10 research outputs found
STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PORTOFOLIO SEBAGAI CARA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KREATIVITAS SISWA DALAM PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN KEWARGANEGARAAN
No full textAbstrakPada artikel ilmiah ini disajikan informasi mengenai solusi untuk menggali kreativitas siswa dalam pelajaran pendidikan kewarganegaraan (PKn). Solusinya yakni dengan pembelajaran berbasis portofolio, pembelajaran berbasis portofolio yang digunakan dalam pelajaran PKn merupakan pembelajaran yang mengkaji suatu masalah tentang kebijakan pemerintah yang ada di lingkungannya. Kemudian kelompok akan mendiskusikan masalah kebijakan yang ada. Pembelajaran ini dapat mengajak siswa supaya lebih aktif lagi dalam pelajaran PKn dan lebih kreatif dalam membuat tugas dengan cara bekerjasama, menyelesaikan masalah, dan bagaimana menyajikan penayangan supaya menarik. Sehingga siswa menjadi tahu betapa pentingnya partisipasi warga negara.Kata kunci : pembelajaran portofolio, kreativitas, pendidikan kewarganegaraan
PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL ENGKLEK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS VII B PADA MATA PELAJARAN PPKn DI SMP NEGERI 1 DUKUN KABUPATEN GRESIK
No full textAbstrakBerdasarkan hasil observasi di kelas VII B SMP Negeri 1 Dukun Gresik guru Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan menggunakan metode konvensional yakni ceramah dan tanya jawab. Sehingga siswa kurang motivasi dan minat pada proses pembelajaran, siswa bosan dan pasif saat kegiatan pembelajaran. Hal tersebut berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK). Hasil penelitian ini yakni (1) penggunaan media pembelajaran permainan engklek sudah dalam kategori baik. Siswa aktif dalam kegiatan pembelajaran, berani bertanya dan menjawab pertanyaan, serta tidak ragu dalam mengemukakan pendapat. Siswa sangat antusias dengan permainan engklek, karena siswa bermain sambil belajar sehingga suasana belajar menjadi menyenangkan dan tidak membosankan. (2) hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan media permainan tradisional engklek kelas VII B meningkat, nilai KKM Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan yakni 75. Berdasarkan data yang ditemukan pada obsevasi awal, pada siklus I, dan siklus ke II. Pada observasi awal terdapat 24 siswa yang mengikuti tes dan hanya 7 (29%) siswa yang tuntas. pada siklus I terdapat 23 siswa yang mengikuti tes dan siswa yang tuntas ada 13 (57%). Pada siklus II terdapat 23 siswa yang mengikuti tes dan siswa yang tuntas ada 19 (83%). Dikarenakan persentase ketuntasan belajar siswa sudah mencapai 83% maka tindakan tersebut memenuhi kriteria yakni dengan persentase minimal 75%. Sehingga tidak diperlukan untuk melakukan siklus berikutnya. Saran dari peneliti dengan menggunakan media permainan engklek yang digabungkan dengan metode dan model pembelajaran yang aktif dan kreatif, media permainan engklek ini dapat meningkatkan keaktifan dan kerjasama serta meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Peneliti lain diharapkan dapat memberikan variasi baru dalam penelitian selanjutnya, misalnya digabungkan dengan penggunaan teknologi agar siswa lebih tertarik dalam mengikuti proses pembelajaran yang berlangsung.Kata kunci: Media Pembelajaran, Permainan Tradisional Engklek, Hasil Belajar, Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraa
Promoting Gender Equality and Empowerment: A Quranic and Hadith Perspective on Women\u27s Roles in Islam
No full textThe Quran and the Hadith or prophetic traditions have defined the goal of Syariah as the manifestation of fairness and goodness. The Quran is a legal resource containing universal values guiding human life. Both women and men are essential beings. However, cultural, political, and interpretive power often make Islam seem unfriendly and discriminatory towards women. This study examines and analyses women\u27s existence from an Islamic perspective. Specifically, this study will discuss women\u27s existence in the discourse of gender equality, women\u27s role in the domestic sphere, women\u27s role in the public sphere, and the discourse on the future of women involving Islamic perspectives. The research method used is a literature review, specifically a study of Quranic and Hadith perspectives on gender roles and equality in Islam. The author systematically reviewed relevant literature, including Quranic verses, Hadith texts, and scholarly interpretations of these sources. The study\u27s findings show that numerous verses in the Qur\u27an and Hadiths emphasize the equal status of men and women in the eyes of God and the need for justice and fairness in all aspects of life, including gender relations, women\u27s role in the domestic sphere, and women\u27s role in the public sphere. Women\u27s participation in domestic and public life is essential for the country\u27s development and progress towards a better future, particularly in Indonesia. Therefore, it is crucial to continue exploring and analyzing the different perspectives on women\u27s roles in Islam, including in the domestic and public spheres, to promote gender equality and empowerment. This can be achieved through the development of more progressive fiqh that considers the evolving needs and roles of women in society
Konsep cinta yang seimbang dalam al-Qur'an: Studi Tafsir Tematik
Full text linkABSTRAK
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh realitas bahwa banyak sekali masyarakat yang faham mengenai teori cinta, tetapi salah dalam pelaksanaan secara nyata. Sehingga banyak yang melampaui batas dalam mencintai segala sesuatu, termasuk dalam mencintai keluarga, harta dan sampai pada melupakan kesiapan akan akhirat. Pokok pembahasan penelitian dari penulis adalah bagaimana konsep cinta yang ideal dalam al-Qur’an dan juga kontekastualisasinya.
Dalam menjawab permasalahan tersebut, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian Tafsir Maudhu’i dari Abu Hayy Al-Farmawiy dengan mengumpulkan seluruh ayat yang berkaitan dengan kata h{ubb, selanjutnya menggunakan sumber data primer dari al-Qur’an dan juga beberapa tafsir seperti tafsir Quraish Shihab dan juga Ibnu Katsir, serta pendekatan sekunder guna melengkapi data primer seperti buku-buku, artikel dan juga jurnal. Penelitian ini sepenuhnya merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan data-data yang dibutuhkan dan diperoleh melalui kepustakaan (library research), seluruh data dikumpulkan dengan mengutip, memproses dan menganalisa melalui analisis isi terhadap berbagai literatur, kemudian dianalisa melalui analisis isi dalam pola induksi dan deduksi.
Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah ayat yang mengandung makna cinta ideal hanya terdapat 6 dari 83 ayat yang ditemukan oleh penulis. Diantaranya adalah QS Al-Imran: 14, QS At-Taubah: 24, QS Ibrahim: 3, QS Al-Insan: 27, QS Al-Fajr: 20, QS Al-‘Adiyat: 8. Konstruksi cinta ideal akan terwujud apabila dari masing-masing pribadi memenuhi trianggel of love, yaitu intimasi hasrat dan komitmen. Ibnu Qayyim juga berpendapat bahwa akan sampai pada tingkatan cinta ideal apabila mencintai segala sesuatu selalu dikaitkan dengan Allah, karena itu termasuk ke dalam cinta yang paling bermanfaat, agung, tinggi dan juga diutamakan. Dengan mengamalkan cinta ideal, maka akan berpengaruh juga kedalam kehidupan sehari-sehari. Seperti adanya tanggung jawab sosial antar sesama dan juga fokus terhadap persiapan kehidupan akhirat. Dan pada akhirnya untuk menciptakan cinta yang ideal sebagaimana Allah telah menciptakan segala sesuatunya seimbang, maka manusia sebagai makhluk ciptaan Allah yang diutus menjadi khalifah untu menjaga bumi memiliki kesadaran dari dirinya masing-masing. Karena kerusakan cinta yang menjadi penyebab terbesar adalah ulah dari manusia itu sendiri dan hal itu akan mempengaruhi kehidupann manusia baik di dunia maupun kehidupan di akhirat kelak.
ABSTRACT
The background of this study the reality that a lot of people understand the theory of love, but they are actually wrong in implementing it. So, many of them go beyond the limit in loving everything, including in loving family and property. They even forget about the readiness to live in the afterlife. The main discussion of this study is how the ideal concept of love in the Al-Qur’an and its contextualization.
To answer the problem of study, the researcher uses the research method of Abu Hayy Al-Farmawiy’s Tafsir Maudhu'i by collecting all the verses related to the word hubb. Furthermore, the researcher used primary data sources from Al-Qur'an and several interpretations, such as the interpretation of the Quraish Shihab and Ibn Kathir. Meanwhile, a secondary approach to complement primary data is also used, such as books, articles and journals. This study is entirely a qualitative study with the required data obtained through a library research. All data are collected by quoting, processing and analysing through content analysis of various literatures. Then, the analysis is carried out by content analysis in the induction and deduction patterns.
The result of this study is there are only 6 out of 83 verses that contain the meaning of ideal love found by the author. They are Surah Al-Imran: 14, Surah At-Taubah: 24, Surah Ibrahim: 3, Surah Al-Insan: 27, Surah Al-Fajr: 20, Surah Al-'Adiyat: 8. The construction of ideal love will be realized if each person fulfils triangle of love. They are the intimacy of desire and commitment. Ibn Qayyim also argued that it would reach the ideal level of love if loving everything is always associated with Allah because it is included in the love that is most beneficial, great, high and also preferred. By practicing ideal love, it will also affect everyday life, such as: the existence of social responsibility among others and a focus on preparation for the afterlife. To sum up, to create ideal love as Allah has created everything in balance, then humans as Allah's creatures who are sent are to become caliphs to protect the earth have the awareness of each of them. It is because the damage to love which brings the biggest cause is the act of human and it will affect human life both in this world and in the hereafter.
مستخلص البحث
الخلفية من هذا البحث هي الواقع أن كثير المجتمع الذين يفهمون عن نظرية المحبة. بل، يخطؤون في أدائها حتى الكثير الذي يبدع الحد في محبة الشيء، يتضمن في حب الأسرة، المال، وحتى ينسى الأخيرة. البحث الرئيسي من الكاتبة هو كيف تصوير الحب الأمثل في القرأن وسياقه.
في إجابة تلك الأسئلة، تستخدم الكاتبة طريقة البحث التفسير الموضوعي عن أبو هاي الفرماوي بإجماع الأيات التي ترتبط بالكلمة "الحب". وبالتالي، تستخدم مصادر البيانات الرئيسية من القرأن وتفاسير مثل تفسير قريش شهاب وابن كثير، ونهج الثانوية لإتمام البيانات الرئيسية مثل الكتب، المقالات، والمجلات. هذا البحث هو البحث النوعي بالبيانات التي تحتاج، تنال من المكتبة (library research)، تجمع جميع البيانات بإقتطاف، عملية، وتحليل عبر من تحليل المحتوى للمطبوعات، ثم تحلل ان تمر تحليل المحتوى في تخطيط الإستقراء والمستقطع.
تدل حصيلة البحث أن الأية التي تتضمن المعنى الحب الأمثل تكون في 6 من 83 الأيات التي تكتشف الكاتبة. مثل سورة ال عمران: 14، سورة التوبة: 24، سورة إبراهيم: 3، سورة الإنسان: 27، سورة الفجر: 20، سورة العاديات: 8. سيكون بناء الحب الأمثل إذا من كل الأفراد يستطيع ان يترع (trianggel of love) هو ألفة التواق والإلتزام. عند ابن القييم أن سيبلغ في مرحلة الحب الأمثل إذا يحب الأشياء بجب ان يتعلق الله، لأن هذا الحال يتضمن إلى الحب الأنفع، الأعظم، الأعلى، والأفضل. بعمل الحب الأمثل، سيأثر إلى حياة اليومية. مثل مسؤولية الإجماعية بين الناس ويركز إلى إعداد حياة اليومية. ثم، أخيره، لخلق الحب الأمثل كما يخلق الله كل الأشياء الإستقامة. فالناس الذي يصبح مخلوق الله الذي يرسل الخليفة لحفظ الأرض ويملك الرشد من أنفسهم. لأن تدمير الحب الذي يصبح الأسباب الأكبر هي من الناس، وسيأثر ذالك الحال حياتهم في الدنيا أو الأخير
Flexural performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) ribbed slab with various topping thicknesses
No full textCharacteristics of Sudden Death Cases in The Medical Forensic and Medicolegal Installation in RSUD DR. Moewardi from 2017-2022
Full text linkSudden death represents a significant global health burden that can affect any population. The potential for sudden death to affect any individual at any time underscores the importance of investigating this issue. The findings of this study may serve to reinforce existing evidence regarding sudden death, thereby facilitating the implementation of additional measures in a timely and appropriate manner. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of sudden death cases in RSUD dr. Moewardi from 2017 to 2022, identify the socio-demographic profile of the most vulnerable population groups, and ascertain the most predominant system of involvement. Research was conducted with descriptive observational study, cross-sectional design, and purposive sampling. Subject consists of sudden death cases in the Medical Forensic and Medico Legal Installation in RSUD dr. Moewardi from 2017 to 2022. Of the 100 cases, the highest number was observed in 2020, representing 29% of the total cases. Individuals in the pre-elderly age group (39%) and male gender (88%) are most likely to experience sudden death. The primary cause of suspected sudden death is of other systems involvement (57.3%), with the cardiovascular system (54.54%) being the most common cause of sudden death. Sense-related abnormalities are the predominant indicator of past comorbidities in both suspected (56.17%) and sudden death cases (72.72%). The author concluded that pre-elderly male individuals are the most vulnerable to sudden death. The primary cause of suspected sudden death is of the other systems of involvement and the cardiovascular system in sudden death, with sense organ abnormalities being the predominant comorbidity indicator in both instances
Revisión bibliográfica sobre el uso de medicamentos vencidos como inhibidores de corrosión en acero al carbono en condiciones estáticas
No full textEste trabajo de grado tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un estado del arte a partir de una revisión bibliográfica sobre el uso de inhibidores de corrosión a partir de medicamentos vencidos, se valoraron algunos de los fármacos caducados, estudiados por sus propiedades inhibidoras de la corrosión durante los últimos años. Se revisaron más de cien artículos científicos, cuya información descriptiva (como autor, año de publicación, medio corrosivo, entre otros) fue tabulada para encontrar aquellas similitudes que están siguiendo los autores a la hora de escoger los medicamentos vencidos. Para poder desarrollar esta investigación se consultaron diferentes fuentes bibliográficas tales como las bases de datos de la Universidad San Buenaventura sede Cartagena, y tesis químicas, farmacéuticas, tecnológicas y de la misma línea de investigación. Se revisaron datos como la eficiencia del inhibidor y se indagó acerca de las técnicas utilizadas para el cálculo de las velocidades de corrosión, se realizó un rastreo bibliométrico con el objetivo de analizar la producción de artículos de investigación con base en las categorías preestablecidas. Finalmente, se estudió la metodología implementada en cada estudio, llegando a la conclusión de que los métodos más utilizados por los autores son los de pérdida de peso y técnicas electroquímicas como espectroscopía de impedancia electroquímica, polarización potenciodinámica; además los medios corrosivos más evaluados son los ácidos. Los resultados de esta revisión permiten apreciar que los fármacos caducados tienen un alto potencial como inhibidores de la corrosión para ser aplicados en la industria petroquímica, metalúrgica y eléctrica de la ciudad de Cartagena.This degree project had the objective to develop a state of the art from a bibliographic review on the use of corrosion inhibitors from expired drugs, some of the expired drugs were evaluated, studied for their corrosion inhibiting properties during the last years. More than one hundred scientific articles were reviewed, whose descriptive information (such as author, year of publication, corrosive medium, among others) was tabulated to find those similarities the authors are following when choosing expired medications. In order to develop this research, different bibliographic sources were consulted, such as databases of the San Buenaventura University (Cartagena campus), and chemical, pharmaceutical, technological thesis and the same line of research. Data such as the efficiency of the inhibitor were reviewed and the techniques used to calculate the corrosion rates were investigated, a bibliometric tracing was carried out in order to analyze the production of research articles based on the pre-established categories Finally, the methodology implemented in each study was studied, reaching the conclusion the methods most used by the authors are lossing weight methods and electrochemical techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization; furthermore, the most evaluated corrosive media are acids. The results of this review allow us to appreciate expired drugs have a high potential as corrosion inhibitors to be applied in the petrochemical, metallurgical and electrical industries of the city of CartagenaPregradoIngeniero QuímicoSedes::Cartagena::Línea de investigación ingeniería de procesos (Cartagena
BRIONY’S GUILTY FEELING AND HER ATONEMENT IN IAN MCEWAN’S ATONEMENT
No full text
BRIONY’S GUILTY FEELING AND HER ATONEMENT IN IAN MCEWAN’S ATONEMENT
Lailatul Fitriya
English Literature Study Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University
[email protected]
Drs. Much. Khoiri, M.Si
English Literature Study Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University
[email protected]
Abstrak
Perasaan bersalah dan taubat adalah hal yang ditunjukkan oleh seseorang ketika mereka membuat kesalahan atau dosa. Ian McEwan adalah salah satu penulis yang menulis sebuah novel tentang perasaan bersalah dan taubat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan perasaan bersalah dan taubat dari karakter utama. Dengan menggunakan teori-teori yang relevan, studi ini menganalisis kutipan-kutipan dari dalam novel yang mewakili perasaan bersalah dan taubat sebagai sumber data. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bagaimana perasaan bersalah Briony yang menyebabkan dirinya sebagai karakter utama melakukan taubat, perasaan bersalah tersebut dapat digambarkan dalam tiga jenis. Pertama, perasaan bersalah Briony yang digambarkan ketika dia menyadari kesalahannya dan dia merasa bahwa dia melakukan hal yang salah. Kedua, perasaan bersalah Briony yang digambarkan ketika dia melakukan hal yang baik. Ketiga, digambarkan ketika dia membuat permintaan maaf dengan mengatakan kebenaran yang sesungguhnya. Setelah perasaan bersalah ketiga muncul, dia ingin mengadakan taubat atas kesalahan yang dilakukan. Berdasarkan semua perasaan bersalah dalam hidupnya, ia kemudian mencoba untuk bertaubat dengan membuat cerita fiksi antara Robbie dan Cecilia. Sebagai novelis, ia menulis sebuah fiksi yang memiliki cerita bahagia antara Robbie dan Cecilia, karena dia menyadari tentang rasa bersalahnya yang telah membuat Robbie dan Cecilia menderita sampai akhir hayat tanpa bisa memenuhi cinta mereka berdua.
Kata kunci: Rasa bersalah dan taubat
Abstract
Guilty feeling and atonement are the thing which have been showed by the people when they make a guilt or sins. Ian McEwan is the one of the writers that wrote a novel about guilty and atonement. This study aimed to depict a guilty feeling and an atonement of the main character. By using relevant theories, the study analyses the data for example, quotation from the novel that represent guilty feeling. The result of analysis shows how Briony’s guilty feeling depicted in the atonement can be described in three kinds. First, Briony’s guilty feeling is depicted when she realized of her guilt and she felt that she did a wrong thing. Second, Briony’s guilty feeling depicted when she did a good thing. Third is depicted when she made an apology by telling the fact. After the third guilty feeling passed, she wanted to make atonement. Based on all her guilty feeling in her life, she then tried to make atonement by making a fiction of Robbie and Cecilia. As a novelist, she wrote a fiction that has happy ending between Robbie and Cecilia, because she realized about her guilt that has made Robbie and Cecilia get suffered to death without being able to fulfil their love.
Key words: Guilty feeling and atonement
INTRODUCTION
As in a general world, there is something that is always different in each side, good and bad is opposite one. In those two actions, there are consequences that will automatically happen in our live. Such an aphorism said that "what are you planting it so shall you reap even though it was a bit". It has a meaning that if we are doing the good attitude we will get good response or if we are doing bad attitude the bad response will appear too. But, as a human being, we often done a bad attitude or guilt that makes suffer to the other one.
Guilt is a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person realizes or believes accurately or not that he or she has compromised his or her own standards of conduct or has violated a moral standard, and bears significant responsibility for that violation. It is closely related to the concept of remorse. In a fairly thought, if someone doing a guilt action, he or she will feel guilty feelings. Guilty feeling is remorse caused by feeling responsible for some offense. It is analogously with the story which narrated by Ian McEwan in his novel Atonement that actually told about a guilty feelings and the atonement of someone.
Seen from the morphological point of view, the word guilty which means “having done something illegal or being responsible for something bad that has happened” is derived from the word guilt which has meaning “the fact that somebody has done something illegal or responsibility for doing something wrong or for something bad that has happened”. According to Sigmund Freud, the guilty feelings may arise when individual violates some ideals or values of “superego” by responding the impulses from the “id”. It may be more accurate in Freudian theory to speak about a “guilty ego”. Historically, guilty feeling arises when individuals involved in illegal acts, such as Salzmann said "Historically, the concept of guilt has involved an act transgressing or breaking a law." (Salzmann, 1983 in John Banmen 1988:79) ".
In this story, Briony as the main character feels that she was doing a guilt that makes her regret of her self in her life. Her sister “Cecilia” and “Robbie” could not get their love and they died before they could be reunited together and she wants to get atonement for her sin. Therefore, in this study wants to show how is the problem build because the guilty feeling. Some guilty that did by the main character which cause of another people had pain and how is the punishment that have done by the main character. Then author wants to describe more about how is Briony’s guilty feeling, causes of Briony’s atonement and what actually done in her life.
In accordance of background study above, it can be simplify to discuss among two problems that emerge as significant concern toward this novel.
How is Briony’s guilty feeling depicted in Ian Mcewan’s Atonement?
How does the guilty feeling causes Briony’s atonement in Ian Mcewan’s Atonement?
This study will use two concept theories which are in line with the statement of the problems. The first problem is how Briony’s guilty feeling depicted in Ian Mcewan’s Atonemen. This statement will use the concept of guilty feeling. According to Narramore individual may feel guilty because the actual violation of the law of God (Real guilt) or for emotional maladjustment (Pseudo guilt). Freud also said that, guilty feeling is based on the internalization of the values of the parents and the community. Guilty feeling begins when the children are afraid of punishment and loss of love old people when they violate social norms. According to Sigmund Freud, guilty feeling occur when the ego act, or even mean, to act contrary to contrary to moral norms superego (Freud, 2006: 67).
Narramore said that the Guilty feeling is divided into two types they are, the real guilt and pseudo guilt. Real guilt, every person is usually attached to the tendency to sin or transgress the law of God. Feelings have done wrong and have been proven guilty of the offense for violating the law of God is what is usually called the real guilt.
Then the second problem is how ow does the guilty feeling causes Briony’s atonement in Ian Mcewan’s Atonement. This statement will apply the concept of atonement. According to Narramore (1981: 106) expresses real feelings of guilt is actually from sin and guilt is the result of violations of the laws of God and refusal to acknowledge these sins. People who feel guilty because it brought on a fault or a sin, he suffered stress , anxiety and feelings of guilt . Realized it or not, every person in his will have a feeling of guilt. People who have repented even also experience feelings of sin and guilt realistic. So, in doing a wrong action, wrongdoer must deal with his guilt by making atonement, for example, by repentance and apology to the victim, and also by making reparation and penance. It is good for the victim to forgive a wrongdoer who has made some atonement, and that removes his guilt; but if the victim refuses to forgive despite substantial atonement, the wrongdoer's guilt disappears anyway. People have some responsibility to help others of the community to deal with their guilt, by encouraging them to apologize, and by helping them to make reparation but we are not guilty for the wrong acts of anyone else.
RESEARCH METHOD
Research methodology that used in this analysis here must be qualified as an applying in literary appreciation. In conducting the study, the descriptive qualitative method is applied and also uses a library research. The purpose of using the descriptive qualitative method is to obtain systematical description and accurate data which are dynamic, complex, and need very deep (Sugiyono, 2010: 399). The descriptive method of this study can be elaborated as below:
Data and Sources of Data
The data of this study used the Novel of Atonement, the eleventh book written by Ian McEwan and was published in 2001 as the main data in the analysis. Meanwhile, according to Arikunto in Afidah ( 2009: 27), the sources of data are grouped into three types. They are people, places, and papers. But, in this study the source of the data are obtained from the papers it is a novel by Ian McEwan as sources, in this case, mean that the data are obtained form of quotations, dialogues which indicate and represent aspect of slavery and the way it is expressed.
Data Collection
The method of collecting data, which is used in this study, is the library method. It does not use the statistic method. Library research used an approach in analyzing this study. That is why it is not served in numbering or table. The kind of library research here are intensive or closely reading to search quotations or phrases and to analyze literary element both intrinsic and extrinsic. The references are taken from library and contributing ideas about this study from internet that support the ideas of analyzing.
Data analysis
The final part of research methods was data analysis. It presents some steps how to analyze the data. Some steps of how the data is analyzed will be described as follows:
Classification based on the statement of the problems. This classification is used to avoid the broad discussion. There are three classifications is used to avoid the broad discussion. They are Briony’s behavior, Briony’s guilty, and Briony’s behavior causes her atonement.
Describing Briony’s behavior characterization, which is stated from the quotations and statements by using theory of characterization to be applied to the data.
Describing of guilty feeling. Quotations classified the guilty feeling that was done by main character in the novel.
Revealing the atonement of the gulity. In this case,the quotations that are showed and indicated the reason of atonement that was done by the main character and showed how the atonement type of the main character.
ANALYSIS
The first section is about describtion of Briony’s guilty feeling. Briony’s guilty feeling appear when she was to be adult. She conscious that she have ever did a guilt to someone. When Briony in 13 years old, Briony witnesses a moment of sexual tension between Cecilia and Robbie from afar. she misinterprets the sexual act as rape and believes Robbie to be a "maniac". Later on at a family dinner party, attended by Briony's brother Leon and his friend Paul Marshall, it is discovered that the twins have run away and the dinner party breaks into teams to search for them. In the darkness, Briony discovers her cousin Lola, apparently being raped by an assailant she cannot clearly see. Lola is unable or unwilling to identify the attacker, but Briony decides to accuse Robbie and identifies him to the police as the rapist, claiming she has seen Robbie's face in the dark. Robbie is taken away to prison, with only Cecilia and his mother believing his protestations of innocence.
From the part that was describe above, Briony was described as the young girl who is doing a wrong thing and really did a big guilt to Robbie. She did a crime to Robbie. She give a wrong witnesseth to the police.. ““She wanted the inspector to embrace her and comfort her and forgive her, however guiltless she was. But he would only look her and listen. It was him, I saw him, (McEwan, 2001:163). Although she actually knows, whose people that raped Lola, but she wants to Robbie whose became a subject of that crime to Robbie because she feel that Robbie is a man maniac that have to be punish. She told to the police that the ones of that criminal is Robbie “Robbie have been catched by two inspectors on Briony’s guilt of giving the wrong witnesseth”. (McEwan, 2001:173).
What was Briony did is realy the wrong thing, she became a lier who give a wrong witnesseth. After wrongly accusing an innocent man of a horrible crime, Briony must live with the guilty. She realize that what she was done was something that made pain to someone else. Robbie cathed by the police, so he will entered to the jail. He will get a lot of pain in the jail, he should to responsible from the raped’s accusation and he would not have to meet Cecilia, his lover. He really suffered from the guilt or wrong witnesseth of Briony. Actually, Briony find a guilty feeling in her life because she did a sins or did something wrong to another. According to Sigmund Freud, the guilty feelings may arise when individual violates some ideals or values of “superego” by responding the impulses from the “id”. It may be more accurate in Freudian theory to speak about a “guilty ego”. Whereas, as mention by Salzmann in John Banmen in the previous chapter, guilty feeling arises when individuals involved in illegal acts (Banmen 1988:79). In this case, Briony’s Guilty feeling appear after she realize that she did a sins that is became a lier and did something wrong about give a wrong witnesseth to Robbie and causing him brought a lot of pain.
That Briony’s guilty feeling was caused by doing sins. All off in the religious, did bad thing until made someone get suffer is one of sin and violation of the God that give an obligation to did good thing to someone else. Therefore, if have been seen by types of guilty feeling, Briony’s guilty feeling is the one of real guilty because she did something that violations of the God law. As mention by Narramor in previous chapter that the real guilty is guilty feeling because the actual violation of the law of God.
What Briony did to Robbie is a guilt thing. Guilt that made someone getting suffer and injustice. In this case, Briony’s guilty feeling is the type of social guilt. Like mentioned by Cavanagh (quoted by Al-Fitr RA., 2005), Social guilt is a fault which is psychologically and physically will cause injustice to others . It should be understood that the social dimension of the system will shed light on the value of the individual on how to behave in particular that will help others and behave in a certain way that would harm others.
Here, Briony really conscious about her guilt, the first Briony’s guilty feeling was depicted for desire to get an apology. Briony showed that she is really feeling guilt to Robbie , she is realized and feel anxiety about her wrong thing when she was a young, when she did not really thought about the pain that was happened into Robbie. Briony guilty feeling was realized when she was grow up becaming adult, she really found a guilty feeling in his life and actually she feel afraid for her bad and wrong thing. “She wanted the inspector to embrace her and comfort her and forgive her, however guiltless she was” (McEwan, 2001:163).
After she told to the police about the wrong witnesseth, she feel afraid and anxiety. Like the stated of Narramore, expresses real feelings of guilty is actually from sin and guilt is the result of violations of the laws of God and refusal to acknowledge these sins. People who feel guilty because it brought on a fault or a sin , he suffered stress , anxiety and feelings of guilt (Naramore,1981: 106).
Briony’s guilt to Robbie that cause Robbie catched by the police and entered to the jail. Robbie did not come back to Cecilia as his lover. He really disappointed with Briony’s guilt to him although it was happened in many years ago. Robbie’s experiences in the war. We follow Robbie on his retreat to Dunkirk. But, Briony’s guilty feeling was not stop with just feeling guilty and anxiety on her life. In this second part the guilty feeling of briony’s guilt also depicted.
By the time World War II has started, Robbie has spent 2–3 years in prison. He is then released on the condition of enlistment in the army to fight in war. Cecilia has trained and become a nurse. She cuts off all contact with her family because of the part they took in sending Robbie to jail. Robbie and Cecilia have only been in contact by letter.
Remorseful Briony has refused her place at Cambridge and instead is a trainee nurse in London. She has realised the full extent of her mistake, and decides it was Paul Marshall, Leon's friend, whom she saw raping Lola. Briony still writes, although she does not pursue it with the same recklessness as she did as a child.
This part of the story is also the first time we get to experience Briony as just a normal girl. We get to follow her and a friend when they have a day off sitting in the sun in a park listening to a band playing, cheerfully talking and laughing. This event makes her into a living human being, a young girl spending time with her friend, relaxing and having fun. It gives Briony another dimension, she changes from rigid character caught up in her own world and her writing and emerges as a warm, bright, young girl just like any other 18-year-old. In the end the event makes Briony feel guilty that they had fun at all because when they return to the hospital a convoy of wounded soldiers has arrived. The fact that they were laughing in the sunlight when others were suffering makes her feel guilty, just like she probably feels guilty throughout her life for enjoying it when Cecilia and Robbie cannot enjoy their lives.
In this parts, describe that Briony’s guilty feeling also depicted from the second parts of this novel. As a self punishment, Briony decides to give up all the luxuries of an upper-class life. No Cambridge, no fancy flat to live in, no traveling, no job at the ministry. Briony hopes that her duties as a nurse during the war will serve as some sort of penance towards her. Yet the cost of doing so, is a complete stripping of her identity--she fails to exist as "Briony"--with no will nor freedom to go back. Briony become a nurse to depicted her guilty feeling as describe in parts before.
This was her student life now, these four years, this enveloping regime, and she had no will, no freedom to leave. She was abandoning herself to a life of strictures, rules, obedience, housework, and a constant fear of disapproval. She was one of a batch of probationers--there was intake every few months--and she had no identity beyond her badge.(McEwan,2001:260)
Briony actually knows that her Sister really love to Robbie, but they could not get on together. She tried to do something good thing, may for get a penance. She tried to meet Robbie and Cecilia for a penance. How Briony get a penance or doing atonement will be explain letter in 3.2. The effort of Briony to get apologies, she won’t that the guilty feeling would continue haunt her forever in her life.
Described with Robbie on his retreat to Dunkirk and all that happens to him and his companions on the way there. Cecilia, who of course occupies his mind far more than Briony does, has sent him a letter telling him that Briony wants to change her statement and make him free, not just from prison but from accusation. This gets him thinking of her and of her motive for lying and sending him to prison. His only explanation is that the feelings she had for him when she was younger were still there when she read his letter to Cecilia on that day five years ago when she accused him of a crime he did not commit. Here Briony guilty feeling is showed, she wants to change her statement and make him free, not just from prison but from accusation. She sent a letter to Cecilia as the type of her apology, Cecilia thougth that Briony wants to get a penance. Like she said in her letter, “ she’s saying that she wants to be useful in a partical way. But I get the impression she’s taken on nursing as a sort penance. She wants to come and see me and talk” (McEwan, 2001:199).
Guilty feeling that was felt by Briony, made her to did a good thing. She became a nurse and wants to be useful, but actually that was the way to meet Cecilia and work in the Cecilia’s old hospital. After a crime that Briony did to Robbie Cecilia cut herself off from her family, “ she (Cecilia) would never speak to her parents, brother and sister again” (McEwan, 2001:192). It show that Cecilia really disappointed with Briony. Cecilia decided became a nurse far from her house. As told before about type of
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