1,721,093 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Psychometric investigations of declarative knowledge
No full textThe acquisition and accumulation of knowledge is a fundamental aspect of human cognition. In consensual models of cognitive abilities, declarative knowledge is considered the quintessential facet of crystallized intelligence (gc). Although declarative knowledge plays a major role in adult cognitive performance, substantial issues remain regarding its structure and measurement. In three manuscripts, this dissertation aims to contribute to a better understanding of individual differences in declarative knowledge, their age-related differences, origins, and practical utility. In the first manuscript, we empirically tested the seminal age-differentiation hypothesis proposed in investment theories. Thereto, we investigated age-related differences in the structure of declarative knowledge in a large heterogeneous sample. We found no evidence of structural differentiation across age and no influence of the personality factor Openness/Intellect on the structure of knowledge. In the second manuscript, we examined regional variations in knowledge and how the national specificity of items affects knowledge measurement. In samples from Germany, France, and the USA, we found
systematic country-level differences in specific knowledge that varies across knowledge areas. We modeled residual associations between country-specific knowledge indicators and discussed their substantial and methodological implications. The third manuscript investigated the practical utility of fluid and crystallized intelligence in a test battery for
university admission. In a 2.5-year longitudinal study, we examined the construct validity and incremental predictive validity of reasoning, declarative knowledge, and text comprehension tests. We found that the test battery incrementally predicts university GPA over high-school GPA and that a nested Gc factor is difficult to establish besides a strong general intelligence factor.In the epilogue, I further discuss the results and emphasize the role of item sampling and knowledge modeling in future research on individual differences in declarative knowledge
Socialization of gifted youths : an approach centered on the Social Information Processing integrative model
No full textLe Haut Potentiel Intellectuel (HPI) est un sujet d’intérêt en France. De nombreuses caractéristiques qui ne sont pas directement liées au domaine cognitif sont associées au HPI dans l’imaginaire collectif. Notamment, les jeunes à HPI auraient plus de difficultés à s’intégrer parmi les pairs, ce qui serait source de souffrance au quotidien, en particulier à l’école. La littérature scientifique apporte des conclusions peu fiables et contradictoires sur ce sujet. L’approche adoptée dans ce travail de recherche avait pour objectif de permettre une compréhension détaillée du processus de socialisation, en examinant les mécanismes qui sous-tendent la socialisation entre pairs à travers les étapes du modèle SIP. Une méthodologie en trois temps a été suivie afin de rendre compte des différences pouvant exister entre le processus de socialisation des jeunes avec et sans HPI pour la première fois : 1) en utilisant un guide d’entretiens semi-structurés auprès de 47 jeunes, 2) à partir d’un questionnaire auto-rapporté complété par 507 jeunes, et 3) à partir d’un questionnaire hétéro-rapporté par 882 parents. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats indiquent que les jeunes à HPI ne présentent pas un traitement de l’information social différent en soi mais qu’ils se différencient de leurs pairs à travers certains mécanismes, à savoir l’interprétation des événements ambigus et conflictuels, et l’élaboration de nouvelles réponses sociales adaptées. La régulation des émotions est également perçue comme étant un problème dans le processus de socialisation des jeunes à HPI ;; les perceptions des autres sur le HPI jouent probablement un rôle important dans le développement de ces difficultés.Giftedness is a topic of interest in France. Many characteristics that are not directly related to cognition are associated with giftedness in the general population. One of them is that gifted youth may have more difficulties in socializing with their peers, which may cause suffering in everyday life, especially at school. The scientific literature provides unreliable and contradictory conclusions on this subject. The approach adopted in this research work aimed to provide a detailed understanding of the socialization process, by examining the mechanisms underlying peer socialization through the Social Information Processing model steps. A three-stage methodology was followed to identify the differences that may exist between the socialization process of gifted and non-gifted youths for the first time: 1) using a semi-structured interview guide with 47 youths, 2) from a self-reported questionnaire completed by 507 youths, and 3) from a hetero-report questionnaire filled out by 882 parents. Overall, our results indicate that gifted youths do not exhibit different social information processing per se, but they do differ from their peers in interpreting ambiguous and conflicting events and developing new adaptive social responses. Emotion regulation is also considered as a problem in the socialization process of gifted youths;; others’ perceptions about giftedness probably play an important role in the development of these difficulties
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Un excès de variabilité : cartographie des stratégies en mémoire visuo-spatiale.
No full textInternational audienc
Contrôle cognitif en mémoire de travail : une approche différentielle dans le cadre du modèle à Deux Mécanismes de Contrôle
No full textThe constructs of working memory and cognitive control are conceptually close; a high working memory capacity is hypothesized to be associated with an efficient cognitive control. This hypothetical association has large implications for human cognition and provides an elegant explanation for the frequently reported relationship between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. However, the difficulty in operationalizing and measuring cognitive control makes this hypothesis hard to test. One model of cognitive control, the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) framework, constitutes a possible solution to this problem: the model proposes two distinct mechanisms of cognitive control which can be efficiently operationalized and studied. There is reason to believe that one of these two mechanisms, proactive control, is specifically related to working memory capacity. The objective of the present research work was to assess the relationship between individual differences in working memory capacity and the tendency to use proactive control. This relationship was tested in four steps: 1) by using innovative measures of the tendency to use proactive control, based on newly developed paradigms, 2) with classic cognitive control tasks sensitive to proactive control, 3) with a neuroimaging approach using electro-encephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, and 4) by testing whether the use of proactive control explains the relationship between working memory and fluid intelligence. Overall, our results did not support the idea that working memory capacity is uniquely related to the tendency to use proactive control; the data were more consistent with a general advantage of participants with a high working memory capacity in all situations.La mémoire de travail et le contrôle cognitif sont des construits proches ; on suppose généralement qu'une forte capacité en mémoire de travail est associée à un contrôle cognitif efficace. Cette hypothèse a des implications importantes pour la cognition humaine et apporte une explication élégante à la corrélation fréquemment reportée entre mémoire de travail et intelligence fluide. En revanche, les difficultés d'opérationnalisation et de mesure du contrôle cognitif rendent l'hypothèse difficile à tester. Un modèle récent du contrôle cognitif, le modèle à Deux Mécanismes de Contrôle (DMC), offre une solution à ce problème : ce modèle propose l'existence de deux mécanismes de contrôle cognitif distincts et permet de les opérationnaliser de façon efficace. La littérature prédit que l'un de ces deux mécanismes, le contrôle proactif, devrait être lié à la mémoire de travail. L'objectif de cette thèse était de tester l'existence d'une relation entre les différences inter-individuelles en mémoire de travail et la tendance à mettre en place un mécanisme de contrôle proactif. Cette relation a été testée sous quatre axes de travail : 1) en utilisant de nouveaux paradigmes expérimentaux pour mesurer la tendance à utiliser le contrôle proactif, 2) grâce à des tâches classiques de contrôle cognitif choisies pour leur sensibilité au contrôle proactif, 3) à travers une approche par imagerie cérébrale incluant électro-encéphalographie et imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle, et 4) en tant que facteur explicatif de la relation entre mémoire de travail et intelligence fluide. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats n'ont pas permis de soutenir l'idée que la capacité en mémoire de travail est directement liée à la tendance à utiliser un mécanisme de contrôle proactif ; les données suggèrent plutôt un avantage général en faveur des participants à forte capacité en mémoire de travail dans toutes les situations
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