37 research outputs found
Calicnemia fortis Dow, Zia, Naeem & Rafi, 2014, sp. nov.
No full textCalicnemia fortis sp. nov. (Figs. 1 – 7) Type material. Holotype: ♂ (ODO/ZYG/ 217), Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Noseri, 11 v 2005, leg. S. A. Zia, deposited in the National Insect Museum, Islamabad, Pakistan. Paratype: ♂ (ODO/ZYG/ 218), data as holotype. Etymology. The species is named fortis, an adjective, meaning robust, referring to the strong build and relatively large size of the species. Description of holotype male. Head: labium dark brown. Labrum black, clypeus black except for 2 small pale, widely separated spots on postclypeus. Mandible bases black. Genae dark brown adjacent to mandible bases, elsewhere dark with irregular pale markings. An indistinct pale area at junction of frons and clypeus, frons otherwise matte black, vertex and occiput same, antennae with scape and pedicel black with brown sections at top, flagellum missing. Ocelli yellowish. Thorax (Fig. 1): Prothorax matte black with grey pruinesence covering most of propleuron, anterior lobe of pronotum and lateral anterior part of middle lobe. Synthorax matte black except for a narrow irregular yellowish stripe on metepisternum, broadest near legs where extending slightly onto mesepimeron, running above and over spiracle, tapering toward but not reaching antealar carina. A broad, irregular yellow stripe occupies much of metepimeron. Legs with coxae pale with obscure dark areas anteriorly and laterally, otherwise mostly dark brown and black with sparse grey pruinosity on trochanters and femora. Wings (Figs. 2 – 3) with 5 postquadrangular cells in Fw, 4 in Hw. 18 Px in Fw, 16 (left) and 15 (right) Px in Hw. Pt pale, covering ca 2 underlying cells, approximately rhombic, but with costal side a little shorter than anal side. Abdomen: S 1 black dorsally, laterally mostly yellow. S 2 mostly black with obscure rusty red markings in apical two thirds. S 3 – 6 red, darkening with each successive segment, black behind posterior carina dorsally and in upper part laterally. S 7 dark red dorsally except at apical extremity, same colour lower laterally, with a poorly defined black stripe between, except in basal ca one-fifth. S 8 black with obscure dark red markings lower laterally and in basal half dorsally. S 9 black except for apical red lower lateral mark. S 10 black. Genital ligula (Fig. 4) typical for group 2 Calicnemia, terminal segment with two broad apical lobes, almost square at ends. Anal appendages of typical form for the genus, as shown in Figs. 5–7 with interior ventral tooth located basally on cercus, bifurcated terminally. Measurements (mm): Abdomen without anal appendages 37, paraprocts ca 1.5; Hw 28.5. Female. Unknown. Variation in paratype male. The paratype male (Fig. 8) does not differ from the holotype in any significant way except that two full length pruinose antehumeral stripes are present, and there is more extensive pruinosity on the prothorax and laterally on the synthorax. Additionally abdominal S 1 – 2 are largely pruinose grey. Measurements (mm): Abdomen without anal appendages 35; Hw 28.5; 18 Px in Fw, 14 (right) or 16 (left) Px in Hw. Diagnosis. A robust group 2 Calicnemia with synthorax black with yellow lateral marks and abdomen with S 2 – 7 wholly or partly red. Separated from all other species of group 2 of Calicnemia except C. hasik Wilson & Reels, 2003, C. mortoni (Laidlaw, 1917), C. nipalica Kimmins, 1958, C. pulverulans (Selys, 1886) and C. rectangulata Laidlaw, 1932 by the black mesepisternum lacking antehumeral markings or with only pruinose blue antehumeral markings. Distinguished from C. pulverulans by the entirely black abdomen and the more rounded ends of the lobes of the terminal segment of the ligula of that species. Distinguished from C. hasik by more extensive red colouration on the abdomen, broader lobes of the terminal segment of the ligula and shorter tooth on the cercus in lateral view. C. rectangulata differs in the extent of the red markings in the abdomen and in having a much larger tooth on the cercus, very prominent in lateral view. C. nipalica has the terminal segment of the ligula deeply divided. C. mortoni has a longer but less broad tooth on the cercus and the terminal segment of the ligula deeply divided. Remarks. In his PhD thesis (Zia 2010) the second author gave this species a name, Indocnemis ahmedi, and presented a (composite) description, but also issued a disclaimer, citing article 8.2 of the International code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 2012), to the effect that “description of new species i.e. Indocnemis ahmedi provided in this dissertation is not issued for public and permanent scientific record or for purposes of zoological nomenclature”. The name ahmedi is therefore not available; in any case it would not have been available because no holotype was designated (article 16.4.1). Calicnemis fortis was found flying within tall grassy vegetation around an open spring which runs into a fast flowing stream. Calicnemia eximia was common at the same site. Unfortunately following the devastating earthquake in October 2005 the spring at the type locality dried up, and the species has not been relocated in that area despite repeated searches by the second author in the following three years. However, Zia (2010) lists two additional males from a location in North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. These specimens have not been seen by the first author and in the view of the second author might represent a different species, because they differ quite substantially in colouration and some other characters as well; therefore they are left out of consideration here. The species should be searched for not just in neighbouring regions of Pakistan, but also in the neighbouring Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. In life the markings on the abdomen were pinkish red, becoming darker on S 6–7; in the holotype they have faded considerably with preservation. The colour of the paratype male (Fig. 8) is better preserved than that of the holotype, as is the extensive pruinosity on the thorax and abdominal S 1–2. In the holotype there is no indication of any antehumeral markings, but pruinose antehumeral stripes are present in the paratype. Possibly, as is the case in males of some other Calicnemia species, e.g. C. soccifera Yu & Chen, 2013, yellow antehumeral markings are present in immature individuals but later these markings become completely pruinose (Yu & Chen 2013). In the case of C. fortis, possibly the underlying marking fades completely, leading to the condition now seen in the holotype. Calicnemia fortis comes closest to C. pulverulans, from which it differs principally in the colour of the abdomen and details of the genital ligula. Calicnemia pulverulans has been recorded as far west as the Nanda Devi Bisophere Reserve in Uttar Pradesh, India (Kumar 1997), but this is more than 600 km from the type locality of C. fortis. Differences from C. pulverulans and other species most closely resembling the available material of C. fortis are given in the diagnosis. Considering the remaining species in group 2 of Calicnemia, C. fortis males are easily separated from those of C. chaseni (Laidlaw in Campion & Laidlaw, 1928), C. miles (Laidlaw, 1917), C. miniata (Selys, 1886), C. chaoi Wilson, 2004, and C. zhuae Zhang & Yang, 2008, which have bright red or orange antehumeral stripes as well as differences in the anal appendages and genital ligula; uniquely in the genus C. chaoi possesses amber wings (Wilson 2004). Of three Chinese species with males possessing yellow or pruinosed antehumeral stripes: C. gulinensis Yu & Bu, 2008, C. porcata Yu & Bu, 2008 and C. soccifera, C. soccifera has the terminal segment of the genital ligula with much narrower lobes and legs with a red or yellow femur contrasting with a black tibia. Calicnemia gulinensis has an orange abdomen and far more extensive pale markings on labrum and clypeus and C. porcata differs in the colouration of the head, details of the tooth on the cercus and in the ligula, which bears a distinctive ridge centrally on the terminal segment, and has the lobes almost square ended. This leaves two species that have not been placed in either of Lieftinck’s groups within Calicnemia; these are dealt with below. The species group to which C. uenoi Asahina, 1997, from Vietnam belongs is unclear because Asahina provided no illustration of the ligula. Asahina (1997: 22) stated that C. uenoi is “One of the typical Calicnemia species...”, but judging from the illustrations it seems atypical in the form of the tooth on the cercus, a narrow median spine rather than the robust tooth, normally with a bifid tip, and typically placed more basally, that is usual in Calicnemia. The type series of C. uenoi was deposited in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan, but at the present time it cannot be located (Akihiko Sasamoto and Takuya Kiyoshi, personal communication). However, in the collection of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RMNH), Leiden, there is a male labelled as C. uenoi from the area of the type locality, donated from the collection of Matti Hämäläinen and originally collected by Haruki Karube. It is difficult to reconcile the anal appendages of the RMNH specimen with Asahina’s illustrations, and this specimen seems close to C. hasik. When describing C. hasik, Wilson & Reels (2003: 266) commented on Asahina’s description of C. uenoi and, understandably, concluded that their species was distinct; the RMNH specimen suggests that further study of this matter is needed. It is to be hoped that the type series of C. uenoi will become available in the near future. In any case, C. uenoi as illustrated by Asahina is clearly distinguished from C. fortis by the form and position of the tooth on the cercus, and C. hasik and the RMNH specimen differ from C. fortis in the details of the ligula, anal appendages and colouration. Calicnemia sudhaae Mitra, 1994, known from Mizoram in northeast India and which is said (Mitra 2002) to resemble C. pulverulans, does not appear to have been assigned to either species group within Calicnemia. This species is illustrated in Mitra (2002: figs. 54-56) where the ligula appears to have ribbon-like flagellae, an impression confirmed by the text “flagella one pair, long ribbon like with pointed apex” (Mitra 2002: 56). Therefore C. sudhaae belongs to group 1 of Calicnemia and need not be considered further here. The large size and long wing length of this species partly accounts for the high count of postquadrangular cells in C. fortis, a character that Fraser (1933), following Laidlaw (1917), used to separate Calicnemia from Indocnemis Laidlaw, 1917. Recent authors have seldom or never given counts of the postquadrangular cells in their descriptions of Calicnemia species, but the illustration of the Hw of C. chaoi shows 4 postquadrangular cells (Wilson 2004: 429, fig. 21). Lieftinck (1977: 20, 22) stated that C. miniata males from northern India and Nepal examined have 3 – 4 postquadrangular cells and that even the holotype male of C miles has 3 – 3 - 1 / 2 postquadrangular cells. In fact the wing photograph of C. pulverulans in Laidlaw (1917: plate XV, fig. 3), the same publication where Indocnemis was described and where the count of postquadrangular cells was first used to distinguish Calicnemia from Indocnemis, shows almost 4 postquadrangular cells in the left Fw. It is to be hoped that these examples will finally lay to rest the idea that the count of postquadrangular cells is a character of value for distinguishing Calicnemia from related genera. With the addition of C. fortis, Calicnemia consists of 22 named species, unless C. pyrrhosoma Lieftinck, 1984 is recognised; this name persists on some world Odonata checklists although it was established as a junior synonym of C. doonensis Sangal & Tyagi, 1984 by Hämäläinen (1989). Yu & Bu (2008) commented on the extent of variability of markings with age and possibly location in C. sinensis Lieftinck, 1984, and geographical variation in markings may occur in other species, so that caution is needed in separating species based entirely on colour patterns. However, structural differences in ligula and caudal appendages are also often subtle, rendering Calicnemia a difficult genus to work on. As noted by Yu & Chen (2013), some of the Chinese species “seem to be closely related, and more detailed studies are needed to clarify their true relationships”; we can only extend this statement to the whole genus.Published as part of Dow, Rory A., Zia, Ahmed, Naeem, Muhammad & Rafi, Muhammad Ather, 2014, Calicnemia fortis sp. nov. from Pakistan (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae), pp. 338-342 in Zootaxa 3869 (3) on pages 338-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3869.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/22935
VRBagged-Net: Ensemble Based Deep Learning Model for Disaster Event Classification
No full textA flood is an overflow of water that swamps dry land. The gravest effects of flooding are the loss of human life and economic losses. An early warning of these events can be very effective in minimizing the losses. Social media websites such as Twitter and Facebook are quite effective in the efficient dissemination of information pertinent to any emergency. Users on these social networking sites share both textual and rich content images and videos. The Multimedia Evaluation Benchmark (MediaEval) offers challenges in the form of shared tasks to develop and evaluate new algorithms, approaches and technologies for explorations and exploitations of multimedia in decision making for real time problems. Since 2015, the MediaEval has been running a shared task of predicting several aspects of flooding and through these shared tasks, many improvements have been observed. In this paper, the classification framework VRBagged-Net is proposed and implemented for flood classification. The framework utilizes the deep learning models Visual Geometry Group (VGG) and Residual Network (ResNet), along with the technique of Bootstrap aggregating (Bagging). Various disaster-based datasets were selected for the validation of the VRBagged-Net framework. All the datasets belong to the MediaEval Benchmark Workshop, this includes Disaster Image Retrieval from Social Media (DIRSM), Flood Classification for Social Multimedia (FCSM) and Image based News Topic Disambiguation (INTD). VRBagged-Net performed encouraging well in all these datasets with slightly different but relevant tasks. It produces Mean Average Precision at different levels of 98.12, and Average Precision at 480 of 93.64 on DIRSM. On the FCSM dataset, it produces an F1 score of 90.58. Moreover, the framework has been applied on the dataset of Image-Based News Topic Disambiguation (INTD), and exceeds the previous best result by producing an F1 evaluation of 93.76. The VRBagged-Net with a slight modification also ranked first in the flood-related Multimedia Task at the MediaEval Workshop 2020
METODE DIFFERENT OPTIMIZATION DAN MODI DALAM MENENTUKAN SOLUSI OPTIMAL PADA MASALAH TRANSPORTASI
No full textMasalah transportasi adalah bagian dari riset operasi yang membahas tentang
meminimumkan biaya pengiriman dari beberapa sumber ke beberapa tempat tujuan dengan
alokasi distribusi barang yang paling efektif. Dalam mendistribusikan suatu barang atau
produk ke berbagai tempat, yakni perlu memperhatikan pengalokasikan barang agar biaya
transportasi yang dikeluarkan dapat seminimal mungkin. Pada skripsi ini, dibahas tentang
pencarian solusi optimal pada masalah transportasi seimbang dan tidak seimbang dengan
Metode Different Optimization yang diusulkan oleh Muhammad Hanif dan Farzana Sultana
Rafi. Metode Different Optimization dapat digunakan untuk mecari solusi optimal pada
masalah transportasi jika dan hanya jika − − ≥ 0 untuk = 0. Dalam perhitungan
simulasi numerik dengan menggunakan Metode Different Optimization diperoleh Rp
1.529.600. Dilakukan uji optimalitas dengan menggunakan Metode MODI didapatkan solusi
yang optimal sebesar Rp 1.529.600. Berdasarkan perhitungan tersebut, Metode Different
Optimization dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai metode
alternatif lain untuk mencari solusi optimal pada masalah transportasi
Extracting patterns from Global Terrorist Dataset (GTD) Using Co-Clustering approach
No full textGlobal Terrorist Dataset (GTD) is a vast collection of terrorist activities reported around the globe. The terrorism database incorporates more than 27,000 terrorism incidents from 1968 to 2014. Every record has spatial data, a period stamp, and a few different fields (e.g. strategies, weapon sorts, targets and wounds). There were few earlier studies to find interesting patterns from this textual gamut of data. The author believes that GTD has numerous interesting patterns still hidden and the full potential of this resource is still to be divulged. In this Independent Study, the author tries to investigate the GTD through co-clustering method for pattern discovery. Author has extracted textual data from GTD as per motivation to cluster the data in space and time simultaneously, through co-clustering. Co-clustering has become an important and powerful tool for data mining. By using co-clustering, bilateral data can be analysed by describing the connections between two different entities. There are many applications in the real world that can extensively benefits from this approach of co-clustering, such as market basket analysis and recommendation system. In this study, the effectiveness of co[1]clustering model will be described by performing experiment on database of global terrorist events
STUDI PEMIKIRAN M.QURAISH SHIHAB TENTANG POLIGAMI DALAM KITAB TAFSIR AL MISBAH
No full textPIZA RAFI ZIKFAN(2024) : STUDI PEMIKIRAN M.QURAISH SHIHAB TENTANG POLIGAMI
DALAM KITAB TAFSIR AL MISBAH
Penulisan skripsi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya perkembangan tafsir Al-Qur‟an
akan senantiasa berkorespondensi (sesuai) dengan perkembangan realitas yang
melestarikannnya. Dari masa ke masa selalu ada pembaharuan efistemologis
dalam kajian tersebut, mulai dari fase normatif sampai dengan munculnya fase
reformatif. Dalam hal ini, keterkaitan antara penafsir sebagai pengarang (author)
di satu sisi, dengan teks yang menjadi buah karyanya. Terjadinya perbedaan
dalam penafsiran biasanya disebabkan beragamnya metode dan hal yang
mempengaruhi penafsir dalam penafsirannya. Berangkat dari sini, penulis ingin
menjelaskan pemikiran M. Quraish Shihab dalam Tafsirnya Kitab Al-Misbah
bahwa Poligami bukanlah hal yang bisa kita lakukan seperti di zaman rasulullah
SAW, karena Poligami pad masa nabi muhammad SAW bertujuan mengurangi
konflik, seperti menikahi janda yang ditinggal suami ketika perang yang terdapat
padanya anak yatim khawatir akan terlantarnya anak yatim, sementara pada
zaman sekarang jika poligami memicu konflik antara para istri-istri, anak-anak
seperti terputusnya silaturahmi dan lain-lain. meski hukum poligami itu boleh,
atau sunnah sebagaimana kita melaksanakan sunnah Nabi Muhammad SAW.
Akan tetapi poligami hanyalah pilihan terakhir (pintu darurat) karena tidak
tercapainya tujuan dari pernikahan, yang terdapat pada KHI, seperti istri tidak bisa
digauli karena sakit, istri tidak bisa memberi keturunan dan beberapa penyebabpenyebab lainnya yangmenjadi penghalangan terhadap tercapainya tujuan dari
pernikahan/perkawinan. Hasil Penelitian ini adalah bahwa Quraish Shihab dalam
Tafsirnya AlMisbah menjelaskan bahwa hukum poligami mubah (boleh) tetapi
boleh Ketika darurat, bukan kebolehan yang bisa dilakukan dengan semena-mena.
Seperti yang dikutip dari Qur‟an surat An-Nisa ayat 3 yaitu: Dan jika kamu takut
tidak akan dapat berlaku adil terhadap (hak-hak) perempuan yang yatim (bilamana
kamu mengawininya), maka kawinilah wanita-wanita (lain) yang kamu senangi:
dua, tiga atau empat. Kemudian jika kamu takut tidak akan dapat berlaku adil,
maka (kawinilah) seorang saja, atau budak-budak yang kamu miliki, Yang
demikian itu adalah lebih dekat kepada tidak berbuat aniaya. Itu menjelaskan
bahwa adanya kebolehan dalam berpoligami tapi dengan syarat yang ditentukan.
Dan pada ayat itu juga disebutkan bahwa jika kamu takut tidak akan dapat berlaku
adil maka kawinilah seorang saja, ini menjelaskan bahwa hakikatnya manusia
tidak ada yang sanggup untuk berlaku adil walaupun mereka berniat untuk
melakukannya, maka diberikan pilihan agar mereka hanya menikahi satu wanita
saja yang itu lebih baik.
Kata Kunci: Poligami, Quraish Shihab, Tafsir Al-Misbah
PROSES PENYELESAIAN PERKARA PERBUATAN MELAWAN HUKUM AKIBAT TINDAKAN PROVOKASI DAN INTIMIDASI MEMPOSISIKAN SEBAGAI AHLI WARIS DALAM PENGADILAN TINGGI PERKARA NOMOR 426/PDT/2023/PT SBY
No full textIn this Final Assignment the author raises the issue of CASE SETTLEMENT PROCESS UNLAWFUL ACTIONS RESULTING FROM ACTIONS PROVOCATION AND INTIMIDATION POSITIONING AS HEIRS IN THE HIGH COURT CASE NUMBER 426/PDT/2023/PT SBY. The choice of this theme was motivated by the actions of the plaintiff who still objected and claimed that he had received acts of provocation and intimidation from the defendant so that he had to go to the appeal level. The aim of raising this issue is to find out the process of resolving the implementation of the unlawful act case which was appealed under Number 426/PDT/2023/PT SBY at the Surabaya High Court. The research method used is a normative juridical research type and a socio-legal approach method. The result of this research is that the Plaintiff submitted an appeal because the Plaintiff did not accept or still objected to the Decision from the Malang District Court Number 43/Pdt.G/2023/PN Mlg which was an interim decision. The discussion is that the Surabaya High Court confirmed, maintained and strengthened the Decision of the Malang District Court Number 43/Pdt/G/2023/PN Mlg dated 16 May 2023 because it was an interim decision which granted the defendant's exception regarding the authority to judge or absolute competence. The High Court accepted the appeal, but it is clear that if the decision is an interim decision, the application will not be granted in the high court's decision. The author's suggestion is that in the process of resolving this case, the Plaintiff (his attorney) should first look at the origin of this problem. , considering that there is an inheritance problem that has not been resolved but filed a lawsuit at the Malang District Court. The issue regarding heirs should be resolved first in the Religious Court, but if you feel that the court's decision is inadequate, you can file another lawsuit in the Malang District Court
Optimasi Proses Pemurnian Nira Dengan Metode Klarifikasi pada Sentra Pengrajin Gula Merah Tebu Desa Dukuh dan Slumbung Kabupaten Kediri
No full textSentra Pengrajin Gula Merah di Desa Dukuh dan Slumbung, Kecamatan Ngadiluwih, Kabupaten Kediri telah menjadi bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari kehidupan masyarakat sejak 1970-an. Dengan partisipasi aktif masyarakat, sentra ini menciptakan inklusi sosial dan mempertahankan tradisi produksi turun-temurun. Meskipun industri ini memberikan lapangan kerja baru dan menghasilkan 2-3 ton gula merah per hari, kualitas produk masih belum memenuhi standar dengan kadar impurities mencapai 5,6%. Masalah tersebut disebabkan oleh proses pemisahan nira yang tidak optimal menggunakan screen filter. Untuk meningkatkan pemurnian nira, penambahan clarifier dilakukan. Metode yang digunakan melibatkan studi literatur, identifikasi masalah, perhitungan neraca massa, energi, dan ekonomi pada proses produksi yang ada, serta perbandingan dengan proses produksi yang dimodifikasi dengan clarifier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan clarifier dengan flokulan sangat efektif dalam menurunkan kadar impurities hingga 0,05%. Kombinasi dengan press filter
menggunakan kain filter 5 mikron membantu menyaring impurities secara maksimal. Selain itu, proses modifikasi juga mengurangi beban pemasakan, energi yang dibutuhkan, dan limbah cair. Hasil produksi juga meningkat menjadi 868.650 kg/tahun. Selain itu, mampu menurunkan beban energi pemasakan. Secara ekonomi, modifikasi ini menguntungkan perusahaan dengan menurunkan nilai Potongan Operasional Tetap (POT) dan Break Even Point (BEP).
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The Brown Sugar Producers Centers in Dukuh and Slumbung Villages, Ngadiluwih District, Kediri Regency have become an integral part of people's lives since the 1970s. With the active participation of the community, this center creates social inclusion and maintains production traditions that have been passed down from generation to generation. Even though this industry provides new jobs and produces 2-3 tons of brown sugar per day, product quality still does not meet standards with impurities reaching 5.6%. This problem is caused by the process of separating the sugarcane juice which is not optimal using a screen filter. To increase the purification of the sugarcane juice, the addition of a clarifier was carried out. The method used involves literature study, problem identification, calculation of mass, energy, and economic balances in existing production processes, as well as comparisons with production
processes modified with a clarifier. The results showed that the addition of clarifier with flocculants was very effective in reducing impurities up to 0.05%. The combination with a press filter using a 5 micron filter cloth helps filter impurities to the maximum. In addition, the modification process also reduces the cooking load, energy required, and liquid waste. Production also increased to 868,650 kg/year. In addition, it is able to reduce the cooking energy load. Economically, this modification benefits the company by reducing the value of the Fixed Operational Cut and Break Even Point (BEP)
Muhammad Nejatullah Siddiqui. Issues in Islamic Banking: Selected Papers, Leicester: The Islamic Foundation. 1983 , I 52pp.Author and Subject Indexes.
No full textThe book under review is a compilation of the author's
articles and lectures that highlight the prominent developments in the
literature on the subject of Islamic banking and inform the reader of
the current state of debate on it. One of the earliest and main
contributors to this topic is the author himself. The focus of this
review will mainly be on "Economics of Profit-Sharing", which is the
title of the fourth chapter of the book and is among his latest
contributions. This chapter is a significant contribution as it is the
first attempt to formalise the concept of profit sharing into an
analytical model and, therefore, demands closer scrutiny. However, in
the remaining chapters of the book, the author has drawn attention to
some of the fine points made in the literature on this topic. Since some
of these points appear to be controversial to me, I will briefly discuss
them before moving on to the analytical chapter of the book
