220,110 research outputs found
Bradford's Muslim communities and the reproduction and representation of Islam
No full textThis thesis studies the creation of Bradford's Muslim communities, in particular the impact of migration on Islamic identity. To this end it begins by mapping the contours of Islamic expression in South Asia, especially the development of distinct maslak, discrete schools
of Islamic thought and practice. These were, in part, a response to the imposition of British imperialism in India. The settlers from South Asia also came from a variety of areas, with their own histories, regional languages and cultures. The ethos and character of Islam, which is shared by different sects, is studied unselfconsciously at work in the establishment of Muslim communities in Bradford, generating separate residential zones and a network of
businesses and institutions, religious and cultural, developed to service their specific needs. The leadership, resources and ethos which the different maslak could draw on, and the institutions they created to reproduce the Islamic tradition in the city are explored and the extent to which these connect with the new cultural and
linguistic world of young British Muslims. Attention is then focused on the education, status, functions and influence of the 'ulama, critical carriers of the Islamic tradition in this new context. The role of the Bradford Council for Mosques is examined both as a bearer
of the Islamic impulse to unity, transcending the regional,
linguistic and sectarian differences, and as an emerging authority, locally and nationally. The study concludes by exploring the challenges facing Muslims - youth, gender, intellectual tradition, and da'wa, invitation to Islam - as British expressions of Islam struggle to birth
Der Islam im Westen - der Westen im Islam / Peter Graf (Hg.)
No full textDer vorliegende Band umfasst vor allem Beiträge, die auf der Internationalen Fachkonferenz "Der Islam im Westen, der Westen im Islam" vom 28.10.-1.11.2002 an der Universität Osnabrück gehalten wurden.Positionen zur religiös-ethischen Erziehung von Muslimen1 Illustratio
Islam and the New Political Landscape: Faith Communities, Political Participation and Social Change
No full textIn this paper we consider the forms of democratic participation that revolve around issues of religious faith and Islam. The context of such work is one in which a concern with the levels of participation in the political institutions of Western Europe and North America feature prominently in both journalistic and academic debate. The paper speaks to debates that are concerned with the efficacy of specific forms of participation. In doing so we argue that we need to think carefully about the forms of social action that constitute participation in the democratic process. We also need to think precisely about definitions of the political with which people engage. If we take the political as a domain in which the ethical settlement of society is contestable the sorts of mobilisation around faith communities that this paper describes are clearly a form of political participation. Yet the paper argues that the reasons many become involved in these forms of social organisation in contemporary East London is precisely because they are seen as less complicit with mainstream political institutions of the British state
Conversion of African Americans to Islam : a sociological analysis of the Nation of Islam and associated groups
No full text'Conversion of African Americans to Islam: A Sociological Analysis of the Nation of
Islam Associated groups' is an empirical study of the religious experience of people
who had/have distinctive features in terms of race, ethnicity and historical experience.
The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how African Americans' (AAs) conversion
experience in general, and the Nation of Islam associated groups' conversion in
particular, differ from the studies of recruitment and conversion in the sociology of
religion and New Religion Movements (NRMs). More specifically, their recruitment
and conversion experiences to Islam diverge from those who converted to mainstream
Islam. The study investigates how AAs' historical experience, soci-economic
difficulties and the racism they encountered shaped and influenced their religious
understanding.
Research methods involved participant observations, a survey questionnaire, interviews,
conversations, personal communications and correspondence. To collect ethnographic
data eleven months field research was conducted mainly in the Chicago area and on two
short visits to Detroit, and three years continued communications with Muslim officials
and academics in the area. During the field research and afterwards through personal
communication 181 survey questionnaire responses were received, and 23 Muslim
officials, academics and ordinary Muslims were interviewed through semi-structured,
unstructured interviews, conversation and correspondence.
The thesis begins with a brief history of Islam and Muslims in general and the African
American Muslims (AAMs) in particular. More emphasis is given on the historical
development of the Nation of Islam (NOl). Then in Chapter III, discussions of schisms
in the history of the NOT are examined from sociological perspectives of social and
religious movements. In Chapter IV I aimed to formulate my own perspective to
analyse and study the conversion experiences of AAMs to Islam. I used a multivariate
approach, considering selectively widely held conversion and recruitment theories in the
sociology of the religion. I consider in Chapter V the predisposing conditions for AAMs
that influence their decision-making to join in the NOT, for example, political and
nationalistic sentiments and socio-economic deprivations. In Chapter VI I have applied
different terms to describe their religious experiences, such as conversion, alteration and
reversion. I have analysed further their encounters with the NOT, the methods of
recruitment they used and their major motives for joining the NOT and converting to
Tslam. In the concluding chapters (Chapter VII VTTT) I describe the different responses
of AAMS to Islam following the death of Elijah Muhammad. It is found out that the
Islamic appeal has polarised. While Farakhan's NOT appeared to continue the tradition
and style of the old NOI with the emphasis on nationalistic and socio-economic factors,
Tmam W. D. Mohammed's community turned more to the religious and spiritual aspects
of Tslam. These different approaches led to a polarisation of the appeal of Tslam to
AAMS.
This thesis contributes to knowledge in four key areas; the sociology of religion and
religious movements, the sociology of social and nationalistic movements, religious and
Islamic studies
Islam in Iberia or Iberian Islam: sociobioarchaeology and the analysis of Emerging Islamic Identity in Early Medieval Iberia
No full textThis research aims to demonstrate how archaeology can contribute to the analysis of religion and religious change. By viewing religion as a social construct, that takes meaning within its own context, the analysis of material culture provides an opportunity to look at long term religious change. This is because while religion strongly influences material culture, it is also reproduced by it. In particular, the body is critical in recreating and negotiating ideology due to physical conformity to religious ideals, which actively constructs identity. As bone adapts to reflect the physical strain placed on it during life, the analysis of changes in activity-related skeletal modifications provides a mechanism for assessing whether religious identity, and therefore ideology, changed and adapted over time. When combined with other evidence from material culture and historic sources, this social-cultural approach explores the development of religion and its role as a structuring principle, but also how it is influenced by other social, political and historic factors.This was demonstrated through the analysis of physical activity patterns from skeletal material from early Medieval Islamic Iberia (al-Andalus) AD 711- 1200, a region that underwent rapid social change with the emergence of Islam into a previously Christian state. Islam, as a historicx religion, has well established religious traditions. A comparison of ideal behaviour and actual behaviour, as evidenced through activity patterns, was carried out in order to analyse the impact of other social factors on identity in the region. In particular, this thesis focused on whether ideals surrounding gender division and prayer were adhered to in al-Andalus. Entheseal changes, osteoarthritis, non-pathological particular modifications and bone morphology data from Islamic and pre-Islamic individuals from the Islamic cemetery at Écija, Sevilla, and the pre-Islamic basilica at Cortijo de Coracho, Córdoba were compared. A distinct hange in activity patterns occurred with the emergence of Islam. A greater gendered division of labour was identified in the Islamic group, as well as possible evidence for the adoption of ritual prayer and reduced female mobility. The emergence of an Islamic identity was supported by clear trends in burial data and historic sources. Diachronic analysis of Islamic data implied that adherence to Islamic tradition appeared to strengthen over time. Overall, this research appeared to support historical documentation which suggests an orthodox Islamic identity in Iberia. To understand the emergence of an orthodox Islamic Iberian entity, important social and political factors were considered. Firstly, proximity to Christianity meant the observance of Islamic tradition was important for creating a distinction between ‘us’ (Muslims) and ‘them’ Christians. This became more important later when religious tensions increased in Iberia, where the Christian north organised into a credible threat to the Islamic South, but also in the east, with the initiation of the crusades. Secondly, the arrival and staunch Caliphal support of Maliki law, which has strong emphasis on Qur’anic rituals. Thirdly, Écija, is close to Córdoba, the capital of al-Andalus, and traditions could have spread easily from Córdoba along well stablished trade routes. This research therefore demonstrated that Islamic identity, and therefore Islam in Iberia was a product of the interpretation of tradition in a particular context, thus demonstrating the unique nature of Iberian Islam
ISLAMISASI NEGARA MALAYSIA DALAM KONTEKS GAGASAN ISLAMISASI ILMU SYED MUHAMMAD NAQUIB AL-‘ATTAS: SATU TINJAUAN
No full textIslamisasi ilmu adalah cetus idea yang dikemukakan oleh Prof. Syed Naquib Al-Attas sekitar awal 80-an dan kemudian kembangkan oleh seorang tokoh lagi iaitu Ismail R. al-Faruqi. Tetapi Islamisasi telah berlaku sejak dari awal kedatangan Islam ke alam Melayu secara berperingkat. Menurut al-Attas proses Islamisasi mestilah bermula dengan Islamisasi ilmu. Sehubungan dengan itu, kertas kerja ini melatari perkembangan sejarah Islamisasi sejak awal pra kemerdekaan sehingga kini mengikut konteks gagasan Islamisasi yang diperkenalkan oleh al-Attas. Kertas kerja ini juga melakukan beberapa tinjauan mengenai impak dan cabaran yang berlaku ketika berlakunya proses Islamisasi ini. Tinjauan juga mendapati, Islamisasi belum dapat disempurnakan disebabkan beberapa kekangan tetapi peranan pelbagai pihak khususnya pemerintah Melayu Islam mewujudkan ruang untuk agama Islam terus berkembang di Malaysia tanpa menolak proses modenisasi dan menjadikan islam sebagai teras pembangunan
Political Instrumentalisation of Islam, Persistent Autocracies, and Obscurantist Deadlock
No full textThe empirical literature has established a strong link between the fact of being a Muslim-dominated country and indicators of political performance and democracy. This suggests the possible existence of a relation between religion, Islam in this instance, and societal characteristics. Bernard Lewis and others have actually argued the case for such a relation, pointing to aspects of the Islamic religion and culture that make the advent of democracy especially difficult. These arguments fall into the general idea of the Clash of civilisations put forward by Samuel Huntington. In this paper, we discuss this sort of argument and show that there is a systematic misconception about the true nature of the relationship between Islam and politics: far from being merged into the religious realm, politics tends to dominate religion. Because of the particular characteristics of Is-lam, namely, the lack of a centralised religious authority structure and the great variability of interpretations of the Islamic law, there is a risk of an obscurantist deadlock in the form of a vicious process whereby both the ruler and his political opponents try to outbid each other by using the religious idiom. This risk looms particularly large in crisis situations accentuated by international factors.
Sejarah peradaban islam indonesia
No full textBuku ini membahas tentang sejarah peradaban islam indonesia yang didalamnya berisi tentang masuknya islam ke indonesia, perkembangan politik islam indonesia, perkembangan seni budaya islam indonesia, "Islam diindonesia merupakan salah satu dari tujuh cabang peradaban islam didunia setelah peradaban islam arab, islam persi, islam turki, islam afrika hitam, islam anak benua india, dan islam cina".xvi, 332 hlm. ; 21 c
KONSEP ISLAM DAN IMAN Analisis Pemikiran Inklusivisme Muhammad Shahru>r
No full textThe basic question being answered in this paper is how to construct inclusiveness thinking of Muhammad Shahrur about Islam and Iman (faith) he explores from the Quran? And what are the implications of such thinking. From his depth studies of the Quran, Shahrur believes that salvation doesn't only belong to one religion or the salvation of Muslims alone but it can also be found in a religion other than Islam. Anyone who surrenders to God believes in the Day of Judgment and doing a good deed, according to Shahrur, referred to as Muslims. It does not distinguish who he was and comes from what kind of formal religion. That is the conclusion found from his thoughts about religious attitudes.
Pertanyaan mendasar yang hendak dijawab dalam tulisan ini adalah bagaimana konstruk pemikiran inklusivisme Muh}ammad Shah}ru>r tentang Islam dan iman yang dieksplorasinya dari al-Quran? Dan apa implikasi dari pemikirannya tersebut. Dari kajianya yang mendalam terhadap al-Quran, Shah}ru>r berkeyakinan bahwa keselamatan tidak hanya milik satu agama atau orang Islam saja tetapi keselamatan itu bisa pula ditemukan di dalam agama selain Islam. Siapa saja yang pasrah kepada Tuhan beriman kepada hari akhir, dan beramal saleh, menurut Shah}ru>r, disebut sebagai seorang Muslim. Ia tidak membedakan siapa orang itu dan berasal dari agama formal apa, demikian kesimpulan yang ditemukan dari buah pikirannya tentang sikap keberagamaan
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