219 research outputs found
Development of Anthelmintic Resistance Detection Methods of Gastrointestinal Nematodes on Livestock
No full textThe intensive usage of anthelmintic in most of farms led to resistances of livestock gastrointestinal nematodes against anthelmintic. Many reports of resistance that increased every year happen following the continuing helminth control programmes. The succesful implementation of helminth control programmes that designed to minimize the development of resistance in nematode populations depends on the availability of effective and sensitive method for its detection and monitoring. A variety of in vivo and in vitro tests have been developed for detecting nematode population resistance to the main anthelmintic groups. This paper will discuss the development of detection method of anthelmintic resistance based on conventional and molecular approach according to their strengths and weakness. Key words: Anthelmintic resistance, detection method, conventional, molecular, nematod
Mutation detection on isotype-1 β tubulin genes of Haemonchus contortus resistant strain to benzimidazole using single strand conformation polymorphism
No full textEvidence of anthelmintic resistance of Haemonchus contortus to benzimidazole groups based on Larval development assay (LDA) and Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) test has been reported in some areas in Indonesia. Studies on sheep parasite H. contortus have shown that resistance to benzimidazole drugs is correlated with selection for individuals in the population possesing a spesific isotype-1 β tubulin gene. The aim of this study was to determine mutation on central part of isotype-1 β tubulin gene of benzimidazole resistant strain H. contortus using Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP). H. contortus worms were isolated from four sheep from two government farms that resistance to benzimidazole have been occurred (SPTD Trijaya, Kuningan, West Java and UPTD Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan, Bantul, Yogyakarta) and one sheep that susceptible from Cicurug, Bogor, West Java as a kontrol. Resistance status to benzimidazole was reexamined individually with LDA and FECRT before sheep slaughtered. DNA was extracted from female H. contortus worms. A fragment of 520 bp isotype- 1 β tubulin gene was amplified using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then analyze using SSCP. The results showed that there were polymorphism in isotype-1 β tubulin gene among H. contortus susceptible (Cicurug, Bogor, Jawa Barat) and two H. contortus resistant strains from SPTD Trijaya, Kuningan, West Java and UPTD Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Mutation occurred in the different nucleotide of the two resistant strain. Key Words: Haemonchus contortus, Benzimidazole, Isotype-1 β tubulin gene, SSC
ASPEK SOSIAL NOVEL DUA CINTA NEGERI SAKURA KARYA IRENE DYAH
No full textAbstractNovel Dua Cinta Negeri Sakura is one of the novels by Irene Dyah. This novel by Irene Dyah does not only tell about romance but an interesting social point of view. What are the values of the social aspects contained in the novel Dua Cinta Negeri Sakura and how do the readers influence society from the social aspects in the novel Dua Cinta Negeri Sakura. The aim is to describe the influence of the social aspects of the novel on the reader. In this study, researchers used descriptive qualitative methods. Then, the technique used by the author is literature study technique. Any data that has been recorded in the form of a page number sentence and the paragraph number listed. The data resulting from this study are in the form of a big picture of several sentences that contain social aspects. Then, describe the influence of the social aspects of the sentence on the reader. The results of this study, the aspects contained in the novel Dua Cinta Negeri Sakura by Irene Dyah, namely the values of religion, culture, morals, education, economy, social environment. Then, the effect obtained on these values can influence it not only in theory, but the reader will apply it in real life or to the surrounding community
DINASTI GIRINDRAWARDHANA DYAH RANAWIJAYA DALAM KAJIAN PRASASTI PETAK TAHUN 1486 M.
No full textThe aims of this study are: 1) to analyze the Girindrawardhana Dyah Ranawijaya dynasty from several inscriptions from the late Majapahit period; 2) How is the relationship between the Girindrawardhana Dyah Ranawijaya dynasty and the previous kings of Majapahit. The main sources used are inscriptions such as the Petak Inscription, the Trailokyapuri (Jiyu) I Inscription, the Trailokyapuri (Jiyu) II Inscription, and the Trailokyapuri (Jiyu) III Inscription. The primary source obtained by the author is observational data in the field, namely Dusun Hamlet, Petak Village, Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency. The results of the study reject the notion that the figure of Girindrawardhana Dyah Ranawijaya is the new ruler of the Majapahit kingdom from the new dynasty - the Girindrawardhana Dynasty - in the late Majapahit period. But the later kings of Majapahit used the title name Girindrawardhana which means "Successor of Girindra". They are still descendants of the previous Majapahit kings. Thus, in the Majapahit Kingdom there was only one ruling dynasty, namely the Girindra Dynasty (Girindrawansa) or the Rajasa Dynasty (Rajawansa) which was founded by Sri Rangah Rajasa Bhattara San Amurwwabhumi alias Ken Arok. Later Majapahit kings adopted a name with a title Girindrawarddhana which means "successor of Girindra".
Keywords: End of Majapahit Period, Girindrawardhana, Petak Inscription
Methods of Detection Anthelmintic Resistance in Sheep and Goats
No full textAnthelmintic resistance to gastrointestinal nematode of sheep and goats has been reported world wide to all of broad spectrum anthelmintic types currently available, such as benzimidazoles, levamizole and ivermectin. In South-East Asia anthelmintic resistance to small ruminants was reported in Malaysia, Thailand and Philippines. In Indonesia resistances to albendazole have been reported from sheep farm in Bogor. With regard to resistance cases, early detection for anthelmintic resistance on sheeps and goats to spesific types of anthelmintic that commonlly used are required to plan rationale strategic control program. Detection methods for anthelmintic resistance are Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and Larval Development Assay (LDA). LDA is an in vitro assay to detect anthelmintic resistant in the major of gastrointestinal nematodes on sheep and goats that have just been introduced in Indonesia. This paper explains the comparison of three detection methods and goodness of LDA compared with other two methods. Key words: Anthelmintic resistance, sheep, goat, Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), Egg Hatch Assay (EHA), LarvalDevelopment Assay (LDA
Studi Kadar Glukosa Darah Mencit yang Diinfeksi Trypanosoma evansi dengan Daya Virulensi yang Berbeda
No full textTrypanosoma evansi merupakan protozoa haemoflagella yang menginfestasi hewan ternak sebagai penyebab Surra. Untuk memelihara kelangsungan hidupnya, Trypanosoma tergantung pada suplai glukosa yang cukup dari darah inangnya. Glukosa digunakan oleh Trypanosoma dalam proses metabolisme dan pergerakan. Sejauh ini, studi tentang perbedaan kadar glukosa darah dari ternak yang diinfestasi Trypanosoma dengan daya virulensi yang berbeda (virulensi tinggi dan rendah) belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh infestasi T. evansi yang berbeda virulensinya pada hewan model (mencit) terhadap tingkat parasitemia dan kadar glukosa darahnya. Sebanyak 36 ekor mencit DDY jantan digunakan pada penelitian ini, yaitu enam ekor untuk perbanyakan T. evansi dan 30 ekor untuk perlakuan yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok dengan ulangan 10 ekor mencit/perlakuan, yaitu perlakuan 0 (P 0) adalah kelompok kontrol; perlakuan I (PI) adalah kelompok mencit yang diinfeksi T. evansi berdaya virulensi tinggi (isolat Bangkalan = B 87) dan perlakuan II adalah kelompok mencit yang diinfeksi T. evansi berdaya virulensi rendah (isolat Pemalang = P 287). Pengamatan kematian hewan coba dilakukan setiap hari, sedangkan tingkat parasitemia diamati setiap dua hari dan kadar glukosa diamati setiap empat hari. Kadar glukosa diukur menggunakan strip test glukosa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mencit kelompok PI menunjukkan penurunan kadar glukosa darah pada hari keempat pascainfeksi pada saat tingkat parasitemia mencapai puncak di dalam darah. Kematian serentak (100%) terjadi pada hari kelima pascainfeksi. Sebaliknya, meskipun tingkat parasitema mencapai puncak pada hari keenam pascainfeksi, tetapi kadar glukosa darah pada mencit kelompok PII masih dalam kategori normal. Penurunan kadar glukosa darah terjadi pada hari ke-16. Kematian mencit terjadi secara berhatap, dimulai pada hari kesepuluh (10%), hari ke-12 (30%) dan hari ke-18 (100%). Hasil studi ini mendukung data uji patogenitas kedua isolat tersebut yang telah dilaporkan sebelumnya
Analisis Sekuen Gen Tubulin-β Isotipe 1 Cacing Haemonchus contortus Isolat Resisten terhadap Benzimidazole pada Domba di Indonesia
No full text<p>Benzimidazole (BZ)<br />resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants<br />(sheep and goat) has become a significant problem worldwide.<br />Evidences of anthelmintic resistance to albendazole in<br />Indonesia has been reported from some government owned<br />farms in West Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta. Previous<br />study on the sheep parasite H. contortus had shown that the<br />BZ resistance was related to selection for individuals in a<br />population possesing a spesific β-tubulin isotype 1 gene. The<br />study is aimed to determine mutation on coding region of<br />central part of β-tubulin isotype 1 gene of H. contortus resistant<br />strain from Indonesia. Seven H. contortus worms were<br />isolated from four BZ resistant sheep from two government<br />farms (SPTD Trijaya, Kuningan, West Java, and UPTD<br />Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan, Bantul, Yogyakarta), and from<br />a BZ susceptible sheep from Cicurug, Sukabumi, West Java.<br />DNA was extracted individually from female H. contortus<br />worms. A fragment of 520 bp β-tubulin isotype 1 gene exon<br />3, 4, 5 was amplified using the PCR technique and then<br />sequenced. The results showed that a single mutation<br />occurred in codon 200 (from phenilalanine to tyrosine) had<br />caused benzimidazole resistance in H. contortus from SPTD<br />Trijaya, Kuningan, West Java. Mutation in β-tubulin isotype 1<br />gene of H. contortus from UPTD Pelayanan Kesehatan<br />Hewan, Yogyakarta, occurred in codon 198 (from glutamate<br />to glycine), codon 201 (from cystein to stop codon), and<br />codon 202 (from isoleucyne to stop codon).</p></jats:p
Detection of Brugia malayi microfilaria/Larvae in mosquito using Polimerase Chain Reaction.
No full textLymphathic filariasis that is also known as elepanthiasis is caused by infestation of 3 species nematode Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. In Indonesia 70% filariasis case caused by Brugia malayi. Mosquito species from genus Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Mansonia and Armigeres are known as vector of this disease. Microfilaria detection on mosquito is one methode to know infection rate in vector population in endemic area.The objectives of the research were to study the ability of Hha1 repeat applicable to detect microfilaria/larvae in a pool of mosquitoes and to get description of adult mosquito night biting population lived in endemic area of filariasis brugian. Mosquito as positive control used in this research come from laboratory of parasitology of FKUI. Mosquito sample from the field was from Binawara and Kolam Kiri villages, South Kalimantan province. Mosquito were trapped then identified by its species. DNA of mosquitoes was extracted and then run by the PCR using Hha 1 repeat primer. Result of the research indicated that adult mosquitoes night biting from Binawara village consist of Culex, Mansonia, Anopheles genus and from Kolam Kiri village only from Mansonia genus. Hha 1 repeat primer is applicable to detect 1 mosquito infected with microfilaria/larvae in a pool of negative mosquitoes. Mosquito samplesfrom the two villages showing negative PCR. Key Words: Filariasis, Brugia Malayi, Vector, Microfilaria, Filaria Larve, PC
Analisis sekuen gen ubulin Beta isotipe-1 cacing Haemonchus contortus isolat resisten terhadap Benzimidazole pada domba di Indonesia
No full textSequence variability of the β Tubulin isotype-1 genes in benzimidazole resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus, a nematode parasite of sheep
No full textResistance to benzimidazole at a population of gastrointestinal nematode, especially Haemonchus contortus is a widespread problem. Therefore, anthelmintic will not effective anymore. Benzimidazole resistance in nematode has been shown to be heritable and defined as an increase in frequency of individual worms able to drug tolerate. In Indonesia resistance to anthelmintic albendazole has been reported on sheep in district of Bogor, Kuningan, Kendal and province of Yogyakarta. Molecular mechanism of resistance to benzimidazole on nematode and fungi related to single gene which code ß tubulin. The aim of this research is to determine a genetics variability of isotype-1 ß tubulin genes from Indonesian strain of H. contortus which resistant to benzimidazole. Sequencing were carried out at a 520 bp fragment of the isotipe-1 ß tubulin gene of six H. contortus resistant strain from four sheep from SPTD Trijaya farm, district of Kuningan, West Java; UPTD Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan farm, district of Bantul, Yogyakarta respectively. One H. contortus susceptible strains as a control come from farmer from Cicurug, district of Sukabumi, West Java. Results indicated that there are genetics variability of fragment isotype-1 ß tubulin genes from H. contortus from UPTD Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan farm, Bantul, Yogyakarta (H1, H2, and C2). There are no genetics variability in the fragment gene of H. contortus resistant strain from SPTD Trijaya farm, Kuningan, West Java (Kn1, Kn2 and K1). Genetic variability occur between 2 isolate from different location. Key Words: Haemonchus contortus, Benzimidazole, Isotype 1 β-tubulin Gene, Sequencin
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