1,720,963 research outputs found
Atypical Integration of Sensory-to-Transmodal Functional Systems Mediates Symptom Severity in Autism
Get PDFA notable characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is co-occurring deficits in low-level sensory processing and high-order social interaction. While there is evidence indicating detrimental cascading effects of sensory anomalies on the high-order cognitive functions in ASD, the exact pathological mechanism underlying their atypical functional interaction across the cortical hierarchy has not been systematically investigated. To address this gap, here we assessed the functional organisation of sensory and motor areas in ASD, and their relationship with subcortical and high-order trandmodal systems. In a resting-state fMRI data of 107 ASD and 113 neurotypical individuals, we applied advanced connectopic mapping to probe functional organization of primary sensory/motor areas, together with targeted seed-based intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) analyses. In ASD, the connectopic mapping revealed topological anomalies (i.e., excessively more segregated iFC) in the motor and visual areas, the former of which patterns showed association with the symptom severity of restricted and repetitive behaviors. Moreover, the seed-based analysis found diverging patterns of ASD-related connectopathies: decreased iFCs within the sensory/motor areas but increased iFCs between sensory and subcortical structures. While decreased iFCs were also found within the higher-order functional systems, the overall proportion of this anomaly tends to increase along the level of cortical hierarchy, suggesting more dysconnectivity in the higher-order functional networks. Finally, we demonstrated that the association between low-level sensory/motor iFCs and clinical symptoms in ASD was mediated by the high-order transmodal systems, suggesting pathogenic functional interactions along the cortical hierarchy. Findings were largely replicated in the independent dataset. These results highlight that atypical integration of sensory-to-high-order systems contributes to the complex ASD symptomatology
Investigation of Amygdalar Structural Characteristics According to Gender and Empathizing Tendency
Get PDF학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 협동과정뇌과학전공, 2014. 8. 최석우.서론: 공감(empathy)은 타인의 감정, 생각을 이해하는 능력이며 일상적인 사회생활 유지에 필수적이다. 공감 경향의 정도는 남성과 여성 간의 차이가 있으며 이는 뇌 내 신경학적 수준의 성별 차이에서 기인하는 것으로 제시되어 왔다. 뇌 내 편도체의 경우 공감과 관련한 주요한 역할을 수행하는 것으로 연구되어 왔으나 공감 경향과 편도체의 세부핵 수준에서의 구조적 관계를 밝히고자 하는 연구는 없었다. 이에 편도체 표면 기반 형태 분석을 이용하여 뇌 내 생물학적 성별 차이를 고려한 편도체의 세부핵 내의 구조적 특성과 공감 경향 간의 관계를 연구하였다.
방법: 만 20-60세의 정상 성인 97명(남성 50명, 여성 47명)을 대상으로 인구학적, 임상적 정보를 얻고 고해상도의 뇌 자기공명영상 자료를 획득하였다. 획득한 뇌 자기공명영상 자료 중 T1 강조영상(T1-weighted image)에서 편도체를 자동 구획하고 편도체 표면 기반 형태 분석 방법론을 이용하여 평균 3차원 편도체 모형 기준의 피험자 개별의 편도체를 조정 후 편도체의 반경을 구하고 형태 분석을 수행하였다. 편도체 세부핵은 확률맵으로 구획하여 세부핵 별 구조적 비율을 계산하였다. 연구 대상자에게 공감지수 척도와 체계화지수 척도의 한국어 번안 질문지를 제공하여 검사를 수행하였고 체계화지수 변환값에서 공감지수 변환값을 뺀 D 점수를 계산하여, 편도체 형태와의 관계를 분석하였다. 해당 분석은 남성 군, 여성 군으로 성별을 나누어 수행하였다.
결과: 여성 군 내에서 D 점수와 우측 편도체 내 측기저핵 영역의 클러스터에서 유의미한 부적 상관관계가 나타났다(corrected P < 0.05, cluster size = 28). 남성 군 내에서는 D 점수와 양측 편도체 내의 유의미한 상관관계를 갖는 클러스터 영역은 나타나지 않았다. 우측 편도체 측기저핵 영역 일부에서 연구 대상자 전체의 성별과 D 점수 간의 유의미한 부적 상호작용이 있는 것으로 나타났다(corrected P < 0.05, cluster size = 46).
결론: 여성 군 내의 우측 편도체 측기저핵 영역의 클러스터 반경과 공감 경향이 정적 상관관계를 보였고 남성 군 내에서는 유의미한 결과가 없었다. 또한 해당 부위는 성별과 공감 경향 정도 간의 상호작용이 있었다. 성 공감 경향과 연계된 편도체 측기저핵의 구조적 특성은 성 호르몬 등의 성 특이성의 영향을 받음을 시사한다. 편도체 표면 기반 형태 분석을 통한 본 연구 결과는 공감 경향 관련 편도체 세부핵 단위의 분석이 구조적, 기능적 연구에서의 활용이 의미가 있음을 시사하며, 성별 차이를 고려한 뇌 자기공명영상 연구의 필요를 강조하였다.Introduction: Empathy is defined as the ability to understand another persons emotions and thoughts, and it is essential in maintaining ordinary social life. Men and women differ in the extent of the empathizing tendency, which has been suggested to be due to sex differences in the brain at a neurological level. Although there have been many studies indicating the crucial role of the amygdala in empathy, no studies have been conducted thus far on the structural relationship between the subregions of the amygdala and the empathizing tendency. Thus, the present study examined the structural properties of the amygdalar subregions and their relationship with the empathizing tendency, by using amygdalar surface-based shape analysis in consideration of sex differences.
Methods: Demographic and clinical information as well as high-resolution brain magnetic resonance (MR) images were collected from 97 healthy adults (50 men, 47 women) aged between 20 and 60 years. Using the obtained T1-weighted MR images, the amygdala was automatically segmented. Amygdalar surface-based shape analysis was performed to adjust each participant's amygdala based on the average three-dimensional amygdala model. Subsequently, the radii of each participant's amygdala were measured. The amygdalar subregions were segmented by the probabilistic map and the ratio of each amygdalar nuclear compartment was calculated. The association between the radii of the amygdala and the D scores, which were obtained by subtracting the conversion values of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) scores from those of the Systemizing Quotient (SQ) scores, was assessed to analyze the relationship between the shape of the amygdala and the D scores. The analyses for men and women were performed separately.
Results: In women, a significant negative correlation was found between the D scores and the cluster located at the basolateral subregion of the amygdala (corrected P < 0.05, cluster size = 28). However, in men, no such correlation was observed between the D scores and the clusters in the amygdala. Moreover, there were significant negative interactions between sex and D scores in some of the basolateral subregion of the right amygdala (corrected P < 0.05, cluster size = 46).
Conclusion: There was a positive correlation in women between the radius of the cluster at the basolateral subregion of the right amygdala and the empathizing tendency, whereas no such correlation was found in men. Also, significant interactions of sex and the empathizing tendency were observed in the identified region. The structural properties of the amygdalar basolateral subregion associated with the sex-related empathizing tendency may be the result of sex-specific factors such as sex hormones. The present results from the amygdalar surface-based shape analysis suggests that the analysis of the amygdala at a subregional level in relation to the empathizing tendency may be useful in structural and functional brain research, and that there is a need for future brain imaging studies on the sex-specific differences of the brain.목 차
연구 배경 및 필요성 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1. 공감, 체계화의 정의와 측정 ------------------------------------------------- 1
2. 공감, 체계화의 성별 간 차이 ----------------------------------------------- 4
3. 편도체의 공감 관련 역할 ------------------------------------------------------ 6
4. 편도체의 세부 구조와 기능 -------------------------------------------------- 8
5. 편도체의 구조와 공감 관련 기능의 성별 차이--------------------- 11
6. 연구 목적 및 가설 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 20
연구 대상 및 방법 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
1. 연구 대상자 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
2. 뇌 자기공명영상 자료 획득 -------------------------------------------------- 24
3. 전처리(preprocessing) ------------------------------------------------------------ 25
4. 편도체 자동 구획(automatic segmentation) -------------------------- 26
5. 편도체 표면 기반 형태 분석
(amygdalar surface-based shape analysis) ----------------------------- 27
6. 편도체 세부핵 구획 및 분석 ------------------------------------------------ 29
7. 편도체의 편측화 분석 ----------------------------------------------------------- 32
8. 임상적 검사도구: 공감지수, 체계화지수 측정 및
D 점수 계산 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
9. 임상적 검사도구: 공감지수 척도 내 요인분석 -------------------- 36
10. 대뇌피질 두께 분석(cortical thickness analysis) ------------------- 37
11. 통계 분석 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
결과 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
1. 인구학적 특성 및 임상적 평가 -------------------------------------------- 41
2. D 점수에 따른 편도체의 세부 구조 형태의 특성 ------------ 46
3. 편도체 세부핵 구조 분석 결과 --------------------------------------------- 47
4. 공감지수 척도의 요인분석 ---------------------------------------------------- 65
5. 편도체의 편측화 분석 결과 -------------------------------------------------- 71
6. 여성 군 내에서 D 점수와 유의미한 관계를 가지는
편도체 세부핵 영역과 대뇌피질 간 구조적 연결-------------- 72
7. 민감도 분석(sensitivity analysis) -------------------------------------------- 76
고찰 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78
1. 연구 결과 요약 및 고찰 -------------------------------------------------------- 78
2. 본 연구의 장점 및 의의 -------------------------------------------------------- 88
3. 본 연구의 한계점 및 후속 연구 방향 ---------------------------------- 90
참고 문헌 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94Docto
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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