8 research outputs found
Stepanov and Weyl Classes of c-Almost Periodic Type Functions
No full textAs an extension of some classes of generalized almost periodic functions, in this paper we develop the notion of c-almost periodicity in the sense of Stepanov and Weyl approaches. In fact, we extend some basic results of this theory which were already demonstrated for the standard cases. In particular, we prove that every c-almost periodic function in the sense of Stepanov approach (in the sense of equi-Weyl or Weyl approaches, respectively) is also cm-almost periodic in the sense of Stepanov approach (in the sense of equi-Weyl or Weyl approaches, respectively) for each non-zero integer number m. This study is performed for both representative cases of functions defined on the real axis and with values in a Banach space and the complex functions defined on vertical strips in the complex plane.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Hadjer Ounis research was supported by 076 Bis/PG/Espagne/2020-2021 (Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique). Juan Matías Sepulcre research was partially supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the European Commission under Project Number PID2022-136399NB-C21
The class of c-almost periodic functions defined on vertical strips in the complex plane
No full textIn this paper, we develop the notion of c-almost periodicity for functions defined on vertical strips in the complex plane. As a generalization of Bohr’s concept of almost periodicity, we study the main properties of this class of functions which was recently introduced for the case of one real variable. In fact, we extend some important results of this theory which were already demonstrated for some particular cases. In particular, given a non-null complex number c, we prove that the family of vertical translates of a prefixed c-almost periodic function defined in a vertical strip U is relatively compact on any vertical substrip of U, which leads to proving that every c-almost periodic function is also almost periodic and, in fact, cm-almost periodic for each integer number m.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. The first author was supported by 076 Bis/PG/Espagne/2020-2021 (Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique). The second and corresponding author was supported by PGC2018-097960-B-C22 (MCIU/AEI/ERDF, UE)
Semi-c-periodicity, c-uniform recurrence and almost automorphy in the complex plane
No full textThis paper is devoted to develop the concepts of semi-c-periodicity, c-uniform recurrence and almost automorphy for functions defined on vertical strips in the complex plane, where c is a non-zero complex number. As an extension of the study performed for functions defined on the real axis, this work aims to investigate the main properties of these classes of functions and establish their connections with the more known class of c-almost periodic functions defined on vertical strips. In fact, we resolve an open problem which was raised in 2020 for the real case. Additionally, we also use this approach to introduce an asymptotic version of these new classes of functions.The first author’s research was supported by 076 Bis/PG/Espagne/2020-2021 (Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique). The second and corresponding author’s research was partially supported by Grant PID2022-136399NB-C21 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU
Ontology-based data management
No full textOntology-based data management aims at accessing and using data by means of an ontology, i.e., a conceptual representation of the domain of interest in the underlying information system. This new paradigm provides several interesting features, many of which have been already proved effective in managing complex information systems. On the other hand, several important issues remain open, and constitute stimulating challenges for the research community. In this talk we first provide an introduction to ontology-based data management, illustrating the main ideas and techniques for using an ontology to access the data layer of an information system, and then we discuss several important issues that are still the subject of extensive investigations, including the need of inconsistency tolerant query answering methods, and the need of supporting update operations expressed over the ontology. © 2011 Author
Author Profiling and Plagiarism Detection
No full textThe final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25485-2_6In this chapter we introduce the topics that we will cover in the RuSSIR 2014 course on Author Profiling and Plagiarism Detection (APPD). Author profiling distinguishes between classes of authors studying how language is shared by classes of people. This task helps in identifying profiling aspects such as gender, age, native language, or even personality type. In case of the plagiarism detection task we are not interested in studying how language is shared. On the contrary, given a document we are interested in investigating if the writing style changes in order to unveil text inconsistencies, i.e., unexpected irregularities through the document such as changes in vocabulary, style and text complexity. In fact, when it is not possible to retrieve the source document(s) where plagiarism has been committed from, the intrinsic analysis of the suspicious document is the only way to find evidence of plagiarism. The difficulty in retrieving the source of plagiarism could be due to the fact that the documents are not available on the web or the plagiarised text fragments were obfuscated via paraphrasing or translation (in case the source document was in another language). In this overview, we also discuss the results of the shared tasks on author profiling (gender and age identification) and plagiarism detection that we help to organise at the PAN Lab on Uncovering Plagiarism, Authorship, and Social Software Misuse.The PAN shared tasks on author profil-ing and on plagiarism detection have been organised in the framework of the WIQ-EIIRSES project (Grant No. 269180) within the EC FP 7 Marie Curie People. The research work described in the paper was carried out in the framework of the DIANA-APPLICATIONS-Finding Hidden Knowledge in Texts: Applications (TIN2012-38603-C02-01) project, and the VLC/CAMPUS Microcluster on Multimodal Interaction inIntelligent Systems.Rosso, P. (2015). Author Profiling and Plagiarism Detection. En Information Retrieval. Springer. 229-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25485-2_6S229250Argamon, S., Koppel, M., Fine, J., Shimoni, A.R.: Gender, genre, and writing style in formal written texts. TEXT 23, 321–346 (2003)Association of Teachers and Lecturers. School work plagued by plagiarism - ATL survey. Technical report, Association of Teachers and Lecturers, London, UK (2008). (Press release)Barrón-Cedeño, A.: On the mono- and cross-language detection of text re-use and plagiarism. Ph.D. thesis, Universitat Politènica de València (2012)Barrón-Cedeño, A., Rosso, P., Pinto, D., Juan, A.: On cross-lingual plagiarism analysis using a statistical model. In: Proceedings of the ECAI 2008 Workshop on Uncovering Plagiarism, Authorship and Social Software Misuse, PAN 2008 (2008)Barrón-Cedeño, A., Gupta, P., Rosso, P.: Methods for cross-language plagiarism detection. Knowl. Based Syst. 50, 11–17 (2013)Barrón-Cedeño, A., Vila, M., Martí, M., Rosso, P.: Plagiarism meets paraphrasing: insights for the next generation in automatic plagiarism detection. Comput. Linguist. 39(4), 917–947 (2013)Bogdanova, D., Rosso, P., Solorio, T.: Exploring high-level features for detecting cyberpedophilia. Comput. Speech Lang. 28(1), 108–120 (2014)Braschler, M., Harman, D.: Notebook papers of CLEF 2010 LABs and workshops. Padua, Italy (2010)Cappellato, L., Ferro, N., Halvey, M., Kraaij, W.: CLEF 2014 labs and workshops, notebook papers. In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org), ISSN 1613–0073 (2014). http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1180/Comas, R., Sureda, J., Nava, C., Serrano, L.: Academic cyberplagiarism: a descriptive and comparative analysis of the prevalence amongst the undergraduate students at Tecmilenio University (Mexico) and Balearic Islands University (Spain). In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN 2010), Barcelona (2010)Flesch, R.: A new readability yardstick. J. Appl. Psychol. 32(3), 221–233 (1948)Flores, E., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Rosso, P., Moreno, L.: Desocore: detecting source code re-use across programming languages. In: Proceedings of 12th International Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-2012, pp. 1–4, Montreal, Canada (2012)Flores, E., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Moreno, L., Rosso, P.: Uncovering source code re-use in large-scale programming environments. In: Computer Applications in Engineering and Education, Accepted (2014). doi: 10.1002/cae.21608Forner, P., Navigli, R., Tufis, D.: CLEF 2013 evaluation labs and workshop - working notes papers, 23–26 September. Valencia, Spain (2013)Franco-Salvador, M., Gupta, P., Rosso, P.: Cross-Language plagiarism detection using a multilingual semantic network. In: Braslavski, P., Kuznetsov, S.O., Kamps, J., Rüger, S., Agichtein, E., Segalovich, I., Yilmaz, E., Serdyukov, P. (eds.) ECIR 2013. LNCS, vol. 7814, pp. 710–713. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)Franco-Salvador, M., Gupta, P., Rosso, P.: Knowledge graphs as context models: improving the detection of cross-language plagiarism with paraphrasing. In: Ferro, N. (ed.) PROMISE Winter School 2013. LNCS, vol. 8173, pp. 227–236. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)Gollub, T., Stein, B., Burrows, S.: Ousting Ivory tower research: towards a web framework for providing experiments as a service. In: Hersh, B., Callan, J., Maarek, Y., Sanderson, M., (eds.) 35th International ACM Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2012), pp. 1125–1126. ACM, August 2012. ISBN 978-1-4503-1472-5. doi: 10.1145/2348283.2348501Gollub, T., Hagen, M., Michel, M., Stein, B.: From keywords to keyqueries: content descriptors for the web. In: Gurrin, C., Jones, G., Kelly, D., Kruschwitz, U., de Rijke, M., Sakai, T., Sheridan, P., (eds.) 36th International ACM Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2013), pp. 981–984. ACM (2013)Goswami, S., Sarkar, S., Rustagi, M.: Stylometric analysis of bloggers’ age and gender. In: Adar, E., Hurst, M., Finin, T., Glance, N.S., Nicolov, N., Tseng, B.L., (eds.) ICWSM. The AAAI Press (2009)Gressel, G., Hrudya, P., Surendran, K., Thara, S., Aravind, A., Prabaharan, P.: Ensemble Learning Approach for Author Profiling-Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2014. In: Cappellato, et al. [9]Grozea, C., Popescu, M.: ENCOPLOT - performance in the Second International Plagiarism Detection Challenge lab report for PAN at CLEF 2010. In: Braschler and Harman [8]Grozea, C., Gehl, C., Popescu, M.: ENCOPLOT: pairwise sequence matching in linear time applied to plagiarism detection. In: Stein et al., (ed.) Overview of the 1st International Competition on Plagiarism Detection, pp. 10–18 (2009)Gunning, R.: The Technique of Clear Writing. McGraw-Hill Int. Book Co, New York (1952)Gupta, P., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Rosso, P.: Cross-language high similarity search using a conceptual thesaurus. In: Catarci, T., Peñas, A., Santucci, G., Forner, P., Hiemstra, D. (eds.) CLEF 2012. LNCS, vol. 7488, pp. 67–75. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)Honore, A.: Some simple measures of richness of vocabulary. Assoc. Lit. Linguist. Comput. Bull. 7(2), 172–177 (1979)IEEE. A Plagiarism FAQ. http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/plagiarism_FAQ.html (2008). Published: 2008; Last Accessed 25 November 2012Koppel, M., Argamon, S., Shimoni, A.R.: Automatically categorizing written texts by author gender. Lit. Linguist. Comput. 17(4), 401–412 (2002)Liau, Y., Vrizlynn, L.: Submission to the author profiling competition at pan-2014. In: Proceedings Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing III (2014). http://www.webis.de/research/events/pan-14Lopez-Monroy, A.P., Montes-Y-Gomez, M., Escalante, H.J., Villaseñor-Pineda, L., Villatoro-Tello, E.: INAOE’s participation at PAN 2013: author profiling task–notebook for PAN at CLEF 2013. In: Forner, et al. [14]Pastor López-Monroy, A., Montes y Gómez, M., Escalante, H.J., Villaseñor-Pineda, L.: Using Intra-profile information for author profiling-notebook for PAN at CLEF 2014. In: Cappellato, et al. [9]Maharjan, S., Shrestha, P., Solorio, T.: A simple approach to author profiling in MapReduce–notebook for PAN at CLEF 2014. In: Cappellato, et al. [9]Marquardt, J., Fanardi, G., Vasudevan, G., Moens, M.F., Davalos, S., Teredesai, A., De Cock, M.: Age and gender identification in social media-notebook for PAN at CLEF 2014. In: Cappellato, et al. [9]Martin, B.: Plagiarism: policy against cheating or policy for learning? Nexus (Newsl. Aust. Sociol. Assoc.) 16(2), 15–16 (2004)Mcnamee, P., Mayfield, J.: Character n-gram tokenization for european language text retrieval. Inf. Retr. 7(1), 73–97 (2004)Meina, M., Brodzinska, K., Celmer, B., Czokow, M., Patera, M., Pezacki, J., Wilk, M.: Ensemble-based classification for author profiling using various features-notebook for PAN at CLEF 2013. In: Forner, et al. [14]Eissen, S.M., Stein, B.: Intrinsic plagiarism detection. In: Tombros, A., Yavlinsky, A., Rüger, S.M., Tsikrika, T., Lalmas, M., MacFarlane, A. (eds.) ECIR 2006. LNCS, vol. 3936, pp. 565–569. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)Montes y Gómez, M., Gelbukh, A.F., López-López, A., Baeza-Yates, R.A.: Flexible comparison of conceptual graphs. In: Proceedings DEXA, pp. 102–111 (2001)Navigli, R., Ponzetto, S.P.: BabelNet: the automatic construction, evaluation and application of a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network. Artif. Intell. 193, 217–250 (2012)Nawab, R.M.A., Stevenson, M., Clough, P.: University of sheffield lab report for pan at clef 2010. In: Braschler and Harman [8]Nguyen, D., Gravel, R., Trieschnigg, D., Meder, T.: “how old do you think i am?”; a study of language and age in twitter. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (2013)Oberreuter, G., Eiselt, A.: Submission to the 6th international competition on plagiarism detection, From Innovand.io, Chile (2014). http://www.webis.de/research/events/pan-14Och, F.J., Ney, H.: A systematic comparison of various statistical alignment models. Comput. Linguist. 29(1), 19–51 (2003)Palkovskii, Y., Belov, A.: Developing high-resolution universal multi-type N-Gram plagiarism detector-notebook for PAN at CLEF 2014. In: Cappellato, et al. [9]Pennebaker, J.W., Mehl, M.R., Niederhoffer, K.G.: Psychological aspects of natural language use: our words, our selves. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 54(1), 547–577 (2003)Potthast, M., Stein, B., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Rosso, P.: An evaluation framework for plagiarism detection. In: COLING 2010: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 997–1005 (2010)Potthast, M., Stein, B., Anderka, M.: A wikipedia-based multilingual retrieval model. In: Plachouras, V., Macdonald, C., Ounis, I., White, R.W., Ruthven, I. (eds.) ECIR 2008. LNCS, vol. 4956, pp. 522–530. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)Potthast, M., Stein, B., Eiselt, A., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Rosso, P.:. Overview of the 1st international competition on plagiarism detection. In: Stein, B., Rosso, P., Stamatatos, E., Koppel, M., Agirre, E., (eds.) Proceedings of the SEPLN 2009 Workshop on Uncovering Plagiarism, Authorship, and Social Software Misuse (PAN 2009), pp. 1–9, 2009. CEUR-WS.org (September 2009). http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-502Potthast, M., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Eiselt, A., Stein, B., Rosso, P.: Overview of the 2nd International Competition on Plagiarism Detection. In: Braschler and Harman [8]Potthast, M., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Eiselt, A., Stein, B., Rosso, P.: Overview of the 2nd international competition on plagiarism detection. In: Braschler, M., Harman, D., Pianta, E., (eds.) Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2010 Evaluation Labs (September 2010) 2010. http://www.clef-initiative.eu/publication/working-notesPotthast, M., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Stein, B., Rosso, P.: Cross-language plagiarism detection. Lang. Resour. Eval. 45(1), 45–62 (2011)Potthast, M., Eiselt, A., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Stein, B., Rosso, P.: Overview of the 3rd international competition on plagiarism detection. In: Petras, V., Forner, P., Clough, P., (eds.) 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Avaliação do emprego da crioconcentração e da nanofiltração nas propriedades de compostos funcionais do soro de tofu e aplicação do concentrado na obtenção de bebida láctea fermentada
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, 2014.Este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização e o aproveitamento do soro de tofu, visando à aplicação de compostos bioativos oriundos da soja, resultando em um concentrado com maiores teores de isoflavonas e oligossacarídeos e, que possa ser aplicado na elaboração de uma bebida láctea. Inicialmente avaliaram-se os processos de crioconcentração(CF) em sistema de filme descendente e nanofiltração (NF) para recuperação e concentração das isoflavonas, presentes no soro de tofu. A quantificação de isoflavonas foi realizada nos concentrados obtidos em ambos os processos, além do permeado da NF e do gelo remanescente da CF. Além disso, realizou-se um estudo do potencial antioxidante do soro de tofu concentrado através da crioconcentração em blocos e da NF. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelos métodos FRAP (baseado na capacidade de redução do ferro) e ABTS+ (habilidade dos antioxidantes em capturar o cátion radical ABTS+). Posteriormente, o soro de tofu concentrado por NF foi aplicado na elaboração des bebidas lácteas fermentadas, denominadas como Bebida 1 (10 % de soro de tofu concentrado + 90 % de leite) e Bebida 2 (20 % de soro de tofu concentrado + 80 % de leite), além do controle (apenas leite). As bebidas foram avaliadas quanto à contagem total de bactérias ácido-láticas, propriedades físico-químicas, cor, índice de sinerese, propriedades reológicas e quantificação dos compostos bioativos, tais como isoflavonas e oligossacarídeos. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pôde-se observar que ambos os processos de CF em sistema de filme descendente e NF resultaram na concentração das isoflavonas. Com relação à atividade antioxidante, observou-se que seus valores foram significativamente mais elevados nos concentrados obtidos do que no soro de tofu inicial, sendo correlacionados positivamente com o teor de isoflavonas. A utilização do soro de tofu concentrado por NF na elaboração de bebida láctea fermentada não interferiu na sobrevivência das bactérias ácido-láticas, cujas contagens foram maiores que 8 log UFC mL-1 ao longo dos 30 dias de armazenamento das bebidas. Observou-se que a adição de maior quantidade de soro de tofu concentrado na bebida 2 promoveu redução do teor de sólidos totais e proteínas em comparação ao controle. Todas as amostras apresentaram perfil similiar quanto ao comportamento do pH, acidez e índice de sinerese ao longo do tempo de armazenamento. Tanto o controle quanto as bebidas lácteas fermentadas adicionadas do soro de tofu concentrado apresentaram coloração amarelo-esverdeada. Além disso, as bebidas bem como controle apresentaram comportamento reológico de fluidopseudoplástico com propriedades tixotrópicas. Na bebida 2, observou-se a manutenção das isoflavonas totais ao longo do tempo de armazenamento da bebida, enquanto na bebida 1 ocorreu uma pequena redução nesses teores. Os oligossacarídeos avaliados na bebida 2 apresentaram uma redução na sua concentração ao longo do tempo de armazenamento. Dessa forma, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que o soro de tofu concentrado pelo processo de nanofiltração pode ser utilizado para obtenção de uma bebida láctea fermentada com atividade biológica especial, conferidas pelas isoflavonas e oligossacarídeos da soja.Abstract : This study aimed at the characterization and use of tofu whey, for the application of bioactive compounds derived from soybeans, resulting in a concentrate with higher concentrations of isoflavones and oligosaccharides, and that can be applied in the preparation of a fermented lactic beverage. Primarily it was evaluated the processes of freeze concentration (CF) in falling film system and nanofiltration (NF) for the recovery and concentration of isoflavones, present in the tofu whey. The isoflavone quantification was performed in the concentrates obtained in both processes, besides of the NF permeate and the remaining ice of freeze concentration. Furthermore, it was carried out a study of the antioxidant potential of tofu whey concentrated by block freeze concentration and NF. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by FRAP (based on the ability of iron reduction) and ABTS + (ability of antioxidants to capture the radical cation ABTS+) methods . Posteriorly, the tofu whey concentrated by NF was applied in the preparation des functional fermented milk beverages, denominated as beverage 1 (10 % concentrate tofu whey + 90 % milk ) and beverage 2 (20 % concentrate tofu whey + 80 % milk), and control (only milk). The beverages were evaluated for total count of lactic acid bacteria, physicochemical properties, color, syneresis index, rheological properties and quantification of functional compounds, isoflavones and oligosaccharides. From the results obtained, it was observed that both falling-film freeze concentration and NF processes resulted in the concentration of isoflavones. With respect to the antioxidant activity, it was found that the values were significantly higher in the concentrate tofu whey than initial tofu whey, being positively correlated with the isoflavones . The use of tofu whey concentrated by NF in the preparation of fermented lactic beverages did not affect the survival of lactic acid bacteria, whose counts were higher than 8 log CFU mL-1 over the 30 days of storage of beverages. It was observed that the addition of a larger amount of concentrate tofu whey in beverage 2 produced a greater reduction in total solids and protein compared to the control. All samples showed similiar profile as the behavior of pH, acidity and syneresis index throughout the storage time. Both control and fermented lactic beverages with concentrate tofu whey showed greenish-yellow. Moreover, the beverages and control presented rheological behavior of pseudoplastic fluid with thixotropic properties. In the beverage 2 it was observed the maintenance of the total isoflavones over time storage, the beverage 1 as a slight decrease in these levels. The oligosaccharidesevaluated in the beverage 2 presented a decrease in their concentration throughout the storage time. Thus, the results obtained in this study suggest that the tofu whey concentrated by nanofiltration process can be used to obtain a fermented lactic beverage with functional properties conferred by the isoflavones and oligosaccharides soy of soybean
A Decade of Shared Tasks in Digital Text Forensics at PAN
No full text[EN] Digital text forensics aims at examining the originality and
credibility of information in electronic documents and, in this regard, to extract and analyze information about the authors of these documents. The research field has been substantially developed during the last decade. PAN is a series of shared tasks that started in 2009 and significantly contributed to attract the attention of the research community in well-defined digital text forensics tasks. Several benchmark datasets have been developed to assess the state-of-the-art performance in a wide range of tasks. In this paper, we present the evolution of both the examined tasks and the developed datasets during the last decade. We also briefly introduce the upcoming PAN 2019 shared tasks.We are indebted to many colleagues and friends who contributed greatly to PAN's tasks: Maik Anderka, Shlomo Argamon, Alberto Barrón-Cedeño, Fabio Celli, Fabio Crestani, Walter Daelemans, Andreas Eiselt, Tim Gollub,
Parth Gupta, Matthias Hagen, Teresa Holfeld, Patrick Juola, Giacomo Inches, Mike
Kestemont, Moshe Koppel, Manuel Montes-y-Gómez, Aurelio Lopez-Lopez, Francisco
Rangel, Miguel Angel Sánchez-Pérez, Günther Specht, Michael Tschuggnall, and Ben
Verhoeven. Our special thanks go to PAN¿s sponsors throughout the years and not
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Minimally Supervised Techniques for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction
No full textNormally, word translations are extracted from non-parallel, bilingual corpora, and initial bilingual lexicon, i.e., a list of known translations, is typically used to aid the learning process. This thesis highlights the study of a series of novel techniques that utilized
scarce resources. To make the study even more challenging,
only minimal use of resources was allowed and important major linguistic tools were not employed. Thus, this study introduces some novel techniques for learning a translation lexicon based on a minimally-supervised, context-based approach. The performance of each technique was measured by comparing the extracted lexicon to a reference lexicon based on the F1 score, which is a weighted average of the precision and the recall. The scores may range from 0 (worst) to 100% (best). Analysis performed on the proposed
techniques showed that these techniques had recorded promising F1 scores, ranging from 57.1% to 80.9%, which indicate moderate and best performances. Overall, the �findings of this study further reinforce the use of techniques in exploiting words from small corpora, suggesting that words that are contextually-relevant and
occurring in a similar domain are potentially useful. This thesis also presents a technique to deploy extra (i.e., additional) data, which are harvested from the web, and a novel method for measuring similarity of features between two words of different languages without involving the use of initial bilingual lexicon
