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    Vindkraftens skyggesider - Tiltak mot overskuddsflytting og skjult eierskap

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    Vindkraft er en stor og voksende næringssektor i Norge, og er utpekt som viktig for å lykkes med grønn omstilling. Samtidig er næringen svært kontroversiell og preget av mistillit mellom utbyggere og lokalsamfunn flere steder. Det er derfor særlig viktig at gevinstene fra kraftproduksjonen kommer fellesskapet til gode og at det er åpenhet om ansvarsforhold. I denne rapporten kartlegger vi hvem som egentlig eier og finansierer norske vindkraftverk, og vi anslår risikoen for at overskudd flyttes ut av Norge. Vi har funnet høy grad av skatteparadisinnslag i vindkraftkonsernene, og utbredt bruk av metoder som er velkjent innen aggressiv skatteplanlegging. Samlet anslår vi risikoen for overskuddsflytting i norsk vindkraftsektor som svært høy. Rapporten viser at 40 prosent (16 stk) av norske vindkraftverk i drift, eies eller finansieres gjennom skatteparadis. Disse skatteparadisene (Luxembourg, Caymanøyene, Sveits og Nederland) er på topp 10-listene til Financial Secrecy Index og Corporate Tax Haven Index – som rangerer verdens mest skadelige skatteparadis. Andelen av vindkraftproduksjonen som eies eller finansieres fra skatteparadis er 42 prosent. 1. Sammendrag Rapporten inneholder en oversikt over vindkraftverk i drift i Norge, med deres bakenforliggende eiere. Rapporten viser at de utenlandskeide vindkraftverkene har 42 % høyere finanskostnader, som inkluderer betaling av renter, per lånte krone enn de norskeide. Skattefradrag fra oppblåste rentebetalinger er en velkjent metode for aggressiv skatteplanlegging. Vi har derfor i to casestudier kartlagt konsekvensene for skattebetaling til Norge ved bruk av slik tung gjeldsfinansiering. Casene omfatter to av de største eierselskapene i norsk vindkraft i dag. Case 1 omhandler et Caymanregistrert fond etablert av det amerikanske BlackRock – verdens største kapitalforvalter. Case 2 omhandler Hyfe Holding GmbH, et tysk holdingsselskap knyttet til det tyske kapitalforvaltningsselskapet Luxcara. I begge tilfeller finner vi at eier- og finansieringsstrukturene gir potensielt store skattemessige fordeler for eiere og investorer. Det var også umulig å finne full informasjon om bakenforliggende investorer grunnet lite åpenhet i skatteparadisene.Vindkraftens skyggesider - Tiltak mot overskuddsflytting og skjult eierskappublishedVersio

    Aggressiv skatteplanlegging : en analyse av utvalgte multinasjonale og nasjonale selskaper, samt løsninger knyttet til problematikken

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    Masterutredningen vår belyser aggressiv skatteplanlegging i multinasjonale foretak. Aggressiv skatteplanlegging innebærer at selskap benytter ulike metoder for å redusere sin skattebyrde. Utredningen svarer på hvordan multinasjonale selskap bruker ulike virkemidler til sin fordel og om det er noen tegn på aggressiv skatteplanlegging hos de utvalgte multinasjonale selskapene innenfor sportsklær- og tekstilbransjen, med spesielt fokus på sammenligning opp mot Nike konsernet. Vi vil også se om noen av selskapene er noe mer aggressive enn andre i sin skatteplanleggingspolitikk. Med utgangspunkt i dette drøfter vi til slutt ulike løsninger for å begrense muligheten til aggressiv skatteplanlegging hos multinasjonale selskap

    Aggressive tax planning : an analysis of selected multinational and national companies, and solutions related to the problem

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    Masterutredningen vår belyser aggressiv skatteplanlegging i multinasjonale foretak. Aggressiv skatteplanlegging innebærer at selskap benytter ulike metoder for å redusere sin skattebyrde. Utredningen svarer på hvordan multinasjonale selskap bruker ulike virkemidler til sin fordel og om det er noen tegn på aggressiv skatteplanlegging hos de utvalgte multinasjonale selskapene innenfor sportsklær- og tekstilbransjen, med spesielt fokus på sammenligning opp mot Nike konsernet. Vi vil også se om noen av selskapene er noe mer aggressive enn andre i sin skatteplanleggingspolitikk. Med utgangspunkt i dette drøfter vi til slutt ulike løsninger for å begrense muligheten til aggressiv skatteplanlegging hos multinasjonale selskap.This thesis highlights aggressive tax planning in multinational corporations. Aggressive tax planning is when a company uses different strategies to reduce their tax burden. We will explore how multinational companies use different tools to their advantage and whether there is evidence of aggressive tax planning by the selected multinational companies in the sportswear and textile industry, with a particular focus on comparison with the Nike Group. We will also assess whether some companies are somewhat more aggressive than others in their tax planning policy. Based on this, we will finally discuss various solutions to limit the possibility of aggressive tax planning in multinational companies.M-Ø

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Regulating Risk : A study of Basel II and the Copernican turn to financial regulation

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    The great financial crisis of 2007-2012 has brought the topic of financial regulation to the fore, both for policy makers and for social scientists. This thesis examined the Basel II framework for banking regulation, a framework generally acknowledged to have been extremely beneficial to especially the larger, international banks. The conventional answer to studies of Basel II is therefore to see it as a classic example of regulatory capture. This answer is sought nuanced in this study, which has a particular emphasis on the new ideas about financial risk management that came to be shared by both practitioners in the financial sector and their regulators. This study traced these new ideas from their academic origins, via their transformation into broader risk management practices in the sector, and to their influence on regulatory policy aimed at securing systemic stability. Once these ideas about risk were shared by regulators, the financial sector was able to use them strategically in their lobbying efforts, which in this case took a different form, as sector representatives gained access to policy making as “experts” on risk management rather than as a party with vested interests in the policy outcome. The initial sharing of ideas was therefore a prerequisite for the subsequent “capture”

    Variations on the Author

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    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship

    Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis

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    We provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis

    Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts

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    We conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more sophisticated methods

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