543 research outputs found
Predictive modeling of shallow tunnel behavior: Leveraging machine learning for maximum convergence displacement estimation
No full textAccurate prediction of maximum convergence in unsupported, shallow tunnel construction is crucial for optimizing the lining and ensuring tunnel safety. Machine learning (ML) algorithms, especially through boosting techniques, enable effective solution of complex engineering problems and demonstrate their capabilities in problem solving and optimization. In this study, the FLAC 3D package was used to create a robust and validated database of 954 datasets. Five tree-based ML algorithms, including extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), gradient boosting machine (GBM), histogram-based gradient boosting (HGB) and categorical boosting (CatBoost), were used to predict the maximum convergence displacement for unsupported shallow tunnels. For the test dataset, XGBoost outperformed the other models with an excellent coefficient of determination of 0.9633, a minimum mean absolute error of 0.0021 and a low root mean squared error of 0.00725. HGB followed closely behind, and GBM and CatBoost showed strong performances, while Adaboost was less effective. The superior performance of XGBoost highlights its effectiveness in predicting maximum convergence in shallow tunnels. An in-depth sensitivity analysis within the XGBoost model showed the significant influence of soil elastic modulus on the maximum convergence displacement in unsupported tunnels. The remarkable results achieved by the XGBoost algorithm on our complex tunnel convergence predictions illustrate the profound ability of ML to tackle complicated geotechnical challenges. This interdisciplinary collaboration demonstrates the potential of advanced algorithms to improve safety and efficiency in construction, underlining the crucial role of technology in tackling complex problems and establishing a new paradigm for innovation in the field
Challenges and Considerations in Assessing GERD: A Critical Review of a Study in Southern Punjab, Pakistan [Response to Letter]
No full textMuhammad Fawad Rasool,1 Rimsha Sarwar,1 Muhammad Subhan Arshad,1,2 Imran Imran,3 Hamid Saeed,4 Abdul Majeed,1 Muqarrab Akbar,5 Muhammad Omer Chaudhry,6 Anees Ur Rehman,1 Waseem Ashraf,3 Tanveer Ahmad,7 Waleed Badoghaish,8 Faleh Alqahtani9 1Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan; 2Department of Pharmacy, Southern Punjab Institute of Health Sciences, Multan, 60000, Pakistan; 3Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan; 4University College of Pharmacy, Allama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan; 5Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan; 6School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan; 7Institute for Advanced Biosciences (Iab), CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Grenoble Alpes University, La Tronche, 38700, France; 8Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71411, Saudi Arabia; 9Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Muhammad Fawad Rasool; Faleh Alqahtani, Email [email protected]; [email protected]
Exploring the pattern of Islamic social movements : four case studies
No full textThis thesis is a study of Iranian-Islamic social movements. Iran has witnessed four major social movements in the late nineteenth and twentieth century. Except for the
Islamic Revolution of 1978-79 which attracted a great deal of sociological attention, and the Constitutional Revolution which has received some specialist study, the other two, regardless of their importance and influence in the Iranian history, have been grossly neglected. In order to have a better sociological understanding and a more
general model of this type of social movements there is need to review all of them according to the same theory and with an identical method. These cases which are
explored in this study are: the Tobacco Movement (1892) - an 'anti colonialism' movement, the Constitutional Revolution (1905-1906) - a 'justice' movement, the 15th
of Khordad movement (1963) - an 'anti modernisation' movement, and the last in chain, the Islamic Revolution of 1978-79 - an 'anti imperialism' movement.
This thesis also attempts to provide a contribution to the theory of social movements with a review and synthesis of the existing major theories of the area. Ten key social
movement theories are reviewed and a new synthetic one is developed. The models under review belong to Smelser (1962), Davies (1962), Toch (1966), Blumer (1969),
Wilson (1973), Tilly (1978), Touraine (1981), McCarthy and Zald (1987), Melucci (1989) and Scott (1990). These theories identify quite different 'engines' of the social
movement and thus can be classified according to whether they regard the individual, society, or their relations as the main cause or initiator of the social movements.
Following the discussions of the relationship between the individual and society, this thesis recognises the need for an approach to social explanation which looks at the fine
texture of the interrelationship of the structure, agency, and their relations, and so proposes a 'synthetic' theory of social movements which recognises the importance of
the conjunction of the three elements of the individualist, the structural and the relationalist models. In this theory of social movements, social context provides the ground for the underlying mechanism of the movement to be released. Ideology plays the part of the relational factor between the individual and the society. It is the main mobilisational factor of social movements. Actors then 'perform' the movements at three levels of social actions: leadership, distribution, and enactment of the outburst.
The synthetic theory provides a framework for a more comprehensive study of the four cases. Each of the movements is explained using it as a 'conceptual grid' and it is shown on each occasion to be useful tool in identifying the main agents, antagonisms, ideologies, social opportunities and constraints, and the accomplishment of the movements. So whilst the movements vary by 'focus' and by 'success' it is shown that it is Islamic ideology which shapes the goals of 'justice', 'freedom', 'independence' and 'democracy'. In all of the reviewed movements the authority of the shah came into dispute with the command of the ulama, and it was religious rituals and organisations which mobilised the people.
Whilst the synthetic theory proposed here can provide an analytic framework with which to compare the movements, the history of the analysed movements reveals the significance of the 'political sociology' of Iran's last hundred years. This dimention provides an understanding of some of the 'initial conditins' which underpin the Iranian
social movements. The thesis attempts to outline some crucial elements in this sociopolitical history, and attest their importance by examination of one further Iranian
social movement, the National Movement of Iran (195 1-1953). This was a predominantly non-Islamic movement which failed because it declined to take the advantage of the authority of the ulama as one of the major sways at the socio-political setting of Iranian society.
The adequacy of the resultant knowledge from the proposed model of Iranian-Islamic social movements is further tested against the some writings of nine scholars on Iranian
social movements: Fischer (1980), Milani (1988), Parsa (1989), Amuzegar (1991), Ray (1993), Zubaida (1993), Moaddel (1993), Foran (1994) and Keddie (1995)
اجتہاد الرسول ﷺ از نادیہ شریف العمری کا تعارفی مطالعہ: An Introductory Study of Ijtihad Al-Rasool ﷺ by Nadia Sharif Al-Omari
No full textThe biography of the Prophet ﷺ is a subject that has been extensively written about since the first century of Hijra, continues to be written about today, and will undoubtedly remain a topic of scholarly and devotional interest in the future. This subject holds religious, academic, historical, and contemporary significance, prompting Muslim scholars of every era to contribute to its exploration. Alongside men, women have also engaged in writing on this subject to express their devotion and love for the Prophet ﷺ. From ancient to modern times, women have played their part in this field, and while their contributions are fewer in comparison to men, their numbers are steadily increasing in modern times. Women have also explored various aspects of the Prophet's ﷺ biography in the Arabic language. One notable work in this context is "Ijtihad Al-Rasool" authored by Nadia Sharif Al-Omari. This book uniquely combines the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) with the life of the Prophet ﷺ, analyzing whether the Prophet ﷺ engaged in ijtihad (independent reasoning). The author meticulously presents evidence supporting her conclusion that the Prophet ﷺ did indeed engage in ijtihad. This article provides a research-based and analytical study of her book. It begins by discussing the biographical details of the author, followed by an introduction to the book. Subsequently, the writing style of the author and the nuanced insights within her work are critically examined. Finally, the findings and recommendations of the study are presented.
Gender Stereotypes and Workplace Equality in Developing Economies
No full textDeveloping economies are characterized by dynamic growth alongside profound social and structural inequalities. Among the most persistent barriers to inclusive growth are rigid gender stereotypes that significantly impact workplace equality. This manuscript analyzes the pervasive influence of these stereotypes on women\u27s access to employment, career progression, and equitable remuneration in the context of developing nations. The core argument is that deeply ingrained cultural narratives— which dictate women\u27s roles as primary caregivers and men\u27s as sole providers—translate directly into systemic workplace discrimination, often reinforced by weak legal protections and informal sector dominance. The analysis draws upon social role theory and economic development models to illustrate how stereotypes restrict women to lower-paying, less visible sectors (horizontal segregation) and limit their ascension to leadership positions (vertical segregation). Critically, the paper addresses the specific challenges faced by women in the informal economy, where labor protections and gender-sensitive policies are virtually non-existent. Recommendations focus on intersectional policy reform, investment in grassroots women’s entrepreneurship, and mandatory corporate training to dismantle these stereotypes and harness the full economic potential of gender parity for sustainable development
Fatigue of woven thermoplastic composites: The effect of the fibre-matrix interface
No full textSI&CAerospace Engineerin
ترقی پسند کہانی کار: حمید اختر
No full textSome people know Hamid Akhtar as a journalist, but his main identity is a writer and as a writer his main status is a storyteller. The subject of fiction is the common man and his problems. Fiction reflects progressive ideas. Written in search of a better life in an exploitative society, these stories do not propagate a better life but fulfill their artistic requirements. Hameed Akhtar struggled all his life, and this struggle was for the unfortunate people who were deceived step by step. As a communist, these stories promote social justice
An Algebraic Theory of Epistemic Processes
No full textIn the past few years, several process-algebraic frameworks have been proposed that incorporate the notion of epistemic knowledge. These frameworks allow for reasoning about knowledge-related properties, such as anonymity, secrecy and authentication, in the operational specifications given in process-algebraic languages. Hitherto, no sound and (ground-)complete axiomatization has been given for the abovementioned process-algebraic frameworks. In this paper, we define notions of bisimulation that are suitable for such process algebras with histories and give a sound and ground-complete axiomatization for the theory of CryptoPAi, which is a process algebra based on Milner's Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) extended with cryptographic terms and identities. Moreover, we show that one of our defined notions of bisimulation is precisely characterized by the extension of the Hennessy-Milner logic with epistemic constructs
Seeing with the Heart: the Mysticism of an Islamic Sufi Lineage from India in the West
No full textIn 1976, the Indian Sufi shaykh Azad Rasool (1921-2006) began spreading the mystical teachings of his lineage to the Euro-American sphere. His two living successors, Hamid Hasan (b. 1961) of the School of Sufi Teaching and Ahmed Abdur Rashid (b. 1942) of the Circle Group, continue this line today, each in his own way. This study seeks to analyze the mysticism of this hitherto largely unstudied lineage and how its teachings have been introduced to the West, considering also the relationship of such mysticism to Islamic belief and practice as well as to social or political activism. Using a qualitative interpretivisitic research design, analysis of a broad range of textual sources is interwoven with ethnographic field data collected primarily in Germany and the US from 2015 to 2020. It is argued that this lineage expanded into two main markets in the West: those interested in non-traditional forms of spirituality as well as Muslims of various diasporic backgrounds, and that under Rasool, this transfer involved some changes in presentation to new audiences, but while retaining a mostly unmodified program of disciplined meditative practice. He additionally upheld its Islamicity, while also allowing non-Muslims to begin the practices, along with its quietist focus on Sufi practice over socio-political activism. Hasan has continued in much the same direction as Rasool and the shaykhs immediately preceding him, particularly their orientation toward practices. In contrast, Rasool’s American heir, Abdur Rashid, while also preserving much from his 19th- and 20th-century Indian predecessors, has also drawn upon broader Sufi and Islamic tradition to take this mysticism in some new-old directions, especially a restored and reformulated emphasis on the application of its asserted results through active positive societal engagement. In contrast to how other studies of Eastern traditions being transferred to Western settings have primarily seen change and declared the emergence of “New Religious Movements,” this study, through its emphasis on examining mysticism, also reveals remarkable continuity with both the immediate and distant past
Adaptive Switching of Traffic between WebRTC and WebSocket Based on Battery Status of Portable Devices
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