130 research outputs found
Plasmonic Supercrystals with a Layered Structure Studied by a Combined TEM-SAXS-XCCA Approach
No full textSupercrystals composed of plasmonic nanoparticles constitute a promising material platform for tailored light-matter interactions. The optimization of their optical properties requires precise syntheses and a detailed structural characterization that addresses not only the basic geometrical parameters but also the degree of order. Herein, plasmonic supercrystals with a well-defined layered structure are studied by a combined transmission electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray cross-correlation analysis (TEM-SAXS-XCCA) approach. It is demonstrated that scanning small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) data can unambiguously be assigned to the number of crystalline layers by comparison with complementary transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments on the same regions of interest. A small but significant increase of the lattice constant with increasing number of layers and a high degree of orientational order irrespective of the number of layers is found. This points to specifics of the supercrystal formation mechanism that could be utilized to improve the control of self-assembly for supercrystal geometries with subnanometer precision
Sectoral job effects of trade: An input-output analysis for Germany
No full textThe current globalisation process is characterized by the emergence of global value chains. That is, production processes are becoming increasingly geographically fragmented. Not only are final goods traded internationally, but in particular, trade in intermediate goods and services has increased significantly over time. In the industrialised countries, the manufacturing sectors were the first that were compelled to face the challenges of globalisation. When services were still considered non-tradable, manufacturing firms had already decided to relocate their production sites to developing or emerging economies, due to lower wage levels abroad and increasing price competition domestically. In this paper, we use input-output analysis to explore the relationship between trade and both job creation and job destruction in the German manufacturing industry in 2005. The results show that being integrated into the world economy is advantageous for the German economy. In 2005, the net exports of the manufacturing industries led to trade-induced job gains of around 2,400,000. This figure is equivalent to 6.2 per cent of total German employment. Furthermore, the job effects of trade were positive for a large majority of countries. The greatest job gains resulted from trade with the United States, the United Kingdom and France. Interestingly, even trade with the new EU Member States is beneficial in terms of job creation. --input-output analysis,international trade,employment
El club de canto Germania
No full textFundado en diciembre de 1855, el Club de Canto Germania quedó constituído originalmente por veintiún socios: Baumeister, Baumgart, Bonness, Braun, Buchter, Farber, Glade, Hering, H~ppke, Keil, Kl~pping, Ludwig, Pornmerenk, Rathje, Riccius, Stein, Weiss, Westermeier, Wiebeck, Wilkelmann y Zwerublewitz. Cuatro de ellos, Buchter, Westermeier, Wiebeck y Wilkelmann conformaron la comisión directiva inaugural. Sus actividades se iniciaron en una casa ubicada en Belgrano 1020. El primer director del coro fue August Keil , y el primer gran festival que organizó se llevó a cabo en 1866, en forma conjunta con la Asociación de Canto Frohsinn de Montevideo..
Jobs gained and lost through trade: The case of Germany
No full textThe nature of international trade has changed significantly. For centuries, trade concentrated on the exchange of finished goods. It now increasingly involves bits of value that are added at different locations to combine into one final product. Therefore, trade in functions or tasks are of growing importance and exports of final goods are no longer an appropriate indicator of the international competitiveness of countries. The process of globalisation has an impact on domestic labour markets. Due to the increasing integration of the world economy, some jobs are gained and others lost in any open economy. Concerns about German workers losing jobs to foreign competition dominate many political debates. Many people fear that being integrated in the world economy is disadvantageous for Germany. In this paper, we use input-output analysis to explore the relationship between trade and both job creation and job destruction in Germany over the period 1995-2006. We present two main findings. First, in an autarkic situation, around 7.0 per cent of total German jobs would not have existed at all in 2006. The job effect of trade was positive in every reporting year. Second, the manufacturing sector contributed most to this positive job effect, but also in the service sector, many jobs were retained through trade. --input-output analysis,international trade,employment
The FIFA World Cup 1930–2010
No full textZollen wir also auch unseren Tribut ... Carola Westermeier: Rezension zu: Rinke, Stefan; Schiller, Kay (Hrsg.): The FIFA World Cup 1930–2010. Politics, Commerce, Spectacle and Identities. Göttingen 2014, in: H-Soz-u-Kult, 10.07.2014, http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/rezensionen/2014-3-02
Der Netz-Cent: Ein Instrument zur Finanzierung des Breitbandausbaus
No full textDer Breitbandausbau soll auch in wirtschaftlich unattraktiven Gebieten vorangetrieben werden. Vor allem ländliche Gebiete sind mangels Wirtschaftlichkeit noch unterversorgt. Der Autor schlägt die Einführung eines Netz-Cents vor, um die notwendigen Finanzierungsmittel sicherzustellen. Der Netz-Cent ist ein Konzept, mit dem positive externe Effekte bei den Endkunden internalisiert werden können.To benefit from the digital revolution, broader investments in the digital infrastructure are needed. But private investments are not sufficient to build up the infrastructure needed for the digital revolution. Especially in rural areas, the return on investments is rather low or negative. The author suggests imposing a fee of e.g. one cent per gigabyte used. The money collected from the consumer would then be used to fund private investments. The fee can be justified with positive external effects. Every internet user benefits from a broad expansion of fast internet connections but does not pay for it. The fee internalises those positive external effects
Using coherent X-rays to follow dynamics in amorphous ices
No full textAmorphous solid water plays an important role in our overall understanding of water's phase diagram. X-ray scattering is an important tool for characterising the different states of water, and modern storage ring and XFEL facilities have opened up new pathways to simultaneously study structure and dynamics. Here, X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) was used to study the dynamics of high-density amorphous (HDA) ice upon heating. We follow the structural transition from HDA to low-density amorphous (LDA) ice, by using wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), for different heating rates. We used a new type of sample preparation, which allowed us to study μm-sized ice layers rather than powdered bulk samples. The study focuses on the non-equilibrium dynamics during fast heating, spontaneous transformation and crystallization. Performing the XPCS study at ultra-small angle (USAXS) geometry allows us to characterize the transition dynamics at length scales ranging from 60 nm-800 nm. For the HDA-LDA transition we observe a clear separation in three dynamical regimes, which show different dynamical crossovers at different length scales. The crystallization from LDA, instead, is observed to appear homogenously throughout the studied length scales
Photo-Controlled Dynamics and Transport in Entangled Wormlike Micellar Nanocomposites Studied by XPCS
No full textDynamics of nanoparticles
(NPs) in microscopic networks, in particular,
localization and transport, play a key role in designing new functional
nanocomposites and drug delivery systems. To this aim, it is crucial
to understand the interplay between the network structure and dynamics
on the microscopic scale which determines NP diffusion. Here, we study
the localization and transport of spherical NPs in photorheological
wormlike micellar nanocomposites where the mobility of the NPs is
controlled by the network mesh size and the micelle length, which
can be tuned by UV-illumination. The macroscopic viscoelastic properties
are measured by classical rheology, while X-ray photon correlation
spectroscopy and nanorheology provide information on the microscopic
NP dynamics on length scales on the order of the network mesh size.
On long time scales, the data reveal that transport through the network
is determined by the ratio between the NP size and the network mesh
size, while upon UV illumination, the NP mobility is drastically enhanced.
On shorter time scales, the influence of the dynamical and structural
micelle properties on the NP dynamics under confinement is explored
and indicates an anomalous speed-up of the dynamics, which is discussed
in the context of changes in the local structure and non-linear phenomena
such as strain stiffening and hopping motion
Direct observation of nanoscale interface phase in the superconducting chalcogenide KxFe2−ySe2 with intrinsic phase separation
No full textWe have used scanning micro x-ray diffraction to characterize different phases in superconducting KxFe2-ySe2 as a function of temperature, unveiling the thermal evolution across the superconducting transition temperature (T-c similar to 32 K), phase separation temperature (T-ps similar to 520 K), and iron-vacancy order temperature (T-vo similar to 580 K). In addition to the iron-vacancy ordered tetragonalmagnetic phase and orthorhombicmetallic minority filamentary phase, we have found clear evidence of the interface phase with tetragonal symmetry. The metallic phase is surrounded by this interface phase below similar to 300 K, and is embedded in the insulating texture. The spatial distribution of coexisting phases as a function of temperature provides clear evidence of the formation of protected metallic percolative paths in themajority texturewith largemagnetic moment, required for the electronic coherence for the superconductivity. Furthermore, a clear reorganization of iron-vacancy order around the T-ps and T-c is found with the interface phase being mostly associated with a different iron-vacancy configuration, that may be important for protecting the percolative superconductivity in KxFe2-ySe2
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