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Participatory forest management : collective action under three different institutional regimes
No full textThis policy brief is based on the SANDEE working paper no. 3-03,
"Ensuring 'collective action' in 'participatory' forest management"Rucha Ghate examines the initiation and implementation of forest
management in the villages of Duelgaon, Ranvahi and Markegaon in
Gadchiroli district in Maharashtra. The study is a qualitative analysis of the
factors that contribute to institutional sustainability
Ensuring "collective action" in "participatory" forest management
Full text linkThe Government of India appealed a new forest policy in 1988 which resulted in Joint Forest Management. This new policy allowed community groups to share part of the responsibility of forest management with the State. However, even before this, community-initiated and NGO-promoted “Collective Action– based” resource management had emerged sporadically throughout the country. This paper is based on a qualitative analysis of three case studies, each belonging to one of three types of institutional structures: Self-initiated, NGO-promoted, and Government-sponsored JFM. The basic objectives of all three institutional structures is strengthening ecological security and meeting the subsistence biomass needs of the local people. Yet, they are different, each with its strength and weaknesses. Thus, this paper suggests several important points. First, lack of well-defined property rights over communally managed forests may adversely affect the long term sustainability of local institutions. Second, given the caste hierarchy in Indian villages, the State or another external agency may have to intervene to ensure fair distribution of community forestry benefits. Third, inter-community cooperation, in addition institutions within the village, is necessary in order to ensure sustainable utilization of forest resources. Finally, the paper argues that rather than oscillating between a simplistic either/or model of ‘state’ or ‘village community’, there is a need to conceive of more complex arrangements in which forest areas are protected for multiple objectives, under the joint management of multiple institutions
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Building institutional foundations for community forest management
Full text link“After our village institution is eroded, you want us to take care of forests?” This statement by a village elder from a tribal village in Gadchiroli poses a fundamental question — how do we protect and restore our forests and our local institutions, in a time of great change
Role of Monitoring in Institutional Performance: Forest Management in Maharashtra, India
Full text linkIn this article we examine the role of ‘monitoring’, believed to be crucial for effective participatory common property management. While governing a common pool resource such as forests, there may be conditions that tempt individuals to cheat and gain substantially higher benefits. This is disadvantageous for other participants, and can adversely affect resource condition. Monitoring includes ensuring rule compliance, dealing with infractions and guarding forest areas against outsider entry. Here we examine the impact of institutional structure on monitoring and, consequently, on the effectiveness of forest management. We examine the three most frequent approaches in India, namely community-initiated management, non-governmental organisation
(NGO) promoted forest management, and state-sponsored Joint Forest Management (JFM). Through a comparison of 3 case studies in the Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra in central India, we conducted a detailed comparison of forests that are situated in similar bio climatic conditions and similar social environments. We assess community approaches to monitoring using detailed social interviews with communities and integrate this with an
analysis of forest condition at the tree, sapling and seedling level using forest plot data. Our findings indicate that local enforcement has been most effective
in the case where forest management was initiated by the community, wit
Building an Alliance on the Commons
Full text linkIndia is facing several ecological, economic and social challenges related to
the management of natural resources. These challenges are interconnected.
Collective action on the management of commons can play a pivotal role in
addressing such challenges. Well-managed commons such as rivers, tanks,
grazing pastures, forests, woodlots and wetlands play an important role in
mitigating poverty and distress migration through income generation and
livelihood support for hundreds of millions of poor. Collective action can
also help us address issues like cooperative management of farms and
community restoration of ponds to name a few. In addressing global
challenges like climate change, collective action is required at multiple
levels. Instead of focusing on this positive role that the commons can play,
we largely focus on narratives of the supposed ―tragedy of the commons‖,
an idea borrowed from a western narrative popularized by Garret Hardin in
the 1960s, which gained much currency in international circles
Transboundary water governance in the Hindu Kush Himalaya region Beyond the dialectics of conflict and cooperation
Full text linkThis work was carried out by the Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience (HI-AWARE) consortium under the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA) with financial support from the UK Government’s Department for International Development and the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.The querulous nature of transboundary water governance is as old as the concept and practice of transboundary water management. Its discourse is now overwhelmed by attempts made and lessons learnt in transboundary water management. At the core of the rationale lies the question why countries should collaborate with each other to engage in transboundary alliances. Against this background, this narrative review presents a systematic inquiry into the rationale behind transboundary cooperation in order to reinforce and inform further research on and practice of transboundary water to vernance in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region. It provides a justification for a pragmatic approach to transboundary water governance that goes beyond the dialectics of conflict and cooperation, particularly for countries in the HKH, where research evidence suggests that such a governance system could have momentous socio-economic as well as political implications
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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