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George R. Carter Leather Works
No full textLexington used components in their automobiles from other local companies in Connersville, such as lights from the Indiana Lamp Company, engines from Ansted, and upholstery from the George R. Carter Leather Works. The George R. Carter Company moved to Connersville in 1903 and specialized in leather upholstery, first for buggies and later for automobiles. In 1929 the company became part of the Vogt Manufacturing Corporation and later moved to Detroit.Destination Indiana - Connersville Automotive History Journe
Carter, Jno. Bennett (Birth, 1906-03-15)
No full textAddress: 2208 Gilbert Ave.1258/Pg 166/1906/MW/Ohio/Ohio/Dr. R. B. CofieldOriginal record filed in drawer labeled 'CARTER-CHANCE'
Paul R. Carter College of Business Administration Building Dedication Ceremony
No full textThe expansion of the Mabee Business building created spaces conducive for classroom instruction, group meetings, and student and faculty interaction, along with state-of-the-art technology to aid in the learning process.
Paul R. Carter began his service on the Harding board of trustees in 1985, continuing for 25 years until his death in October 2009. Whenever he had the opportunity to speak, he would often quote his favorite poem, and we believe it is representative of the way he lived his life. Build a Better World God said build a better world, and I said how? The world is such a cold dark place and so complicated now. And I, so young and useless, there\u27s nothing I can do. And, God in all his wisdom said, just build a better you. -- Author unknown
Dr. David Burks, University President presided over the dedication ceremony for the naming of the Paul R. Carter College of Business Administration and it\u27s new addition.
Sam Carter and Ross Carter, son and grandson of Paul R. Carter, led prayers, Dr. Bryan Burks, Dean of the College of Business, Daniela Misas, current COBA student, and Stephen Carter, son of Paul R. Carter, spoke at the ceremony
Macrhybopsis hyostoma Gilbert 1884
No full textMacrhybopsis hyostoma (Gilbert 1884) Shoal Chub Figs. 1 A, 2; Table 1 Nocomis hyostomus. — Gilbert 1884: 203 (original description; East Fork of White River, at Bedford, Lawrence County, Indiana). Böhlke 1953: 34 (types in Stanford University collection). Gilbert 1998: 93 –94 (in type catalogue of North American Cyprinidae; syntypes in USNM and CAS). Eschmeyer 1998: 754 (in world catalogue of fishes; location of types). ? Hybopsis montanus.— Meek 1885: 526 –527 (original description; “Upper Missouri River basin”; identification uncertain). Hybopsis (Erinemus) hyostomus.— Jordan 1885: 29 (in list). Hybopsis hyostomus. — Woolman 1892: 258, 284–285, 287 (Kentucky records). Meek 1895: 137 (Nebraska and Ohio records). Forbes & Richardson 1920: 163 (Illinois distribution). Hybopsis aestivalis. — Branson 1963: 215 –217, 219 (olfactory apparatus morphology). Branson 1975: 109 –111, figs. 1–2 (olfactory lamellae formation). Clay 1975: 138 –139 (key; description; Kentucky distribution). Higgins 1977: 1 –43, fig. 4 (in part; geographic variation in morphology). Wallace 1980: 180 (in part; brief account; distribution map of M. aestivalis complex). Gammon et al. 1991: 145 (Sugar Creek, Indiana). Gammon & Gammon 1993: 77 (extirpated from Eel River, Indiana). Hybopsis (Erimystax) hyostomus.— Jordan & Evermann 1896: 315 –316 (key; description; distribution). Hybopsis hyostoma. — Evermann & Hildebrand 1916: 445 (Clinch and Tennessee rivers records). Evermann 1918: 321, 346, 367 (Kentucky and Tennessee records). Extrarius hyostomus. — Hubbs & Ortenburger 1929: 23 (included in Extrarius). Macrhybopsis aestivalis. — Jordan et al. 1930: 138 (in part; list). Coburn & Cavender 1986: 1 (in part; phylogeny; included in Macrhybopsis). Robins et al. 1991: 21, 76 (in part; in list). Coburn & Cavender 1992: 332 (in part; phylogeny of cyprinid genera). Mayden et al. 1992: 836 (in part; in list of North American fishes). Dimmick 1993: 174, 176, 178, 181–182 (phylogeny of barbeled cyprinids). Etnier & Starnes 1994: 20, 192–194 (in part; description; Tennessee localities mapped; morphological variation). Stauffer et al. 1995: 15, 55, 102–103 (general account; key; West Virginia distribution mapped). Mettee et al. 1996: 218 –219 (in part; general account; photograph [upper figure only]; Alabama localities mapped). Extrarius aestivalis. — Gerking 1945: 51 (general account; Indiana distribution mapped). Dimmick 1988: 73, 75, 78, fig. 2a (ultrastructure of barbels). Mayden 1989: 14 –15, fig. 9h (in part; phylogeny; Extrarius elevated to genus). Carney et al. 1992: 205 –206 (Tippecanoe River, Indiana). Page & Burr 1991: 106, pl. 9, map 118 (in part; description; distribution). Extrarius aestivalis hyostomus.— Gerking 1945: 51 (distribution in Indiana). Hybopsis aestivalis hyostoma. — Trautman 1957: 87, 310–311 (key; general account; Ohio distribution; status). Davis & Miller 1967: 7, 10, 14, 16–18, fig. 13 (brain morphology). Douglas 1974: 100 (subspecies in Louisiana). Clay 1975: 139 (subspecies in Kentucky). Higgins 1977: 13 –14, 42, figs. 5–7 (geographic variation in morphology). Trautman 1981: 93, 288–290, fig. 47 (key; general account; Ohio distribution; status). Wallace 1980: 180 (list of subspecies). Burr & Warren 1986: 371 (brief account; subspecies in Kentucky; Kentucky distribution mapped). Hybopsis (Extrarius) aestivalis. — Davis & Miller 1967: 4 –9, 15–18, 32–36 (in part; brain morphology). Reno 1969: 738, 740– 743, 746–748, 753, 762–763, 765–766, 770; figs. 2, 26 (in part; variation and morphology of sensory pore system). Jenkins & Lachner 1971: 4, 6–9, 12 (scale morphology; vertebral counts). Burr & Warren 1986: 89, 371 (in part; habitat; Kentucky distribution mapped). Macrhybopsis aestivalis hyostomus. — Etnier & Starnes 1994: 193 (subspecies in Tennessee and Cumberland rivers). Macrhybopsis aestivalis hyostoma.— Boschung & Mayden 2004: 108 –109, pl. 20D (general account; illustration; distribution in Alabama). Macrhybopsis hyostoma. — Nelson et al. 2004: 73 (in part; in North American fish checklist; elevated to species). Page et al. 2013: 73 (in part; in North American checklist). The above literature citations, other than Hybopsis montanus, are limited to eastern populations of Macrhybopsis hyostoma from within the area of geographical coverage defined in the present paper. Despite its broad geographic range and demonstrated morphological variability, the nomenclature of Macrhybopsis hyostoma, as presently recognized, has remained remarkably stable, with no junior synonyms as yet having been identified (Gilbert 1998: 28). A list of non-type material examined during the present study, comprising 43 lots and 409 total specimens, appears in Appendix 1. Status of Hybopsis montanus . The identity of Hybopsis montanus is uncertain (Gilbert 1998: 116; Eisenhour 2004: 31). Meek (1885: 526–527) indicated the description to have been based on three specimens, supposedly from the “upper Missouri River basin,” having 4-4 pharyngeal teeth (slightly hooked), a pair of well developed maxillary barbels, 37 lateral-line scales, 14 predorsal scales, and six anal rays (last character obviously erroneous), a slender and elongated body, body silvery (without spots), and dorsal fin situated directly above pelvic fins. Other than anal-ray count and lack of spots on the body, this is an accurate description of most populations of Macrhybopsis hyostoma, which does not occur in the upper Missouri River basin or any closely adjacent area (Wallace 1980: 180). The three specimens now in the type jar (USNM 36882) all have 1,4-4,1 pharyngeal teeth and are clearly identifiable as Notropis dorsalis (Gilbert 1998: 116; Eisenhour 2004: 31), a species absent from the upper Missouri basin (Gilbert & Burgess 1980a: 260). A substitution of specimens has obviously occurred at some time in the past, and the precise status of Hybopsis montanus will remain a mystery. Syntypes. A total of 40 syntypes of Nocomis hyostomus were identified by Gilbert (1998: 93–94) and Eisenhour (2004: 31). All were collected at the type locality (White River, near Bedford, Lawrence County, Indiana) and are included in the following three museum lots (measurements in standard length): USNM 34980 (6, 44.0–47.4), CAS-SU 888 (30, 40.7–49.9) and CAS 58626 (4, 40.1–45.3). Böhlke (1953: 34) erroneously listed USNM 34980 as the “holotype” Table]. Variation of selecteđ meristic characters in eastern species of Macrhybopsis. Incom. refers to number of incomplete scale rows. Total body circumferential scales (including lateral-line scales) Predorsal scales Incom. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 No. Mean̲̲ 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 No. Mean Macrhybopsis hyostoma 1 4 1 2 7 2 6 2 1 8 1 5 6 2 5.3 9 1 4 21 23 20 5 2 85 15.85 Macrhybopsis boschungi 7 3 4 3 3 1 1 1 2 6.0 9 3 1 3 3 2 1 6 1 6 4 8 4 16.49 Macrhybopsis tomellerii 8 3 ---- ------ 1 1 2 3 3 2 7 8 2 8 3 1 7.4 2 Macrhybopsis etnieri 1 1 1 2 1 7 1 9 1 5 1 5 6 1 8 7 2 3.2 6 4 1 7 2 9 2 1 9 2 87 16.24 Macrhybopsis pallida 75 4 4 8 24.50 4 14 23 21 16 5 83 16.55 Pectoral-fin rays (both sides combined) Pelvic-fin rays (both sides combined) 12 13 14 15 16 17 No. Mean 7 8 9 No. Mean Macrhybopsis hyostoma 1 1 8 1 1 4 3 7 170 15.70 3 163 166 7.98 Macrhybopsis boschungi 1 5 1 1 8 2 5 158 15.06 1 157 158 7.99 Macrhybopsis tomellerii 16 97 52 1 166 15.23 7 159 166 7.96 Macrhybopsis etnieri 1 21 84 46 152 14.15 7 162 1 170 7.96 Macrhybopsis pallida 27 80 53 4 164 14.24 1 167 168 7.99 Anal-fin rays Dorsal-fin rays Total Vertebrae 6 7 8 9 No. Mean 7 8 No. Mean 34 35 36 37 38 39 No. Mean Macrhybopsis hyostoma 4 106 6 116 8.02 8 5 8 5 8.0 0 8 4 0 2 7 2 7 7 3 7.3 0 Macrhybopsis boschungi 6 142 148 7.96 8 9 5 9 8.0 0 1 9 7 9 1 4 103 36.03 Macrhybopsis tomellerii 10 114 1 125 7.93 9 0 9 0 8.0 0 1 2 6 5 5 1 7 9 9 3 5.8 9 Macrhybopsis etnieri 8 182 190 7.96 1 104 105 7.99 23 121 40 184 38.09 Macrhybopsis pallida 2 171 2 175 7.00 8 4 8 4 8.0 0 1 0 5 3 1 3 7 6 36.04 Pharyngeal teeth 4-4 0,4-4,1 1,4-4,0 1,4-4,1 Macrhybopsis hyostoma 25 Macrhybopsis boschungi 28 Machybopsis tomellerii 25 Macrhybopsis etnieri 2 5 8 5 6 Macrhybopsis pallida 2 5 Diagnosis. The following diagnosis is based solely on populations occurring east of the Mississippi River (comprising a total of 43 lots and 409 specimens), the geographic limits of which extend from the Tennessee River drainage north to the Ohio River drainage (Fig. 2, Appendix 1). Those from the Ohio River drainage include material from the states of West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana west to the Wabash River system, which (in its lower reaches) forms the boundary between Indiana and Illinois. An expanded diagnosis of Macrhybopsis hyostoma appears in Eisenhour’s (2004: 31–34) study, which is largely confined to populations west of the Mississippi River. A member of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex, as defined in the generic diagnosis. Characterized by a single pair of moderately long maxillary barbels, 4-4 pharyngeal teeth, eight anal rays, anal opening closer to analfin origin than pelvic-fin origin (ca. 70 percent of intervening distance), and prominent dark melanophores on upper two-thirds of body (Fig. 1 A) (also see Smith 1979: 75; Trautman 1981: fig. 47; Boschung & Mayden 2004: pl. 20D). Among other eastern species of the complex, the first four characters are shared with M. boschungi and M. tomellerii, which differ most notably in having the body melanophores much reduced in size (Figs. 1 B, 1E). Other important diagnostic characters for M. hyostoma include a complete bridge of scales across belly (two to five scale rows deep), the bridge incomplete or absent in about 20 percent of specimens examined; genital papillae extremely reduced; dorsal-fin origin situated very slightly posterior to imaginary line extending upward from pelvic fin origins; and pectoral fins in both sexes relatively short, rounded to bluntly pointed, never sharply pointed in adult males. The two remaining eastern members of the complex (M. etnieri and M. pallida) differ from M. hyostoma in having the anal opening located midway between the origins of the pelvic and anal fins. Additional diagnostic differences include 1,4-4,1 pharyngeal teeth in M. etnieri and a combination of two pairs of maxillary barbels and seven anal rays in M. pallida. Description. Characters listed in the diagnosis are not repeated here, unless additional clarification is required. Variation in meristic characters is presented in Table 1. Dorsal-fin rays 8; anal-fin rays usually 8 (range 7–9); pectoral-fin rays usually 15 (range 14–16); pelvic-fin rays usually 8 (occasionally 7); lateral-line scales modally 37 (range 35–39); predorsal scales irregularly distributed and poorly defined, numbering 15–17 (range 14–19); body-circumferential scale rows above and between lateral lines usually 11 (range 9–12); body-circumferential scale rows below and between lateral lines usually 12–13 (range 11–14), the scales occasionally incomplete or absent from middle of belly; total caudalpeduncle scale rows uniformly 12 (five scale rows above and below lateral lines on each side of caudal peduncle); total vertebrae 37–38 (range 36–39); scales present and well developed in area between pelvic and anal fins; anal and dorsal fins usually angular and slightly falcate, the anteriormost rays (when depressed) extending about same distance posteriorly as posteriormost rays; head somewhat rounded and moderately flattened ventrally; mouth inferior and horizontal, not as wide as head; lips moderately fleshy, not thickened posteriorly; eyes oval in shape and relatively large, the diameter less than snout length; snout moderately long, blunt and rounded, its length more than length of orbit; genital papillae poorly developed as small conical or cylindrical extensions in both sexes; four or five rudimentary gill rakers on upper limb of outer (anteriormost) gill arch, these usually absent from lower limb but with four or five tiny gill rakers occasionally present; pharyngeal teeth short, thin, and hooked, with little or no grinding surface; nuptial tubercles present in membrane immediately posterior to first pectoral-fin ray; pectoral-fin rays 2–10 thickened in nuptial males and containing large, conical, recurved uniserial tubercles; tiny tubercles sometimes present on anteriormost rays of dorsal and pelvic fins in nuptial males. Specimens in life without chromatic pigmentation; translucent pale green or gray on upper two-thirds of body, silvery white on lower third of body, including belly; predorsal stripe and postdorsal stripe usually absent, but occasionally present as a thin faint line; scales on upper side of body occasionally margined with a thin line of pigment; pigment on scales on upper two-thirds of body either evenly distributed over scale or slightly more concentrated on posterior half of scale; tiny melanophores on body often most densely concentrated along mid-side of body, where they may form a faint lateral stripe that is particularly prominent on posterior third of body. Females attain a larger size than males, the largest female examined 61.3 mm SL (UT 55.1511) from Barren River, Warren County, Kentucky; the largest male recorded 53.6 mm SL (SIUC 7317) from Green River, Hart County, Kentucky (Eisenhour 1997). Comments. As presently conceived, Macrhybopsis hyostoma is the most wide-ranging and morphologically variable member of the M. aestivalis complex. Based partly on its broad and centralized distribution, Eisenhour (1997) presumed M. hyostoma to be the group’s ancestral species. This situation remains complex and uncertain, however, and additional genetic study is required. Among other eastern species, it most closely resembles Macrhybopsis boschungi and M. tomellerii, with which it shares a number of meristic and morphometric characters listed in the preceding diagnosis. However, genetic data, as discussed elsewhere in this paper, do not indicate an intimate relationship with either of those species. Distribution. Macrhybopsis hyostoma is distributed, east of the Mississippi River, from the Tennessee River drainage of Alabama north to the Ohio River drainage in Illinois east to West Virginia (Fig. 2). The distribution of populations currently referred to this species from the Mississippi River westward are discussed elsewhere in this paper. Habitat. Eastern populations of Macrhybopsis hyostoma inhabit large rivers and lowermost sections of the their major tributaries, in areas ranging from turbid to relatively clear water, a moderate to strong current, and a bottom of sand and gravel. Etymology. The species name hyostoma is derived from the words hyo (=hog) and stoma (=mouth), in reference to the underlying position of the mouth relative to the projecting snout.Published as part of Gilbert, Carter R., Mayden, Richard L. & Powers, Steven L., 2017, Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species, pp. 501-555 in Zootaxa 4247 (5) on pages 508-512, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/43914
Macrhybopsis boschungi Gilbert & Mayden, sp. nov.
No full textMacrhybopsis boschungi Gilbert & Mayden sp. nov. Mobile Chub Figs. 1 B, 2; Table 1 Hybopsis hyostomus. — Gilbert 1891: 155, 157 (in part; records from Tuscaloosa, Alabama). Hybopsis aestivalis. — Cook 1959: 129 –130 (in part; general account; considered very rare in Mississippi). Extrarius aestivalis.— Mayden 1989: 14 (in part; chub clade; phylogeny based on cranial osteology). Extrarius sp. cf aestivalis.— Boschung 1989: 50 (Tombigbee River distribution map; diagnoses of two undescribed species in Mobile Bay basin; ecological notes). Macrhybopsis aestivalis.— Boschung 1992: 52 (in part; Alabama). Mettee et al. 1996: 218 –219 (in part; distribution map, description and account of species complex in Alabama). Macrhybopsis sp. (“Mobile chub”).— Eisenhour 2004: 37, 47 (in part; phylogenetic tree involving other members of genus). Macrhybopsis sp. cf M. aestivalis “A” (Gulf Chub).— Boschung & Mayden 2004: 209, plate 21A (general account [refers in part to Macrhybopsis tomellerii]; color illustration). Holotype. UF 175766 (ex UT 44.2312), 57.0 mm SL female, Cahaba River, at U.S. highway 80 bridge, 16 km W of Selma, Dallas Co., Alabama, D. A. Etnier and class, 17 May 1981. Paratypes. The following paratypes, comprising 34 lots and 617 total specimens, are listed here in abbreviated fashion by state, river system, and county, followed by museum catalogue number and numbers of specimens. Complete locality data appear in Appendix 1. Catalogue numbers accompanied by an asterisk (*) denote lots originally containing specimens of both Macrhybopsis boschungi and M. etnieri, where the species were sampled syntopically. Alabama: Cahaba River: (Bibb Co.) UAIC 1443.06 (1), UF 116293 (1)* (mixed lot also includes four M. etnieri [UF 15434]); UAIC uncat. (2)* (mixed lot also includes four M. etnieri [UAIC 7198.02]); UMMZ 250267 (2)* (mixed lot includes 28 M. etnieri [UMMZ 250266]); (Dallas Co.) UT 44.2312 (76 originally, now 41), UF 175767 (5), USNM 437193 (5), UMMZ 250263 (5), ANSP 200789 (5), TU 204138 (5), MCZ 171826 (5), KU 41378 (5) (preceding seven lots of paratopotypes all ex UT 44.2312); UAIC 7188.01 (20), UAIC 7189.04 (62), UAIC 10845.03 (1 [illustrated female specimen, fig. 1B; ex Boschung & Mayden 2004: pl. 21A]); (Perry Co.) UAIC 962.06 (5), UAIC 1437.19 (2), UAIC 5819.01 (1), UAIC 6430.04 (1), UAIC uncat. (5)* (mixed lot also includes 18 M. etnieri [UAIC 6791.03]), UAIC uncat. (2)* (mixed lot also includes seven M. etnieri [UAIC 6799.02]), UAIC uncat. (20)* (mixed lot also includes ten M. etnieri [UAIC 7194.03]). Coosa River: (Elmore Co.) UF 116296 (5). Tallapoosa River: (Macon Co.) UAIC 1516.04 (2), UT 44.1949 (2), UF 116295 (13); (Montgomery Co.) UF 116297 (3). Tombigbee River: (Pickens Co.) UAIC 4330.03 (192); (Tuscaloosa Co.) USNM 36715 (3), USNM 43531 (18). Alabama River: (Mobile Co.) UF 20859 (16), UF 20862 (5). Mississippi: Tombigbee River: (Clay Co.) UF 28985 (7); (Lowndes Co.) UT 33.1204 (150). Diagnosis. A species in the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex, as described in the generic diagnosis. Macrhybopsis boschungi (Fig. 1 B) resembles the allopatrically distributed M. tomellerii (Fig. 1 E), with which it shares a lightly spotted body; a single pair of moderately long maxillary barbels; 4-4 pharyngeal teeth; eight anal rays; anal opening distinctly closer to anal-fin origin than pelvic-fin origin (ca. 70 percent of intervening distance); genital papillae extremely reduced; and similar scale counts (usually 36–37 lateral-line scales and 11 rows of scales above and between the lateral lines on opposite sides of body) (Table 1). The above two species are distinguished by consistent differences in head morphology, most notably a longer snout in M. boschungi (which exceeds the postorbital length) versus a shorter snout in M. tomellerii, the length of which equals the postorbital length). A second difference (not readily evident from gross examination or in poorly preserved specimens) may be expressed as an imaginary line extending upward from the angle formed by juncture of the lachrymal groove and posterior flap of snout, which in M. boschungi runs forward of the nares but in M. tomellerii intersects the anterior margin of the nares. M. boschungi and M. tomellerii together bear a superficial resemblance to eastern populations of M. hyostoma (Fig. 1 A), from which they differ most obviously in having a less heavily spotted body. M. boschungi differs from M. etnieri (Fig. 1 C) in pharyngeal-tooth count (4-4 vs. 1,4-4,1); position of anal opening about two-thirds (70 percent) of distance between pelvic and anal-fin origins (vs. midway); dorsal-fin positioned directly above pelvic fins (vs. distinctly posterior); a less heavily spotted body; and longer maxillary barbels. M. boschungi differs from M. pallida (Fig. 1 D) in having a single pair of maxillary barbels (vs. two pairs); eight anal rays (vs. seven); position of anal opening about two-thirds of distance between pelvic and anal-fin origins (vs. midway); a slightly more heavly spotted body. (vs. essentially pallid); and a greater average body size, as discussed in the individual species accounts. Description. Characters listed in the Diagnosis are not repeated here, unless additional clarification is required. Variation in meristic characters is presented in Table 1. Dorsal rays 8; anal rays 8 (rarely 7); pectoral rays usually 15 (occasionally 14 or 16); pelvic rays usually 8 (rarely 7); lateral-line scales usually 36–37 (range 35 to 39); body-circumferential scale rows above and between lateral lines on opposite sides of body usually 11, occasionally 12 (range 10 to 13); scales sometimes present on belly preceding anal fin, more often incomplete or absent (about 75 percent of time); total body-circumferential scale rows (when complete) 25 to 28; predorsal scales irregularly distributed and poorly defined, usually numbering 15 to 18 (rarely 14 or 19); total vertebrae usually 36, sometimes 35 or 37 (very rarely 34). Dorsal fin angular and slightly falcate, the anteriormost rays (when depressed) extending about same distance posteriorly as posteriormost rays; head moderately rounded dorsally and moderately flattened ventrally; mouth inferior and horizontal, its width about 60 percent of head width; lips moderately fleshy, not thickened posteriorly; eyes oval in shape and relatively large, the diameter about 60 percent of preorbital distance. A small percentage of specimens of M. boschungi examined (11 of 84 [13 percent]) possessed a complete bridge of scales across the belly, a character never observed in any of the 83 individuals examined of M. tomellerii. In addition, M. boschungi exhibits a slight downward shift in predorsal-scale counts (Table 1). Females attain a larger maximum size than males. The largest specimen examined (UF 175766 [the holotype]), is a 57.0 mm SL female from the Cahaba River, Dallas County, Alabama, 17 May 1981. The largest male examined, 47.2 mm SL (UT 44.2312), is from the same collection. Comments. Similarities and relationships of Macrhybopsis boschungi and other species, especially the morphologically similar M. tomellerii, are discussed in the account of M. tomellerii. Distribution. Macrhybopsis boschungi is endemic to the lower Mobile basin of Alabama and northeastern Mississippi, where its upstream range limits are sharply delineated by the Fall Line (Fig. 2). As discussed subsequently, it is replaced above the Fall Line by Macrhybopsis etnieri, to which it is not intimately related. Habitat. Macrhybopsis boschungi inhabits the larger, moderately clear to turbid rivers and the lowermost parts of their major tributaries below the Fall Line in the Mobile Bay basin. In such areas water currents are moderate to strong and the bottom is comprised of a combination of gravel, sand and silt. Conservation Status. Although this species has occasionally been collected in large numbers, ongoing stream modifications and habitat alteration throughout the lower Mobile Bay basin do not bode well for its future. In particular, construction of the Tenn-Tom waterway, which has changed the original free-flowing Tombigbee River into a series of standing pools, has served to eliminate this species from a major portion of its original geographic range. This species should be closely monitored throughout remaining parts of its range. Etymology. Named for the late Dr. Herbert T. Boschung, Emeritus Professor of Biology at the University of Alabama, for his many contributions over the years to southeastern ichthyology in general and the state of Alabama in particular, including co-authorship of Fishes of Alabama (Boschung & Mayden 2004). It should be noted here that the vernacular name “Mobile Chub” used here differs from the name “Gulf Chub” applied by Boschung & Mayden (2004: 209; plate 21A). Considering its geographical distribution, we consider the former name to be more appropriate for the species.Published as part of Gilbert, Carter R., Mayden, Richard L. & Powers, Steven L., 2017, Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species, pp. 501-555 in Zootaxa 4247 (5) on pages 512-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/43914
FIGURE 7 in Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species
No full textFIGURE 7. Proposed phylogenetic relationships among various species/lineages recognized in the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex of eastern North America. Not all species in the complex were evaluated. One study is based on morphological characters (Eisenhour 2004 [A]), whereas the other two studies are based on allozyme variation. Underwood et al. (2003 [B]) focused on western diversity (SB = Sabine, BZ = Brazos, PC = Pecos River, SM = San Marcos River); and Mayden & Powers (2004 [C-G]) mostly involved eastern lineages, excluding Colorado River (CR) and Guadalupe River (GR). In Mayden & Powers (2004) different distances were examined, as well as parsimony: C = Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza Edwards Chord distances; D = Prevosti and Rogers distances; E = Cavalli-Sforza Edwards Arc and Modified Rogers distances; F = Fitch Generalized Parsimony with coded characters.Published as part of <i>Gilbert, Carter R., Mayden, Richard L. & Powers, Steven L., 2017, Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species, pp. 501-555 in Zootaxa 4247 (5)</i> on page 531, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.5.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/439148">http://zenodo.org/record/439148</a>
Macrhybopsis pallida Gilbert & Mayden, sp. nov.
No full textMacrhybopsis pallida Gilbert & Mayden sp. nov. Pallid Chub Figs. 1 D, 2; Table 1. Hybopsis aestivalis.— Suttkus 1961: 233 –234 (review of Mississippi fish book; first reported from Florida). Yerger & Suttkus 1962: 327 (additonal Florida records). Smith-Vaniz 1968: 40 (in part; Alabama). Mettee 1970: 11 –12 (Choctawhatchee River drainage, Florida and Alabama). Yerger 1978: 12 –13 (general account; listed as threatened in Florida; photograph is of Macrhybopsis etnieri). Wallace 1980: 180 (in part; brief account; distribution map of M. aestivalis complex). Extrarius n. sp. cf aestivalis. — Gilbert & Yerger 1992: 133 –137, fig. (general account; Florida distribution map; listed as rare in Florida). Extrarius aestivalis.— Boschung 1992: 52 (in part; brief discussion of systematics; in list of Alabama fishes). Macrhybopsis aestivalis.— Mettee et al. 1996: 218 –219, lower fig. (in part; general account; localities mapped for all species of M. aestivalis complex in Alabama). Macrhybopsis sp. cf. M. aestivalis “C”.— Boschung & Mayden 2004: 209 –210, pl. 21C (diagnosis; distribution; systematics; distribution map in part, Alabama). Holotype. UF 73313, a 50.5 mm SL female from Choctawhatchee River, at U.S. highway 84 bridge, east of Clayhatchee, Dale and Houston counties, Alabama, T. C. Lewis and H. A. Beecher (field no. HAB 76), 10 January 1975. Paratypes. The following paratypes, comprising 44 lots and 666 total specimens, are listed here in abbreviated fashion by state, county, and river drainage, followed by museum catalogue number and numbers of specimens. Complete locality data appear in Appendix 1. Alabama: Escambia River: (Escambia Co.) UF 44666 (68), UF 73320 (10); TU 15948 (6), TU 81354 (9); UAIC 1823.03 (2), UAIC 10855.04 (1 [illustrated female from presumably larger series, ex Boschung & Mayden 2004: pl. 21C]). Blackwater Bay [Yellow River system]: (Covington Co.) TU 73150 (1), TU 72958 (1); UAIC 4188.03 (1). Choctawhatchee River: (Dale Co.) UF 73336 (29), UF 73488 (2); (Dale/ Houston cos.) UF 73468 (1); (Houston Co.) UAIC 3508.11 (14). Florida: Escambia River: (Escambia Co.) UF 9333 (11), UF 53534 (2), UF 54366 (4), UF 130433 (8), UF 130470 (1), UF 138618 (2), UF 143879 (4), UF 150156 (1), UF 171841 (3), UF 171848 (9); (Escambia/Santa Rosa cos.) UF 75361 (2), UF 75441 (2), UF 172372 (8); (Santa Rosa Co.) UF 73352 (1), UF 73438 (15), UF 145534 (6), UF 145898 (36). Blackwater Bay [Yellow River system]: (Okaloosa Co.) UF 57640 (5), TU 79682 (2), TU 82620 (5), TU 83078 (11), TU 101906 (4), TU 102299 (1). Choctawhatchee River: (Holmes Co.) UF 55457 (21), UF 75477 (1), TU 20811 (28), UAIC 3126.13 (196 originally, now 166), USNM 437191 (5), UMMZ 250265 (5), ANSP 200787 (5), MCZ 171824 (5), KU 41376 (5), UT 44.13095 (5) (six series immediately preceding all ex UAIC 3126.13), UAIC 3195.06 (12) UAIC 4449.08 (4), TU 102794 (32); (Washington Co.) UAIC 3191.02 (84). Diagnosis. A species of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex, as described in the generic diagnosis. Macrhybopsis pallida (Fig. 1 D) is characterized by 4-4 pharyngeal teeth; seven anal rays; two pairs of prominent maxillary barbels; anal opening situated midway between pelvic and anal-fin origins; dorsal-fin origin situated directly above pelvic-fin origins; body largely devoid of pigment, the melanophores typically tiny; genital papillae well developed. Other diagnostic characters include a relatively elongate and slender body, with a relatively deep caudal peduncle, the depth of which may be as much as two-thirds the greatest depth of body; pectoral fins in both sexes usually long and pointed, often extending posteriorly to or past pelvic-fin origins; belly immediately anterior to pelvic fins lacking scales; nuptial tubercles on pectoral fins of breeding males uniserial. Macrhybopsis pallida is one of the most morphologically distinctive members of the M. aestivalis complex. It is the only eastern species to possess two pairs of maxillary barbels and seven anal rays, and the intermediate position of the anal opening relative to the origins of the pelvic fins and anal fin is shared only with M. etnieri among the nine species comprising the entire species complex. Description. Characters listed in the Diagnosis are not repeated here, unless additional clarification is required. Variation in meristic characters is presented in Table 1. Dorsal-fin rays 8; anal-fin rays usually 7 (rarely 6 or 8); pectoral-fin rays usually 14 and often 15 (range 13– 16); pelvic-fin rays usually 8 (rarely 7); lateral-line scales usually 36–38 (range 35–39); predorsal scales usually 16–17, often 15–18 (range 14–19); body-circumferential scale rows above and between lateral lines usually 11, occasionally 10 or 12 (range 9–13); body-circumferential scale rows below and between lateral lines incomplete, the scales always missing from mid-belly area anterior to pelvic fins; total caudal-peduncle scale rows uniformly 12 (five scale rows above and below lateral lines on each side of caudal peduncle); total vertebrae usually 37, often 36 or 38; more posterior maxillary barbel longer and more prominent; dorsal fin bluntly pointed at tip; anal fin broadly rounded and never pointed at tip; pectoral fins pointed, sometimes extremely so, often extending posteriorly to or past pelvic-fin origins; head moderately rounded and moderately flattened ventrally; mouth inferior and horizontal, not as wide as head; lips moderately fleshy, not thickened posteriorly; eyes oval in shape and relatively large, the diameter nearly equal to distance from anterior margin of orbit to tip of snout; genital papillae well developed as conical or cylindrical extensions in both sexes; four or five rudimentary gill rakers on upper limb of outer (anteriormost) gill arch, the rakers usually absent from lower limb of arch; pharyngeal teeth short, thin, and hooked, with little or no grinding surface; nuptial tubercles present in membrane immediately posterior to first pectoral-fin ray in nuptial males; pectoral-fin rays 2–10 thickened in nuptial males, and containing large, conical, recurved uniserial tubercles; tiny tubercles sometimes present on rays of dorsal and pelvic fins of high nuptial males. Females attain a significantly larger size than males. The largest specimen examined is a 51.5 mm SL female (UF 172372) from the Escambia River, at the state highway 4 bridge on the Escambia and Santa Rosa county line, collected on 14 May 1986. Only two other females of comparable size are known: the 50.5 mm holotype (UF 73313), collected on 10 January 1975, and another 50.5 mm specimen (UF 57640), collected on 6 June 1961. The largest male examined, 37.5 mm SL (TU 102299), was collected on 9 June 1977 from the Yellow River, Okaloosa County, Florida. Males with well developed nuptial tubercles have been seen as small as 28.5 mm SL (TU 101906). Comments. Macrhybopsis pallid a does not bear a close physical resemblance to any other eastern members of the M. aestivalis species complex, and is unique among eastern species in possessing two pairs of maxillary barbels and seven anal rays, together with an overall pallid appearance, an unusually slender body coupled with a comparatively deep caudal peduncle, and an apparently smaller average body length. Macrhybopsis pallid a shares with Macrhybopsis australis the combination of two pairs of maxillary barbels and seven anal rays. However, there is morphological and genetic evidence to indicate that these species are not closely related. Macrhybopisis pallida shares, along with M. etnieri, an intermediate position of the anus (situated midway between the origins of the pelvic and anal fins) and comparably developed genital papillae. These characters, which are unique among members of the M. aestivalis complex, undoubtedly were factors in Eisenhour’s assumption of a close relationship between these two species (Eisenhour, 2004: figs. 16–17). Despite this, genetic data (discussed elsewhere in this paper) indicate unequivocally that M. pallida and M. etnieri are not intimately related, and that the former instead is sister to M. boschungi. Distribution. Macrhybopsis pallida is endemic to the Escambia, Blackwater, and Choctawhatchee river drainages of southeastern Alabama and western panhandle Florida. This region is home to at least a dozen endemic fish species (some still undescribed) bearing a close phylogenetic relationship to species occurring in the adjacent Mobile Bay basin of Alabama and Mississippi (Clemmer 1971; Williams 1975; Swift et al. 1986; Suttkus & Bailey 1993; Mettee et al. 1996, Boschung & Mayden 2004; Pera & Armbruster 2006). Habitat. Macrhybopsis pallida inhabits shallow unimpounded rivers of the western Florida panhandle and adjacent parts of Alabama. Bottoms of these streams are comprised of sand and gravel, combined with occasional small rubble, and water clarity ranges from relatively clear to moderately turbid. In recent years sections of these streams have become impacted by fine silt carried down from upstream, which is presumed to have had a negative impact on populations of this species. Conservation status. Macrhybopsis pallida is an uncommon species, apparently the rarest of the five eastern members of the M. aestivalis complex. Although the total number of museum specimens examined (667) is substantial, this figure is misleading in many respects. Bailey et al. (1954) did not include the species in their analysis of Escambia River fishes in Alabama and Florida, which, combined with a small number of earlier samples, totaled approximately 30 fish collections available at that time. The first collection to include M. pallida appears to have been a series of 11 specimens (UF 9333), collected by William McLane in October, 1954, from the Escambia River near Pine Barren, Florida. Suttkus (1961) was the first to document the existence of the species, and Yerger & Suttkus (1962: 327) were first to record the species from Florida, although the McLane collection was not cited in either of those publications. Beginning in the 1950’s, fish collecting in eastern Gulf slope drainages of Alabama and Florida increased exponentially, and although the number of collections made from this region has not been precisely tabulated, this surely is now well into the hundreds. Considering this, the 44 total collections in which Macrhybopsis pallida has been included are not very many. Thirty of these collections comprise fewer than ten individuals, and of the total 667 specimens, 429 have come from seven collections. Breaking this down further, 381 specimens (all young-ofthe-year individuals taken during the fall) are from only four collections (UAIC 3126.13, UAIC 3191.02, UF 44666, and UF 145898]). Further evidence of the species’ rarity is evidenced from intensive sampling efforts by United States Geological Service personnel, between 2001 and 2003, in the lower reaches of the Escambia River south of the Florida-Alabama state line. This project was for the specific purpose of determining the current status in Florida of six rare fish species occurring in the drainage, including Macrhybopsis pallida. Small-fish sampling was accomplished using 30-foot bag seines with fine-meshed cod ends, with sampling effort equally divided between day and night collections. Stream levels were very low throughout the sampling period, and collecting conditions were ideal. The three most common cyprinid species encountered were Cyprinella sp. cf venusta and Notropis texanus (4,000–5,000 total combined specimens), followed by Hybopsis sp. cf winchelli (ca. 500 total specimens). Although collected in far fewer numbers, the four dominant percid species occurring in the main-stem Escambia River (Percina nigrofasciata, Percina austroperca, Percina vigil, and Ammocrypta bifascia) were found in normal concentrations. Only 57 specimens of Macrhybopsis pallida (the largest 31.1 mm SL) were obtained in six collections, of which 36 were from one collection (UF 145898) on 30 September 2003. The combination of ideal collecting conditions, effective sampling gear, and relative abundance of other fish species with superficially similar ecological requirements, would lead to the expectation that M. pallida should have been found in far greater numbers than it actually was. It is worth noting that shoal areas where seining collections were made during the 2001–2003 sampling period contained heavy silt loads, which conceivably could have negatively impacted a small, bottom-dwelling species such as M. pallida. If so, however, it might have been expected that other benthic species, especially one such as Ammocrypta bifascia, would have been equally affected. Also, this does not adequately explain the continued longterm rarity of M. pallida, at least during the past 60 years. Etymology. The species name pallida is in reference to the generally pallid body pigmentation characteristic of this species.Published as part of Gilbert, Carter R., Mayden, Richard L. & Powers, Steven L., 2017, Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species, pp. 501-555 in Zootaxa 4247 (5) on pages 517-520, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/43914
Food and eating in fiction since 1950 with particular reference to the writing of Angela Carter, Doris Lessing, Michele Roberts and Alice Thomas Ellis.
No full textPhDEating is a fundamental activity. What people eat, how and with whom, what
they feel about food, what they do or do not want to eat and why - even who
they eat - are of crucial significance in any reading of human behaviour.
In this thesis, I consider the diverse and complex uses of food and eating
in fiction since 1950, especially that written by women. I argue both that food
and eating carry much of the meaning of a novel or story and that the acts of
cooking, feeding and eating depicted are inseparable from issues of power and
control: individually, interpersonally, culturally, politically.
My discussion centres on the writing of Angela Carter, Doris Lessing,
Michele Roberts and Alice Thomas Ellis. Drawing on psychoanalytic theory,
sociology, anthropology, Foucault, Bakhtin and others, the thesis aims to
construct an interdisciplinary perspective which both resists reductive
interpretations and emphasises the centrality, complexity and diversity of food
and eating in literature in our culture.
I begin with an examination of the ambiguities of maternal feeding and
nurturing, moving on to explore the links between appetite, eating and sexuality.
I explore cannibalism and vampirism as manifestations of oppression, but also as
indicating insatiable emptiness and transgressive appetite. The body itself is
crucial, and my argument considers the paradox of not eating as
control/enslavement, also tracing self-starvation as a positive route towards
wholeness and connection. The last part of my argument focuses on social
eating, examining conventions, rituals and food itself in connection with power
relations, and finally considers how we might truly speak of food and eating in
the context of society as a whole
METAL AND CHLORINE ISOTOPIC SHIFTS, COKIOLIS COUPLING CONSTANTS, AND SPECIES FORCE CONSTANTS FOR , AND
No full textR. O. Carter is indebted to the Alexander von Humbolt-Stiftung for the grant of a Research Fellowship,""Author Institution: Institute of Chemistry, University of DortmundThe interpretation of the gas phase band contours of (Td) molecules is not straightforward because of the presence of four different chlorine species and the overlapping of “hot” bands. The bands are further complicated in the case where the cen
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