1,722,272 research outputs found
A Predicate/State Transformer Semantics for Bayesian Learning
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Thoughts on the linguistic history of Curaçao: how Papiamentu got the better of Dutch
No full textPapiamentu has borrowed considerably from Dutch with up to 30% of the vocabulary having Dutch roots. However, an important and hitherto insufficiently addressed historical-and socio-linguistic question is why Dutch itself did not creolize on Curaçao or otherwise become the principal language of the island’s society at large, in spite of it being the principal European language on the island from start to present, and even though its presence there (from the 1630s onwards) predates that of Papiamentu (from the 1650s onwards). Most colonial languages in the Caribbean have had a vast, long lasting linguistic impact in their respective colonies, either ‘ producing’ creoles (e. g. English on Jamaica or French on Haiti) or otherwise becoming the main vehicle of communication (e. g. Spanish on Cuba). Not, though, on Curaçao. On this island, the language of all social classes and ethnicities is Papiamentu, a creole with an Iberian lexical base. The present article explores this issue which, in the literature, is also known as the ‘ Curaçao Paradox’.30% de son vocabulaire est d’origine néerlandaise. Cependant, une question historique et sociolinguistique qui a jusqu’à ce jour été relativement peu ou insuffisamment débatue est pourquoi le néerlandais lui-même ne s’est pas creolisé a Curaçao, ou au moins n’est pas devenu la langue principale de la société locale, quand bien même il a été la langue européenne principale sur l’île du début de son histoire coloniale jusqu’à aujourd’hui (dès les années 160) et sa présence est plus ancienne que celle du papiamentu (attesté dès les années 1650). La plupart des puissances coloniales européennes dans les Caraïbes eu un vaste et durable impact linguistique local, soit en produisant des créoles (e. g. l’anglais en Jamaïque ou le français à Haïti), ou autrement en devenant le principal biais de communication (e. g. l’espagnol à Cuba). Ce ne fut pas le cas à Curaçao. Sur cette île, la langue socialement et ethniquement la plus répandue est le papiamentu, un créole de base lexicale ibérienne. Le présent article tente de répondre à la question (le ‘ Paradoxe de Curaçao’) pourquoi la langue coloniale, le néerlandais, n’a pas été approprié par la population locale, et pourquoi, au lieu de cela, le papiamentu a pu prendre forme, se diffuser et consolider sa position sur l’île.Op Aruba, Bonaire en Curaçao is het Papiaments, een op het Spaans en Portugees gebaseerde creooltaal, de taal van het grootste deel van de bevolking, ongeacht sociale klasse. Maarliefst 30% van de Papiamentse woordenschat is weliswaar aan het Nederlands ontleend, tegelijk moet men zich echter de historische en sociolinguistische vraag stellen hoe het Papiaments zich zo sterk heeft kunnen manifesteren en waarom het Nederlands zelf op Curaçao geen sterkere impact heeft gehad. Het Nederlands was immers de taal van de kolonisatoren en werd op het eiland eerder gesproken (vanaf 1634) dan het Papiaments (vanaf de tweede helft van de 17e eeuw). Bij wijze van contrast : het Engels, Frans en Spaans hebben een veel dieper gaande, langdurigere impact gehad in ‘ hun’ respectievelijke kolonies in het Caribisch gebied, en hetzij in gecreoliseerde vorm (denk maar aan het Jamaican Creole op Jamaica, het Haitian Creole op Haiti) of in onveranderde vorm aan de locale bevolking overge dragen (bv. het Spaans op Cuba). Zo niet op Curaçao. In dit artikel onderzoeken we deze kwestie, die in de literatuur ook wel de ‘ Curaçaosche Paradox’ wordt genoemd.Jacobs Bart. Thoughts on the linguistic history of Curaçao: how Papiamentu got the better of Dutch. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 91, fasc. 3, 2013. Langues et littératures modernes Moderne taal en lettrekunde. pp. 787-806
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Expectation Monad in Quantum Foundations
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Causal Inference by String Diagram Surgery
No full textExtracting causal relationships from observed correlations is a growing area in probabilistic reasoning, originating with the seminal work of Pearl and others from the early 1990s. This paper develops a new, categorically oriented view based on a clear distinction between syntax (string diagrams) and semantics (stochastic matrices), connected via interpretations as structure-preserving functors. A key notion in the identification of causal effects is that of an intervention, whereby a variable is forcefully set to a particular value independent of any prior dependencies. We represent the effect of such an intervention as an endofunctor which performs ‘string diagram surgery’ within the syntactic category of string diagrams. This diagram surgery in turn yields a new, interventional distribution via the interpretation functor. While in general there is no way to compute interventional distributions purely from observed data, we show that this is possible in certain special cases using a calculational tool called comb disintegration. We showcase this technique on a well-known example, predicting the causal effect of smoking on cancer in the presence of a confounding common cause. We then conclude by showing that this technique provides simple sufficient conditions for computing interventions which apply to a wide variety of situations considered in the causal inference literature
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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