1,721,041 research outputs found

    Ainda tem solução: uma proposta semântica

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    Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-graduação em LinguísticaEsta dissertação se insere no estudo da semântica das línguas naturais, sob a vertente formalista de condições de verdade, e objetiva, com isso, uma semântica para o item lexical ainda. De início, as suspeitas, baseadas nos estudos de Ilari (1987) e Mendes de Souza et al (2007), eram de que o ainda temporal seria um item de polaridade negativa, o que vem a corroborar com os estudos para a língua inglesa de Israel (1996) and Ladusaw (2002, [1980]), os quais consideram o yet um item de polaridade negativa. Inicialmente, porém, distinguimos os usos do ainda em temporal, discursivo e conjuntivo, com enfoque no uso temporal, e, assim, descobrimos que a contra-expectativa é comum a todos eles. Por meio de testes com acionalidades variadas e nos diversos tempos verbais, concluímos que o ainda só não ocorria com a interpretação temporal em contextos perfectivos, por isso a hipótese de ele ser um item de polaridade negativa foi descartada. A restrição, portanto, parecia ser contextos imperfectivos. Porém, percebemos que a leitura temporal em contextos perfectivos reaparece com o acréscimo de adjuntos de tempo, conforme a fundamentação teórica baseada em momento de evento, momento de referência e momento de fala de Reichenbach (1947 apud ILARI, 1997). Para a análise semântica, utilizamos os textos que tratam dos termos em alemão noch (still) e schon (already), de Löbner (1989; 1999) e Auwera (1993), ambos discutem a hipótese da dualidade. Transpostos aos dados do PB, assumimos com Löbner que o ainda dispara uma pressuposição de um estado positivo anterior a te (momento de evento) e contribui para as condições de verdade porque acrescenta a necessidade de uma mudança. Por fim, mostramos que as diferentes expectativas, que denominamos contra-expectativas, são uma implicatura. The area of research of this dissertation is the semantic of natural languages, on a formalist approach of truth conditions, and it aims a semantic aspect to lexical item ainda. At first, the hypothesis, based on Ilari (1987) and Mendes de Souza et al (2007) was that the temporal ainda would be a negative polarity item; idea which corroborates to the English language's studies of Israel (1996) and Ladusaw (2002, [1980]), whom have considered the yet a negative polarity item. At first, however, we distinguished and classified the uses ainda, in temporal, discursive and conjunctive, focusing on the temporal one. Then, we have concluded that the contra-expectation appears in all of them. Tests with varied aktionsart, in different verbal tenses, showed that 'ainda' does not occur only through temporal interpretation in perfective contexts; because of this, the initial hypotheses was dismissed, and the restriction would seem to be the imperfective contexts. But, we perceive that the temporal reading in perfective contexts reappears with the addition of time adjuncts, following the theoretical discussion based on the moment of event, moment of reference and moment of speech from Reichenbach (1947 apud Ilari, 1997). For the semantic analysis we use the texts of Löbner (1989; 1999) and Auwera (1993) which investigate the Germanic terms 'noch' (still) e 'schon' (already); both authors discuss the hypothesis of duality. When we moved the data to the PB, we assumed the Löbner's idea, which says that ainda triggers a presupposition of a positive previous state to te (moment of event), and contributes for the truth conditions, because it adds the necessity of change. Finally, we showed that the different expectations, which we named contra-expectations, are implication

    Vide bulário eletrônico: a interpretação dos modalizadores em corpus de textos on-line de bulas de medicamentos brasileiras

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    Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística.Esta tese é o resultado de uma proposta de pesquisa que visa caracterizar a modalização, por meio do estudo de modalizadores, em textos on-line de bulas de medicamentos brasileiras. Além disso, fazer com que o leitor perceba que a iniciativa de estudar a modalização nas bulas está relacionada ao fato de a modalização ser uma das características fortes deste tipo textual, bem como que ela sofre influência da legislação que regula este tipo textual. Deste modo, nosso foco principal é a caracterização dos textos de bula de medicamento, com a modalização e a padronização vinculadas explicitamente a esta caracterização como marcas de destaque. O estudo se baseia, principalmente, na especificação dos itens lexicais típicos, distintivos ou mais característicos deste tipo textual, explicitando, desta maneira, de que modo a linguagem das bulas difere da de outros tipos textuais. Esta explicitação de diferenças requer a comparação do corpus de estudo com um corpus de referência. O corpus de estudo é constituído de 415 textos de bulas de medicamentos brasileiras, contendo 2.288.993 tokens em português direcionado aos pacientes e aos profissionais da saúde. A metodologia usada no estudo faz uso de princípios da Lingüística de Corpus, Lingüística Computacional e Estatística. A comparação de corpus de estudo com o corpus de referência depende da identificação de diferenças estatisticamente significativas na freqüência relativa dos itens lexicais, determinando, assim, quais itens são palavras-chave dentro das bulas de medicamentos brasileiras. Apesar de ter considerado que nos textos das bulas de medicamentos haveria, apenas, casos de modalidade deôntica, os resultados demonstraram que há ocorrência também da modalidade epistêmica. Outro ponto que pode ser evidenciado após a análise é que a legislação brasileira influencia na elaboração deste tipo de texto e, conseqüentemente, no tipo de modalidade ali existente, seja ela deôntica ou epistêmica. As normas impostas por esta legislação permitem que as bulas sejam caracterizadas pela presença de grandes grupos de palavras adjacentes

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Variations on the Author

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    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship

    Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis

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    We provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis

    Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts

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    We conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more sophisticated methods

    Author Index

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    koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist

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    We have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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