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The application of Shari’ah and international human rights law in Saudi Arabia
Get PDFThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel UniversityThe present dissertation provides an analytical and comparative study of the application of Islamic law (Shari’ah) and international human rights law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It provides an analysis of the sources of Islamic law as well as the sources of international law to set the background for analysis and defines the nature of both laws. It also tackles the subject of the domestic application of international human treaties in Saudi Arabia.
In addition, it examines some reservations Saudi Arabia has entered to some of the international human rights treaties it has ratified, specifically the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). It also sheds some light on the political, cultural and religious obstacles to the realisation of norms protected by international human rights treaties in the country, and in other countries for that matter, clearly stating the impossibility of implementing the provisions of the international human rights treaties in their entirety. This is due to the various political and legal developments towards the internationalization of the concept of human rights. It observes that despite the existence of the international human rights treaties, which aim at reinforcing a universal realisation of international human rights, these rights cannot be possibly realised by all countries.
To stress the importance Saudi Arabia attaches to the issue of human rights, the dissertation discusses some rights of women before Saudi courts in family matters, an issue which has been criticised by some international human rights treaties, and examines to what extent the country has managed to tackle the issue of domestic violence, particularly violence against women. It provides an overview of the major causes of domestic violence against women in Saudi Arabia, presents some cases of domestic violence before Saudi courts and sheds some light on the measures taken by the Saudi government to combat domestic violence against women. It also tackles this issue both in the international and domestic legal frameworks, clearly stating the Islamic standpoint on the issue, namely that Islamic law, and Saudi Arabia for that matter, whose laws are essentially derived from the two main sources of Shari’ah. It also discusses the common forms of violence against women in Saudi Arabia and suggests a number of recommendations towards more effective protection of women against violence in the country.
The dissertation concludes by presenting a number of obstacles in the way of executing judicial decisions in the Kingdom as well as the obstacles which negatively affect the performance of the new code of law practice. It also presents some recommendations concerning personal status law obstacles and hindrances to progress and attempts to answer the research questions it has posed
ANALISIS FATWA SYAIKH BIN BAZ (WAFAT 1420 H/ 1999 M) TENTANG NIKAH MISYAR MENURUT FIQIH KONTEMPORER
Get PDFABSTRAK Rizki Halim, (2025): Analisis Fatwa Syaikh Bin Baz (Wafat 1420 H/1999 M) tentang NikahMisyar Perspektif Fiqih Kontemporer Nikah Misyar merupakan bentuk pernikahan kontemporer yang dilakukan dengan kesepakatan bahwa istri melepaskan sebagian haknya seperti nafkah, tempat tinggal, dan giliran. Meskipun secara syarat dan rukun pernikahan terpenuhi, praktik ini menuai kontroversi dan perbedaan pendapat di kalangan ulama. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis fatwa Syaikh Abdul Aziz bin Baz (w. 1420 H) tentang pelarangan nikah misyar dalam perspektif fikih kontemporer.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif-analitis. Data diperoleh dari kajian pustaka terhadap fatwa-fatwa Syaikh Bin Baz dan referensi fikih kontemporer lainnya. Syaikh Bin Baz memandang nikah misyar sebagai pernikahan yang tidak sah jika tidak disertai pengumuman (i‟lan). Ia menilai praktik ini menyerupai perzinaan karena dilakukan secara sembunyi-sembunyi dan merusak maqāṣid al-syarī‟ah, khususnya dalam menjaga kehormatan dan membangun keluarga yang harmonis.Fatwa beliau didasarkan pada pendekatan maqāṣidi yang mengutamakan tujuan syariat dan pertimbangan kemaslahatan. Berbeda dengan sebagian ulama kontemporer seperti Yusuf al-Qaradawi dan Muhammad Syuraim yang membolehkan nikah misyar selama syarat dan rukunnya terpenuhi serta istri rela melepaskan hak-haknya. Perbedaan ini mencerminkan dinamika pendekatan dalam fikih kontemporer, antara legal-formal dan maqashidi-substansial.Kesimpulannya, pandangan Syaikh Bin Baz merupakan bentuk kehati-hatian terhadap dampak sosial nikah misyar. Fatwanya menekankan pentingnya menjaga nilai moral, keadilan, dan perlindungan terhadap perempuan dalam institusi pernikahan di era modern. Kata Kunci: Nikah Misyar, Syaikh Bin Baz, Fatwa, Fikih Kontemporer,Maqashid al-Syari’a
In vitro bioactivities of Tabernaemontana divaricata andTabernaemontana divaricata ‘Flore Pleno’ variant / Muhammad Nazzim Muaz Abdul Halim
No full textTwo Tabernaemontana species, Tabernaemontana divaricata (TD) and Tabernaemontana divaricata ‘Flore Pleno’ variant (TDF) were chosen to be studied for their bioactivities in relation to wound healing properties. Methanol (M) and aqueous (A) extracts of these Tabernaemontana species were used in this study for wound healing potential assessment on adult normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) cells, total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant potential, protective effects against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and anti-inflammatory properties by means of nitric oxide (NO) production from RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. TD-A extract reported the highest wound closure (58.50%) followed by TDF-A extract (53.54%) with the highest total phenolic content (31.96 mg GAE/g). The free radical scavenging activities carried out by ABTS and DPPH assay showed that TDF-A extract was able to exhibit the highest antioxidant values at IC50 = 1.11 μg/ml and IC50 = 2.44 μg/ml respectively compared to the other extracts. Reducing activity on TDF-A extract assessed by FRAP assay also reported high value of [18.07 mM Fe (II)/g] with other extracts. Pre-treatment and post-treatment assessment showed at 25 μg/ml of TDF-M extract concentration were able to provide protectivity towards HDFa cells against H2O2 with cell viability at 93.92% and 89.69% respectively. At 500 μg/ml of TD-A and TDF-A extract concentration, the extracts were able to inhibit NO production by RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells at 5.22 μM and 5.11 μM respectively. Based on these findings, it is shown the two Tabernaemontana species studied exhibit multiple bioactivities that may contribute to the wound healing process in general. Keywords
Exploration of machine learning forecasting methods in M4 competition / Muhammad Halim Hamdan and Shuzlina Abdul-Rahman
Get PDFThere are so many forecasting algorithms and techniques available. The abilities of Data Mining to obtain and gather data from multiple sources is very useful to researcher, practitioner, business and more. From a long list of forecasting algorithms that have been built throughout the years, it will be exhaustive for someone to go through the list one by one to choose which algorithm to use. With M competition established, there are many more new techniques being innovated each time it is organized. This research aims to compare and contrast the machine learning forecasting techniques that are used in M4 Competition, to get better understanding on each technique and to identify the best technique. Three machine learning techniques from M4 Competition were chosen to be compared in this research. Each technique was replicated, trained and tested accordingly. M4 competition dataset was used in this research, with 100,000 time series data and multiple data frequency, which is enough to replicate the real-world situation. The results indicate that the three techniques have their strength, with RNN+ES technique on top of it. RNN+ES and CNN-TS performed well in relative to Naive2 benchmark, while k-NS model performed the worst. Further research on the datasets and investigation of each model to further improve its capabilities are needed to improve the performance of the model
Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar SKI Materi Mengenal Khulafaurrasyidin Dengan Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Partisipasi Pada Siswa Kelas VI Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Anduhum Kecamatan Batang Alai Selatan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah
Get PDFMuhammad Halim. 2011. Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar SKI Materi Mengenal Khulafaurrasyidin Dengan Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Partisipasi Pada Siswa Kelas VI Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Anduhum Kecamatan Batang Alai Selatan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah. PTK. Jurusan PGMI, Fakultas Tarbiyah. Pembimbing: M. Noor Fuady, M.Ag
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran partisipasi pada bidang studi SKI di MIN Anduhum. Untuk memperoleh informasi yang berkaitan dengan masalah yang diteliti, penulis merumuskan pertanyaan penelitian yang terperinci dan bersifat operasional.
Pembelajaran partisipatif pada intinya dapat diartikan sebagai upaya pendidik untuk mengikut sertakan peserta didik dalam kegiatan pembelajaran yaitu dalam tahap perencanaan program, pelaksanaan program dan penilaian program. Partisipasi pada tahap perencanaan adalah keterlibatan peserta didik dalam kegiatan mengidentifikasi kebutuhan belajar, permasalahan, sumber-sumber atau potensi yang tersedia dan kemungkinan hambatan dalam pembelajaran.
Penelitian tindakan kelas ini mengambil setting di Anduhum, dengan jumlah siswa 8 siswa. Pelaksanaan kegiatan dilaksanakan melalui dua siklus. Sebelum siklus I dilaksanakan perlu adanya pra tindakan yaitu identifikasi tentang model pembelajaran partisipasi, kemudian dilaksanakan siklus I sebagai penerapan model pembelajaran partisipasi, dan siklus II sebagai implementasi pelaksanaan model pembelajaran partisipasi.
Hasil pengamatan peneliti pada saat observasi pra siklus diperoleh data siswa yang fokus terhadap pembelajaran hanya sebanyak 38 % (3 orang), sedangkan yang kurang fokus terhadap pembelajaran sebanyak 62% (5 orang) dari keseluruhan 8 siswa. Pada saat observasi siklus I diperoleh siswa yang fokus dalam pembelajaran sebanyak 63% (5 orang), sedangkan yang tidak fokus dalam pembelajaran sebanyak 37% (3 orang). Pada saat observasi siklus II diperoleh siswa yang aktif dalam pembelajaran meningkat sebanyak 88% (7 orang), sedangkan yang tidak aktif dalam pembelajaran sebanyak 12% (1 orang).
Dengan model pembelajaran partisipasi ini memudahkan siswa memahami materi yang diajarkan serta meningkatkan hasil belajar, terbukti terjadi peningkatan nilai dari pra siklus, siklus I dan siklus II
Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar SKI Materi Mengenal Khulafaurrasyidin Dengan Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Partisipasi Pada Siswa Kelas VI Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Anduhum Kecamatan Batang Alai Selatan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah
Get PDFMuhammad Halim. 2011. Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar SKI Materi Mengenal Khulafaurrasyidin Dengan Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Partisipasi Pada Siswa Kelas VI Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Anduhum Kecamatan Batang Alai Selatan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah. PTK. Jurusan PGMI, Fakultas Tarbiyah. Pembimbing: M. Noor Fuady, M.Ag
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran partisipasi pada bidang studi SKI di MIN Anduhum. Untuk memperoleh informasi yang berkaitan dengan masalah yang diteliti, penulis merumuskan pertanyaan penelitian yang terperinci dan bersifat operasional.
Pembelajaran partisipatif pada intinya dapat diartikan sebagai upaya pendidik untuk mengikut sertakan peserta didik dalam kegiatan pembelajaran yaitu dalam tahap perencanaan program, pelaksanaan program dan penilaian program. Partisipasi pada tahap perencanaan adalah keterlibatan peserta didik dalam kegiatan mengidentifikasi kebutuhan belajar, permasalahan, sumber-sumber atau potensi yang tersedia dan kemungkinan hambatan dalam pembelajaran.
Penelitian tindakan kelas ini mengambil setting di Anduhum, dengan jumlah siswa 8 siswa. Pelaksanaan kegiatan dilaksanakan melalui dua siklus. Sebelum siklus I dilaksanakan perlu adanya pra tindakan yaitu identifikasi tentang model pembelajaran partisipasi, kemudian dilaksanakan siklus I sebagai penerapan model pembelajaran partisipasi, dan siklus II sebagai implementasi pelaksanaan model pembelajaran partisipasi.
Hasil pengamatan peneliti pada saat observasi pra siklus diperoleh data siswa yang fokus terhadap pembelajaran hanya sebanyak 38 % (3 orang), sedangkan yang kurang fokus terhadap pembelajaran sebanyak 62% (5 orang) dari keseluruhan 8 siswa. Pada saat observasi siklus I diperoleh siswa yang fokus dalam pembelajaran sebanyak 63% (5 orang), sedangkan yang tidak fokus dalam pembelajaran sebanyak 37% (3 orang). Pada saat observasi siklus II diperoleh siswa yang aktif dalam pembelajaran meningkat sebanyak 88% (7 orang), sedangkan yang tidak aktif dalam pembelajaran sebanyak 12% (1 orang).
Dengan model pembelajaran partisipasi ini memudahkan siswa memahami materi yang diajarkan serta meningkatkan hasil belajar, terbukti terjadi peningkatan nilai dari pra siklus, siklus I dan siklus II
Modern Arabic literary biography : a study of character portrayal in the works of Egyptian biographers of the first half of the twentieth century, with special reference to literary biography
Get PDFIn Chapter one, I presented a comparative definition of the meaning of Sirah (PI.Siyar), Tarjamah (Pl. Tarajim), Manaqib, Tabaqat and Maghazi as they were understood in antiquity. I also showed how the meaning of Sirah in modern times has only narrowly developed. Although the method of biographical writing continuously developed in Europe, it hardly progressed in Modem Arabic Literature. The only exception was seen in the writings by the pioneers of enlightenment in Egypt at the beginning of the twentieth century. This change of direction relied on borrowing European methodology in biographical writing.
In chapter two, I reviewed the early attempts at writing biographies in the nineteenth century by Abd al Rahman al- Jabarti and Ali Mubarak. Although both were the first
pioneers in this respect, yet they followed the footpath of classical approach above all that of al-Maqarizi from whom -Ali Mubarak derived inspiration in his book Al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyyah.
In chapter three, I studied the twentieth century, starting with traditional biography writers who could not employ European methodologies and whose writings oscillated between biographical notes and biographical sketches; or whose texts were more of a literary study than a biography proper.
In chapters four to nine, I selected the most renowned, productive writers who best represented methodologies of biography writing. Perhaps certain writers have not
been mentioned in this period of study. This is not out of negligence but simply because their texts were totally out of reach, or their writings did not exhibit the
required literary criteria.
All methodologies representing the theory of biography writing in Egypt have been analysed in these chapters. All, in fact, form a digestion or assimilation of French,English and German schools. In Egypt, Taha Husayn is considered the chairman of the French school, al-Mazini and al-Aqqad of the English/German schools, al-Nuwaihi of the psychoanalytical/anatomical school and Sidqi who employed both. By contrast, al Iryan was the trailblazer of the distinguished biographical novel.
In these chapters, I tried to lay out the general outlines these writers have produced in the production of biographical texts, and how these attempts were a successful step on the road of presenting literary biographies characterized by high world standards.
Chapter ten may well seem traditional, but it is important to give a comparative outlook on the views of biography writers themselves when they study and analyse
the same character.
Among the characters studied ,I selected Bashsliar, Abu Nuwas, Ibn al-Run-i, al-Mutanabbi and al-Maarri. These are outstanding landmarks in the history of Arab verse and the subject of a multitude of studies as well. Modern biographers took these figures as a test field for the deployment and employment of biographical methodologies. I selected these examples to provide comparisons and explain how far these biographies were successful in producing a biography or a profile of those classical poets.
The conclusion and the bibliographical list arrived at the end of research.
I wish, however, to clarify one important point here. It seems that I could not fix the year 1950 as the temporal parameter of my research but took some textswhich were
published shortly beyond that point. The reason for this obvious extension was either to give additional useful details or simply because chapters of such texts had already
been published prior to that year and were known to the readership.
At times I would satisfy myself with analysing the part rather than the whole. This again was meant to eschew repetition or was due to the fact that the book in question
was not available
ANALISIS KINERJA ANTRIAN PADA PELAYANAN PEMBAYARAN PARKIR KENDARAAN DI BANDARA HALIM PERDANAKUSUMA
Get PDFBandara Halim Perdanakusuma adalah salah satu bandar udara yang terletak di DKI Jakarta. Permasalahan yang sering muncul yaitu banyaknya aktivitas dan semakin meningkat setiap hari, menyebabkan arus kedatangan kendaraan menjadi naik dan khususnya pada saat kendaraan keluar keluar bandara untuk pembayaran parkir yang menyebabkan jumlah antrian menjadi menaik yang menyebabkan dampak secara tidak langsung seperti menghabiskan banyak waktu dan juga kenyamanan. Berdasarkan masalah tersebut, dilakukan analisis terhadap kinerja antrian yang diterapkan di perusahaan ini, guna mengatasi masalah yang ada saat ini. Pada penelitian menggunakan metode Antrian Multi Channel Single Phase(M/M/s) atau model antrian jalur berganda dan pengujian distribusi data menggunakan software Input Analyzer. Pengumpulan data yang dilakukan dengan observasi berupa waktu antar kedatangan, waktu pelayanan dan data sekunder yaitu database perusahaan yaitu data tingkat kedatangan kendaraan. Berdasarkan hasil data observasi dan data sekunder pada pengelola pelayanan di Bandara Halim Perdanakusuma yang dikelola oleh PT Securindo Packatama Indonesia mempunyai 4 loket tahap pelayanan pembayaran parkir di gerbang utama dengan rata-rata tingkat kedatangan 833 kendaraan per jam dan rata-rata waktu pelayanan 209 kendaran per jam pada jam-jam sibuk. Dalam proses pelayanan, menggunakan sistem antrian FIFO (First In First Out). Hasil analisis data yang telah diolah diketahui pada kondisi awal dengan tingkat 99 %. Setelah dilakukan perhitungan parameter antrian dengan cara penambahan 2 server didapatkan hasil 66 %. Analisis kinerja antrian ini menunjukkan bahwa antrian kendaraan akan optimal jika tingkat utilitas menurun maka antrian dapat berkurang. Oleh sebab itu tingkat utilitas harus diperkecil melalui penambahan server atau kemampuan individual setiap server.Kata Kunci: Teori Antrian, Utilita
PEMIKIRAN DAKWAH M. NATSIR DAN RELEVANSINYA DENGAN PENGEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT
Get PDFIndonesia merupakan salah satu dari beberapa negara yang dijajah oleh Jepang, yang mana selama masa penjajahan negara asing tersebut menyebabkan keterpurukan sosial masyarakat diberbagai aspek kehidupan. Menanggapi problematika saat itu, dengan berlatarbelakang Islam M. Natsir hadir dengan pikiran-pikiran dakwahnya yang bergerak di berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia terutama pada aspek sosial keagamaan, pendidikan dan ekonomi. Menyangkut hal tersebut, penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji lebih dalam lagi mengenai pemikiran dakwah M. Natsir yang terkait pada permasalahan aspek kehidupan, yang mana sekiranya pemikiran tersebut memiliki relevansi dengan pengembangan masyarakat. Dalam penelitian ini dirumuskan dua pertanyaan penelitian, Pertama, bagaimana pikiran-pikiran dakwah M. Natsir. Kedua, bagaimana relevansi pemikiran dakwah M. Natsir terhadap pengembangan masyarakat.
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, peneliti menggunakan teori dari Abdul Halim Mauhmud yang dikutip oleh Moh. Ali Aziz tentang tujuan dakwah. serta teori dari Sudjana yang dikutip oleh Abu Suhud dkk, dan teori dari Murdikanto yang dikutip oleh Aziz Muslim tentang pengertian dan tujuan pengembangan masyarakat. Untuk mendukung hal tersebut, peneliti menggunakan metode deskripsi analisis yang bersifat menjelaskan, menganalisis, mengklasifikasikan data yang berhubungan dengan pemikiran Dakwah M. Natsir.
Dalam penelitian ini hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa, pertama, pemikiran dan gagasan dakwah M. Natsir (Muhammad Natsir) banyak berorientasi pada kepentingan masyarakat khususnya masyarakat Islam. Selanjutnya, yang kedua perhatian M. Natsir terhadap problematika kehidupan pada saat itu menuntut beliau menuangkan pemikirannya baik dalam bentuk dakwah lisan, tulisan, dan perbuatan yang mana pikiran-pikiran dakwah beliau ada relevansinya dengan teori pengertian dan tujuan pengembangan masyarakat mengenai bina manusia, bina usaha, bina lingkungan, dan bina kelembagaan.
Kata kunci: Pemikiran Dakwah M. Natsir, Relevansi, Pengembangan Masyaraka
Applicability of M-Learning for basic Arabic language among students during distance learning
No full textOne of the emerging strategies in education is the usage of mobile devices (PdP). Following this line of thought, Arabic courses make a point of emphasising the use of m-learning in PdP at the fundamental level. Due to the Covid-19 epidemic, this study was done to investigate – at the most basic level – the applicability of Arabic m-learning among students on distance learning. The research involved 147 individuals who were enrolled in basic Arabic language classes. The students were satisfied with the application of mTasheel in the PdP process,
according to the findings. The studies also revealed that Google platforms like Docs, Slides,
and Sites were among the best and most dependable applications to utilise during PdP
sessions during distance learning especially during the Covid-19 pandemi
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