49 research outputs found
Health behaviour of school-aged children in Punjab, India
No full textAim. To analyze the profile health behaviour in school aged children in Punjab, India. Objectives. To analyze the profile health behaviour (nutrition, low physical activity, smoking, use of alcohol and perceived health evaluation by gender; To compare and analyze health behaviour of school children in urban and rural schools in Punjab. To compare the profile of lifestyle of students in Punjab with students of other countries (seven reference HBSC network countries). Methods. The data on health behaviour analysed below were collected in a school-based, cross-sectional, anonymous survey conducted during December 2016 in 2 different schools in Punjab (India). the sample of students covered 6 to 10 grade students (5 classes) in one public school in the rural area (n=150) and in one private school (n=150) in urban area. in total 300 students aged 13 to 17 years took part in the survey. questionnaire forms were distributed by the author of this research to students in each classroom. it was explained shortly to respondent’s methodology of filling in the questionnaire forms. questionnaire comprised 45 questions regarding respondents the main demographical data (gender, age, place of residence) and health behaviours – perceived health, illness and health complaints, unhealthy behaviours (smoking, alcohol)eating habits, physical activity, leisure time, injury behaviour, relations with family and peers, school related behaviour. Results.Majority of school children from Punjab state, India, aged 13-17 years reported good and excellent their perceived health condition. boys have demonstrated better perceived health scores than girls (91.5% vs. 77, 4%, respectively, p0.05). in overall, boys reported eating fruits less frequently in comparison to girls (22.6% vs. 34.6%, respectively, p<0.05). girls reported higher frequency of sweets use, but boys showed higher consumption of soft drinks on every day basis (p<0.05). data showed that boys were more physically active than girls. only few percent of school-aged boys and girls have reported smoking and alcohol drinking behaviour in Punjab. it was established that urban students were less likely to eat breakfast everyday (71.6% and 85.8%, p<0.05) in comparison with rural students. urban students consumed more fruits but less vegetables every day (p<0.05). study showed that urban students (85.6 %) reported good and excellent health more frequently than rural (77,4%) school children (p<0.05). comparison of health behaviour of students aged 13-17 years in Punjab and seven selected HBSC countries (Lithuania, Sweden, Italy, Spain, Wales, Canada, Scotland) showed that some relatively small differences exist between school students in Punjab and HBSC countries. Conclusions. The general profile of health behaviour in school-aged children aged 13-17 years in Punjab, India, presented by this study. small percentage of alcohol users and weekly smokers was established among students in Punjab. Relatively small differences were demonstrated between school students in Punjab and students in seven HBSC countries (2014 survey data compared)
The South Asian community health education and empowerment (SACHE) in diabetes programme
No full textThe prevalence of diabetes continues to increase dramatically, with an estimated 4 million people living with the condition in the UK. South Asians are 3–6 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than the general population. In early 2014, the South Asian Health Foundation extended its South Asian Community Health Education and Empowerment (SACHE) programme to include South Asian people diagnosed with diabetes. The programme had already been delivered successfully in 2012–14 for cardiovascular disease. This article outlines the development and results of this award-winning diabetes education programme
The South Asian Community Health education and Empowerment (SACHE) in Diabetes Program
No full textThe prevalence of Diabetes is increasing with over 3.9 million in the UK. South Asians are 3-6 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than the general population. In early 2014, the South Asian Health Foundation extended its South Asian Community Health Education and Empowerment (SACHE) programme (already delivered successfully in 2012-14 for cardiovascular disease) to include
South Asians diagnosed with diabetes
Modification of gene expression in rat cardiomyocytes by linoleic and docosahexaenoic acid
No full textRegulation of cardiac fatty acid metabolism is central to the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. We investigated the effects of some specific fatty acids on the expression of genes involved in immediate early as well as inflammatory and hypertrophic responses in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Cardiac remodeling begins with upregulation of immediate early genes c-fos and c-jun, followed by upregulation of inflammatory genes such as NF-kB and NFAT. At later stages, genes involved in the hypertrophic responses such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic factor (BNF) are upregulated. Adult rat cardiomyocytes were treated with saturated fatty acid palmitic acid, monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) belonging to the n-6 class, linoleic acid and n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid. Linoleic acid produced a greater increase in the mRNA expression of c-fos, c-jun, NF-ÎşB, NFAT3, ANP and BNP, in comparison to palmitic acid and oleic acid. In contrast, docosahexaenoic acid caused a decrease in the expression of genes involved in cardiac hypertrophy. Our findings suggest that linoleic acid is a potent inducer of cardiac hypertrophy, whereas docosahexaenoic acid exerts protective effects for heart health benefits.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author
New national and regional bryophyte records, 66
No full text[Abstract Not Available]grant 'Survey of Korean Indigenous Species' from the National Institute of Biological Resources of Ministry of Environment; RFBR [19-04-00976, 18-05-60093 ApkT(sic)ka, 18-04-00594, 18-05-60093]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TuBTAK) [120Z046]; project AECI of the Science and Innovation Ministry of Spain [A- 8930-2007]; Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (FEDER) [PID2019-103993GB-I00]; Space Application Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad [GAP-3464]; LE 14-20 project 'Naturraum Nationalpark Thayatal 2020+ [7.6.1b-II6-47/19]; Nationalpark Thayatal GmbH; Russian Foundation of Basic Researches [18-04-00594A]; Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy [RO1567-IBB03/2020, RO1567-IBB03/2021]; state task 'Diversity of vegetation at the west macroslope of the Subpolar Ural' [AAAA-A19-119011790022-1]; Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 'Flora and systematics of lichens and bryophytes of Russia and phytogeographically important regions' [AAAA-A19-119020690077-4]; Polar Continental Shelf Program (Natural Resources Canada); Yukon Department of Environment; Environment and Climate Change Canada; TUBTAK [TBAG 113Z631]; Spanish Foreign Office of the Kingdom of Spain, project AECI [A /8930/2007]; Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness [CGL2016-80418-P]; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grant [CGL2013-43246-P]; Economy, Industry and Competitiveness grant [CGL2016-80772-P]; RSF [18-14-00121]; basic project (planned theme of the laboratory of lichenology and bryology of Komarov Botanical Institute 'Flora of lichens and bryophytes of Russia and phytogeographically important regions') [AAAA-A19-119020690077-4]; Russian Foundation for Basic Research [19-05-00805-a]; planned theme of the Laboratory of Geobotany of the Komarov Botanical Institute 'Vegetation of European Russia and Northern Asia: diversity, dynamics and organization principles' [121032500047-1 N]; CoordenacAo de Aper- feicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior-Brasil (CAPES) [001]; Rufford Foundation; [AAAA-A18-118050490088-0]The work of V. A. Bakalin, S. S. Choi and C. W. Hyun was supported by the grant 'Survey of Korean Indigenous Species' from the National Institute of Biological Resources of Ministry of Environment in Korea awarded to C. W. Hyun. Field work of M. S. Ignatov and E. A. Ignatova was supported by RFBR 19-04-00976. The study by A. Uygur, T. Ezer, S. Karaman Erkul and M. Alata was supported financially by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TuBTAK) (project number 120Z046), which is thanked for its financial support. E. Fuertes thanks the Argentine National Parks for providing her with collecting permits. Her research was funded by project AECI, A- 8930-2007 of the Science and Innovation Ministry of Spain. H. Kurschner is grateful to Dr W. Kramer (Freiburg) for the revision of some Tortula/Syntrichia species of the S. ruralis complex. Maria J. Cano thanks Jaime Guemes and Leopoldo Medina for the organisation of the botanical expedition to Crete and Manolis Avramakis and the staff of the Natural History Museum of Crete (NHMC) for support and logistics. This work was financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (project PID2019-103993GB-I00 co-financed by FEDER). Pamela Saha, Md. Nehal Aziz and Debabrata Maity thank the former Director of the Botanical Survey of India, Dr. Paramjit Singh, and the present Director, Dr. A. A. Mao, for providing necessary facilities and encouragement. They are also grateful to PCCF, West Bengal for granting permission for the field exploration tours. The first author (P. Saha) thanks the Principal and Head of the Department of Botany, Bijoy Krishna Girl's College, Howrah, West Bengal, for encouragement and necessary facilities. K. K. Rawat, V. Sahu and R. R. Paul are grateful to the Director of the CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute for kindly providing the facilities required for the study. They are also grateful to the forest department officials of Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh and Tungnath, Uttarakhand for kindly permitting the study. Financial assistance from the Space Application Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad to KKR and RRP under the project number GAP-3464 is also acknowledged. The authors also thank the institutional ethics committee for granting institutional MS number CSIR-NBRI_MS/2020/12/02. The contribution of Michaela Kropik and Harald Zechmeister is part of the LE 14-20 project 'Naturraum Nationalpark Thayatal 2020+ (7.6.1b-II6-47/19)'. The authors acknowledge the financial support of their study by the Nationalpark Thayatal GmbH. The work of E. A. Borovichev and N. R. Shafigullina was partially supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Researches (grant number 18-04-00594A). S. Stefanut acknowledges the support of project number RO1567-IBB03/2020 through the Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy. The work of M. V. Dulin was performed within the scope of the state task 'Diversity of vegetation at the west macroslope of the Subpolar Ural' (number AAAA-A19-119011790022-1). The author is also grateful to A. D. Potemkin for confirming the identity of Scapania kaurinii. The study by A. D. Potemkin was carried out within the framework of the institutional research project of Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 'Flora and systematics of lichens and bryophytes of Russia and phytogeographically important regions' (AAAA-A19-119020690077-4) and was supported by RFBR project 18-05-60093 ApkT(sic)ka. The fieldwork of M. Ryan was supported by the Polar Continental Shelf Program (Natural Resources Canada), the Yukon Department of Environment, and Environment and Climate Change Canada. M. Ryan and A. D. Potemkin are grateful to T. McIntosh for collecting Scapania obscura. M. Krmac, F. Filiz and U. Catak cordially thank TUBTAK for financial support to Mesut Krmac (TBAG 113Z631), and also thank Harald Kurschner for kind help during field trips and with regard to the genus Sphagnum. E. Fuertes expresses her gratitude to Olga Martinez and Lazaro J. Novara from the University of Salta (Argentina), for the attention and facilities received for the study and conservation of the bryological material. Her research was funded by the Spanish Foreign Office of the Kingdom of Spain, project AECI, A /8930/2007. J. G. Segarra-Moragues thanks P. Ballings and A. Bogaerts (Botanic Garden Meise Herbarium), for their help in locating and accessing specimens, and F. Puche for comments on an earlier version of their note. Their study was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness project CGL2016-80418-P. S. Ursava and A. ozen would like to thank Richard H. Zander for his help in confirming the determination of Tortula cernua. The contribution by R. Garilleti, B. Albertos, I. Draper and F. Lara was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grant CGL2013-43246-P and Economy, Industry and Competitiveness grant CGL2016-80772-P. The authors acknowledge the Argentinian Administracion de Parques Nacionales for authorisation to collect bryophytes in the territories managed by this national service. The work reported by V. E. Fedosov was supported by RSF grant # 18-14-00121. J. Enroth thanks Dr. Matti Nummelin (Hyvinkaa, Finland) for sending the specimens for identification. The work of N. A. Konstantinova and A. N. Savchenko was conducted within the framework of the institutional research project AAAA-A18-118050490088-0 and was partly supported by RFBR grants 18-04-00594 and 18-05-60093. The study reported by E. Yu. Kuzmina was carried out within the framework of the basic project (planned theme of the laboratory of lichenology and bryology of Komarov Botanical Institute 'Flora of lichens and bryophytes of Russia and phytogeographically important regions') number AAAA-A19-119020690077-4 and partially supported by the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research number 19-05-00805-a. The study of N. S. Liksakova was carried out within the framework of the planned theme of the Laboratory of Geobotany of the Komarov Botanical Institute 'Vegetation of European Russia and Northern Asia: diversity, dynamics and organization principles' number 121032500047-1 N. S. Liksakova express her gratitude to the organisers of and participants in the expedition to the Kuril Islands in 2019 'East Bastion - Kuril Ridge', organised by the Expedition Center of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Russian Geographical Society. The contribution by G. F. Penaloza-Bojaca and S. A. Maciel-Silva was financed in part by CoordenacAo de Aper- feicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior-Brasil (CAPES)- Finance Code 001, and the Rufford Foundation (small grant 2018-2019). W. R. alvaro Alba, D. A. Becerra Infante, K. A. Cardenas Espinosa and B. Moncada thank the Corporacion Autonoma Regional de Boyaca (Corpoboyaca) for granting the study permit for scientific research in biological diversity with permit number 3524 of 2014, and Maria Teresa Gallego for the confirmation of Tortula muralis. S. Stefnu? acknowledges the support by project number RO1567-IBB03/2021 through the Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy
Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries
No full textEducational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1–3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4–6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9–11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but—to our knowledge—no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries12–14. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations. © 2019, The Author(s)
Global burden of peripheral artery disease and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
No full textBackground: Peripheral artery disease is a growing public health problem. We aimed to estimate the global disease burden of peripheral artery disease, its risk factors, and temporospatial trends to inform policy and public measures. Methods: Data on peripheral artery disease were modelled using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 database. Prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality estimates of peripheral artery disease were extracted from GBD 2019. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rate of peripheral artery disease attributed to modifiable risk factors were also assessed. Findings: In 2019, the number of people aged 40 years and older with peripheral artery disease was 113 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 99·2–128·4), with a global prevalence of 1·52% (95% UI 1·33–1·72), of which 42·6% was in countries with low to middle Socio-demographic Index (SDI). The global prevalence of peripheral artery disease was higher in older people, (14·91% [12·41–17·87] in those aged 80–84 years), and was generally higher in females than in males. Globally, the total number of DALYs attributable to modifiable risk factors in 2019 accounted for 69·4% (64·2–74·3) of total peripheral artery disease DALYs. The prevalence of peripheral artery disease was highest in countries with high SDI and lowest in countries with low SDI, whereas DALY and mortality rates showed U-shaped curves, with the highest burden in the high and low SDI quintiles. Interpretation: The total number of people with peripheral artery disease has increased globally from 1990 to 2019. Despite the lower prevalence of peripheral artery disease in males and low-income countries, these groups showed similar DALY rates to females and higher-income countries, highlighting disproportionate burden in these groups. Modifiable risk factors were responsible for around 70% of the global peripheral artery disease burden. Public measures could mitigate the burden of peripheral artery disease by modifying risk factors. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
No full text© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textAbstract: Background Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. Methods The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and induded incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. Findings Globally, in 2017,1.2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.2 to 1.3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41.5% (95% UI 35.2 to 46.5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2.8%, -1.5 to 6.3). In 2017,697.5 million (95% UI 649.2 to 752.0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9.1% (8.5 to 9.8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29.3% (95% UI 26.4 to 32.6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1.2%, -1.1 to 3.5). CKD resulted in 35.8 million (95% UI 33.7 to 38.0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In several regions, particularly Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, the burden of CKD was much higher than expected for the level of development, whereas the disease burden in western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, south Asia, central and eastern Europe, Australasia, and western Europe was lower than expected. 1.4 million (95% UI 1.2 to 1.6) cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 25.3 million (22.2 to 28.9) cardiovascular disease DALYs were attributable to impaired kidney function. Interpretation Kidney disease has a major effect on global health, both as a direct cause of global morbidity and mortality and as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. CKD is largely preventable and treatable and deserves greater attention in global health policy decision making, particularly in locations with low and middle SDI. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd
Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textAbstract: Background Previous attempts to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases have focused only on specific disease conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. In this study, we aimed to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases globally, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis on geographical and time trends from 1990 to 2017. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, we estimated the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality attributable to chronic respiratory diseases through an analysis of deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLL) by GBD super-region, from 1990 to 2017, stratified by age and sex. Specific diseases analysed included asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, and other chronic respiratory diseases. We also assessed the contribution of risk factors (smoking, second-hand smoke, ambient particulate matter and ozone pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and occupational risks) to chronic respiratory disease-attributable DALYs. Findings In 2017, 544.9 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 506.9- 584.8) worldwide had a chronic respiratory disease, representing an increase of 39.8% compared with 1990. Chronic respiratory disease prevalence showed wide variability across GBD super-regions, with the highest prevalence among both males and females in high-income regions, and the lowest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. The age-sex- specific prevalence of each chronic respiratory disease in 2017 was also highly variable geographically. Chronic respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in 2017 (7.0% [95% UI 6.8-7 .2] of all deaths), behind cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths due to chronic respiratory diseases numbered 3 914 196 (95% UI 3 790 578-4 044 819) in 2017, an increase of 18.0% since 1990, while total DALYs increased by 13.3%. However, when accounting for ageing and population growth, declines were observed in age-standardised prevalence (14.3% decrease), agestandardised death rates (42.6%), and age-standardised DALY rates (38.2%). In males and females, most chronic respiratory disease-attributable deaths and DALYs were due to COPD. In regional analyses, mortality rates from chronic respiratory diseases were greatest in south Asia and lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, also across both sexes. Notably, although absolute prevalence was lower in south Asia than in most other super-regions, YLLs due to chronic respiratory diseases across the subcontinent were the highest in the world. Death rates due to interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis were greater than those due to pneumoconiosis in all super-regions. Smoking was the leading risk factor for chronic respiratory disease-related disability across all regions for men. Among women, household air pollution from solid fuels was the predominant risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, while ambient particulate matter represented the leading risk factor in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, and in the Middle East and north Africa super-region. Interpretation Our study shows that chronic respiratory diseases remain a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with growth in absolute numbers but sharp declines in several age-standardised estimators since 1990. Premature mortality from chronic respiratory diseases seems to be highest in regions with less-resourced health systems on a per-capita basis. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd
