2,279 research outputs found
Energy-Efficient Train Timetabling
No full textRunning time calculation is an essential ingredient in train timetabling. Traditionally, the technical minimum running times are computed in detail after which a running time supplement is added to obtain the scheduled running times. This running time supplement must be translated into lower cruising speeds or coasting regimes to cover the entire scheduled running time for on-time running. How this is done determines the exact time-distance train paths and the energy consumption of the trains. This chapter explains how train trajectory optimization can be used to compute energy-efficient train trajectories between two stops, over multiple stops including the optimal allocation of running time supplements between the stops, and over corridors considering the track occupation of multiple trains. It is argued that microscopic train timetabling based on energy-efficient train trajectories and blocking time theory is required to design robust conflict-free timetables that enable energy-efficient train operation. The theory is illustrated with many examples under realistic conditions, such as varying gradients and speed restrictions.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Transport and Plannin
Energy-Efficient Train Operation: Conclusions and Future Work
No full textThis chapter gives the basic conclusions about energy-efficient train operation covering energy-efficient train driving, energy-efficient train timetabling, regenerative braking, energy storage systems and power supply networks. Future work that will develop energy-efficient train operation further include the interaction of connected driver advisory systems (C-DAS) and automatic train operation (ATO) with railway traffic management systems, cooperative train control in platoons of virtually coupled trains, digital twin technology and particularly its application to power supply systems, and the interaction between the railway network with the electrical power grid and renewable energy generation.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Transport and Plannin
Introduction to Energy-Efficient Train Operation
No full textRailway, as one of the most energy-efficient transport, plays an essential role in improving the world’s energy and environmental sustainability. Statistics about rail share of transport activities and the corresponding energy consumption will demonstrate the energy efficiency of railway and indicate the potential of developing railway transport. Therefore, this chapter will provide an overview of the railway's energy consumption and traffic volume shares. Statistics presented in this chapter show that railway energy consumption decreased in these decades while its transport volume kept stable, and the traffic volume share of the railway is extremely large in urban transport. To achieve the goal of carbon neutralization, the European Union and many countries have conducted research projects on railway energy conservation. The technologies developed in these projects include energy-efficient train driving, integrated timetabling, using regenerative braking energy, etc. A summary of these technologies is also given, along with their potential energy savings, which range from 1 to 25%. This book will analyse and illustrate the whole systems processes of train operation with optimisation solutions. The structure of the following chapters will be presented at the end.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Transport and Plannin
Railway line capacity consumption of different railway signalling systems under scheduled and disturbed conditions
No full textThis paper evaluates the capacity consumption on a Dutch railway line both under scheduled and disturbed traffic conditions. For the scheduled condition the standard UIC compression method is used, while the computation of capacity consumption under disturbed conditions requires multiple simulation runs via a Monte Carlo simulation set up. For the analysis we use the optimization-based train dispatching system ROMA that combines the alternative graph formulation of train rescheduling with blocking time modelling of the signalling constraints. For this study ROMA is extended to various signalling/ATP systems so that the braking behaviour of hindered trains is accurately simulated in the different configurations. In addition, ROMA computes the compressed timetable with conflict-free train paths without rescheduling. For the disturbed scenarios, we consider a case study of the Utrecht-Den Bosch line equipped with different signalling/ATP systems. Two traffic control scenarios are considered for the disturbed scenarios: a first come first served rule and an advanced branch-and-bound algorithm. The results show that the scheduled capacity consumption improves from the Dutch NS’54/ATB to ETCS Level 2 with short blocks. In presence of delayed operations, the capacity consumption declines for NS’54/ATB, since trains have to brake and run at lower speeds. With ETCS, there is a considerable gain in terms of capacity consumption and punctuality compared to NS’54/ATB, since the braking distances decrease when delayed trains run at lower speeds, having a stabilizing effect on headway times, delay propagation and throughput.Transport & PlanningCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Adventures of a currency trader : a fable about trading, courage, and doing the right thing / Rob Booker.
No full textIncludes index.Book fair 2012.xv, 221 pages :Praise for ADVENTURES of a CURRENCY TRADER "A truly easy, unique, and enjoyable read! Rob has done it onceagain to teach us in the funniest way possible...
how not to make themost common trading mistakes. If you are tired of reading how-tobooks, this is perfect for you. I highly recommend this book to alltraders. Everyone will learn something about themselves by readingthis book."—Kathy Lien, author, Day Trading the Currency Market,and Chief Strategist, www.dailyfx.com"Adventures of a Currency Trader is a must read foranyone who has ever traded or is thinking about trading in theForex markets. Rob Booker has a unique way of taking years ofmarket knowledge and transforming it into an educational andentertaining experience. It has quickly become a cult classic in mytrading library!"—H. Jack Bouroudjian, Principal, Brewer Investment Group"Brilliant! Rob's humor and humanity shine through in thisparable about trading and life. Filled with wisdom and wit, it's anexhilarating rollercoaster ride through the peaks and valleys ofthe learning curve, with many valuable lessons learned along theway."—Ed Ponsi, President, FXEducator.com"Rob's fable of everyman 'Harry Banes' is destined to become atrading classic. This is both the missing piece and the foundationthat comes before the strategies and methodologies. The search forthe Holy Grail begins and ends in the heart and mind. The journeyis authentic and real and if you're willing to take it with Rob,you will be rewarded in the end. Seldom has psychology and wisdombeen so entertaining!"—Raghee Horner, trader and author of Forex Trading forMaximum Profit and Days of Forex Trading"In a series of insightful and entertaining vignettes, RobBooker teaches both the novice and the experienced trader some hardwon truths about the currency market. It's a must read book writtenby a guy who survived the trenches and went on to prosper in thebiggest and most competitive financial market in the world."—Boris Schlossberg, Senior Currency Strategist, Forex CapitalMarkets LLC, and author of Technical Analysis of the CurrencyMarke
A three-level framework for performance-based railway timetabling
Full text linkThe performance of railway operations depends highly on the quality of the railway timetable. In particular for dense railway networks it can be a challenge to obtain a stable robust conflict-free and energy-efficient timetable with acceptable infrastructure occupation and short travel times. This paper presents a performance-based railway timetabling framework using an integrated approach on three levels: microscopic, macroscopic and a corridor fine-tuning level, to compute a timetable explicitly driven by the above mentioned performance indicators. A case study on the Dutch railway network illustrates the feasibility of this approach to achieve the highest timetabling design level.Transport & PlanningCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Analysis of safe and effective next-generation rail signalling systems
Full text linkMoving Block (MB) and Virtual Coupling (VC) rail signalling will change current train operation paradigm by migrating vital equipment from trackside to onboard to reduce train separation and maintenance costs. Their actual deployment is however constrained by the industry’s need to identify configurations of MB and VC signalling equipment which can effectively guarantee safe train movements even under degraded operational conditions involving component faults. In this paper, we analyse the effectivity of MB and VC in safely supervising train separation under nominal and degraded conditions by using an innovative approach which combines Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Stochastic Activity Networks (SAN). An FTA model of unsafe train movement is defined for both MB and VC capturing functional interactions and cause-effect relations among the different signalling components. The FTA is used as a basis to apportion signalling component failure rates needed to feed the SAN model. Effective MB and VC train supervision is analysed by means of SAN-based simulations in the specific scenario of an error in the Train Position Report (TPR) for five rail market segments featuring different traffic characteristics, namely high-speed, mainline, regional, urban and freight. Results show that the thresholds of the design variables depend on the considered signalling system alternative and the investigated market segment. In particular, the TPR delay threshold allowed for MB is higher than for VC. This means that to ensure a safe train movement, VC cannot absorb a TPR delay of longer than 1.5 s, which corresponds to the mainline market segment. For MB instead, the results show that the maximum TPR delay can reach 3.9 s for high-speed and freight railways. In addition, results showed that the integration of an FTA in a SAN model can provide a better understanding of the safety-performance behaviour of a system where VC showed a higher number of braking indications with respect to MB for the same TPR error failure rate. This means that for VC to effectively supervise the train separation at the same safety level as MB, we would need to have a much higher reliability of the TPR. The overall approach can support infrastructure managers, railway undertakings, and rail signalling suppliers in investigating the effectiveness of MB and VC to safely supervise train movements in scenarios involving different types of degraded conditions and failure events. The proposed method can hence support the railway industry in identifying effective and safe design configurations of next-generation rail signalling systems
A literature review of Artificial Intelligence applications in railway systems
Full text linkNowadays it is widely accepted that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is significantly influencing a large number of domains, including railways. In this paper, we present a systematic literature review of the current state-of-the-art of AI in railway transport. In particular, we analysed and discussed papers from a holistic railway perspective, covering sub-domains such as maintenance and inspection, planning and management, safety and security, autonomous driving and control, revenue management, transport policy, and passenger mobility. This review makes an initial step towards shaping the role of AI in future railways and provides a summary of the current focuses of AI research connected to rail transport. We reviewed about 139 scientific papers covering the period from 2010 to December 2020. We found that the major research efforts have been put in AI for rail maintenance and inspection, while very limited or no research has been found on AI for rail transport policy and revenue management. The remaining sub-domains received mild to moderate attention. AI applications are promising and tend to act as a game-changer in tackling multiple railway challenges. However, at the moment, AI research in railways is still mostly at its early stages. Future research can be expected towards developing advanced combined AI applications (e.g. with optimization), using AI in decision making, dealing with uncertainty and tackling newly rising cybersecurity challenges
Multi-objective railway timetabling including energy-efficient train trajectory optimization
Full text linkEnergy-efficient train driving is an important topic to railway undertakings (RUs) for sustainability and cost reduction. The timetable affects the possibilities for energy-efficient train driving by the amount of running time supplements, which is the topic of energy-efficient train timetabling (EETT). The scientific literature on EETT focuses mainly on the balance between total running time and energy consumption. However, in practice RUs consider a trade-off between the total running time, the infrastructure occupation and the timetable robustness, while energy efficiency is not considered. In this paper we consider a multiple-objective timetabling problem at a microscopic infrastructure level that adds energy consumption to the other three objectives. We approach the multiple-objective problem by a brute force search algorithm, where we use two different methods to compute the optimal solution: A weighted sum method and a distance metric method. We apply the method to a Dutch case study on the corridor between the stations Arnhem Central and Nijmegen with alternating Intercity and Sprinter trains, without intermediate overtaking possibilities. The results indicate that there is a balancing relationship between the total running time and energy consumption, without influencing the infrastructure occupation and robustness. The results of the 10 Pareto-optimal solutions show a variation of 5% for the total running time, 18% for the energy consumption, 0.3% for the extended cycle time, and 0.8% for the buffer time. The shortest running time leads to 18% more energy consumption than the longest running time with 5% more running time supplement. In both cases the extended cycle time and buffer time are almost constant. On the other hand, reducing the infrastructure occupation leads to homogenization of the timetable. Therefore, including energy consumption in the multiple-objective can be used to balance the trade-off between total running time and capacity consumption.Transport and Plannin
- …
