1,720,982 research outputs found
NSN - Prinsipalen for norsk cybersikkerhet?
Full text linkVi har i denne oppgaven undersøkt hvordan NSM og deres virkemidler er med på å påvirke sikkerheten i anskaffelser hos virksomheter tilknyttet kritisk infrastruktur. Konkret har vi hatt stor vekt på hvordan NSM har påvirket virksomhetens anskaffelser og verdikjeder. Dette er gjennomført gjennom en rekke kvalitative case-studier av virksomheter vi har ansett relevante for oppgaven: Kongsberg Satellite Services, Telenor, Lyse, Forsvarsdepartementet og Nedre Romerike Vannverk. For å belyse dette har vi tatt utgangspunkt Jensen & Mecklings prinsipal-agent teori (1976). Vi betegner i denne sammenhengen NSM som en overordnet aktør som gjennom ulike virkemidler insentiverer underlagte agenter til å holde sikkerheten til nivået ønsket av NSM. Som et andre trinn i analysen har vi pekt på et nytt PA-forhold: virksomhetene som prinsipal overfor sine underleverandører. På denne måten belyser oppgaven hvordan NSM direkte og indirekte virker inn på virksomhetene og deres anskaffelser.
Gjennom innholdsanalyser og semi-strukturerte intervjuer har vi identifisert og vurdert to former for virkemidler under NSM: sikkerhetsloven og veiledere - og med dette, et skille mellom myke og harde virkemidler. De viktigste funnene kan oppsummeres til at NSM har i varierende grad påvirket alle aktørene, særlig de som er underlagt og/eller forventer å underlegges sikkerhetsloven. Vi ser hos de samme virksomhetene at sikkerhetsfokuset knyttet til anskaffelser og verdikjeder er svært høyt. Som en slutning ser vi at NSM har en tydelig prinsipalrolle overfor virksomhetene og at dette kan sees i sammenheng med et tungt fokus på sikkerhet hos virksomhetene
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Private infrastructure in weaponized interdependence
No full textThe ability of states to exploit private resources at an international level is an increasingly salient political issue. In explaining the mechanisms of this shift, the framework of Weaponized Interdependence has quickly risen to prominence, arguing that those states that are centrally placed in global networks can exploit their centrality given the appropriate domestic institutions. Building on this framework, I suggest that the relationship between states and the private corporations holding the resources states seek to exploit is more dynamic and contested than assumed. Drawing on developments in the industry for constructing and operating submarine cables, I find that a paradigm shift in the market has significantly limited the authority of states vis-à-vis key market players. The contribution of this finding is to expand Weaponized Interdependence as a framework, paying closer attention to the relationship between private companies and states. This expansion allows for the utilization of Weaponized Interdependence as a framework for a broader set of cases, explaining not only when a network is prone to weaponization but also the limitations states face when they seek to do so
Comparing Cyber Security. Critical Infrastructure protection in Norway, the UK and Finland.
No full textCyber security and protecting critical infrastructures from digital harm are of increasing importance for governments around the globe. Tackling this issue is challenged by two distinct features of cyber security in Western states: Firstly, the transnational nature of digital risks and threats necessitates cooperation and engagements beyond the state, through international and regional organizations and institutions. Secondly, the considerable extent of private ownership forces states to rely on and engage with private companies, through regulation or public–private partnerships (PPP). Through comparative analysis of the approaches taken to PPP and European cooperation for energy and telecommunication in Finland, Norway and the UK, this report examines how states engage with these issues. The greatest difference is found to lie between the two Nordic states and the UK. This is not the result of divergent national perceptions and understandings, but of the more centralized and intelligence-centred approach taken by the UK in contrast to the whole-of-society trust-based approach of the Nordic states. Both approaches entail distinct benefits and drawbacks. The major concern in the Nordic states is the lack of public resources and capacity, as well as the fragmentation of responsibility and capabilities. Realizing the importance of culture, context and history in shaping how public authorities respond to cyber-security concerns is of vital importance for enabling better policies. This report concludes by presenting a set of best practices identified in the three case countries
Private infrastructure in weaponized interdependence
Full text linkThe ability of states to exploit private resources at an international level is an increasingly salient political issue. In explaining the mechanisms of this shift, the framework of Weaponized Interdependence has quickly risen to prominence, arguing that those states that are centrally placed in global networks can exploit their centrality given the appropriate domestic institutions. Building on this framework, I suggest that the relationship between states and the private corporations holding the resources states seek to exploit is more dynamic and contested than assumed. Drawing on developments in the industry for constructing and operating submarine cables, I find that a paradigm shift in the market has significantly limited the authority of states vis-à-vis key market players. The contribution of this finding is to expand Weaponized Interdependence as a framework, paying closer attention to the relationship between private companies and states. This expansion allows for the utilization of Weaponized Interdependence as a framework for a broader set of cases, explaining not only when a network is prone to weaponization but also the limitations states face when they seek to do so.Private infrastructure in weaponized interdependencepublishedVersio
Comparing Cyber Security. Critical Infrastructure protection in Norway, the UK and Finland.
No full textCyber security and protecting critical infrastructures from digital harm are of increasing importance for governments around the globe. Tackling this issue is challenged by two distinct features of cyber security in Western states: Firstly, the transnational nature of digital risks and threats necessitates cooperation and engagements beyond the state, through international and regional organizations and institutions. Secondly, the considerable extent of private ownership forces states to rely on and engage with private companies, through regulation or public–private partnerships (PPP). Through comparative analysis of the approaches taken to PPP and European cooperation for energy and telecommunication in Finland, Norway and the UK, this report examines how states engage with these issues. The greatest difference is found to lie between the two Nordic states and the UK. This is not the result of divergent national perceptions and understandings, but of the more centralized and intelligence-centred approach taken by the UK in contrast to the whole-of-society trust-based approach of the Nordic states. Both approaches entail distinct benefits and drawbacks. The major concern in the Nordic states is the lack of public resources and capacity, as well as the fragmentation of responsibility and capabilities. Realizing the importance of culture, context and history in shaping how public authorities respond to cyber-security concerns is of vital importance for enabling better policies. This report concludes by presenting a set of best practices identified in the three case countries.Comparing Cyber Security. Critical Infrastructure protection in Norway, the UK and Finland.publishedVersio
Imagining the Energy Cybergeddon
No full textIn this thesis, I examine how the process of digitalization in the energy system is leading to changing understandings of its security. More precisely I track how discourses place themselves into different epistemic logics of security when debating digital incidents versus non-digital ones. I draw on the work of several critical security studies scholars, most notably Claudia Aradau (2014) and her work on security epistemics and the rise of resilience-thinking in modern societies. The creation of problems, through expressing concerns, assessing impacts, and promoting solutions, creates an overarching narrative that frames how we understand security events and dangers. Analyzing a broad collection of texts, I examine how expert discourse make sense of security concerns, impacts and solutions, centered around four main cases. These cases are the Baumgarten explosion in 2017, the Industroyer malware taking down the Ukrainian power grid in 2017, as well as a broader reading of security concerns pertaining to digital technologies and non-digital risks. The analysis highlights how digital security concerns are in part understood as radically uncertain, being unable to be understood both in terms of occurrence and impact, which implies certain security practices of preemption and societal resilience. As digital technologies and tools become more commonplace in the energy system, protecting these systems becomes more centered around the security practices “allowed” by the dominant understanding of cyber security. As a consequence, the digitalization of energy systems pushes societies further along in the move away from threats and existential dangers, and towards catastrophic risks, resilience and the management of uncertainty
- …
