buddhism on Yi-Hui and his literature.
Chapter seven : Investigating the writing style of Yi-Hui's Ci poetry.
Chapter eight : Concluding the key points of previous chapters and descripting the literature value and meaning of Yi-Hui's Ci poetry in the Qing Dynasty
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