1,720,959 research outputs found
Black Boxes – Versiegelungskontexte und Öffnungsversuche Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven
Full text linkWe are surrounded by complex things that affect us but which remain concealed behind interfaces. Examples of such black boxes are diverse: smart watches, artificial intelligence, complex software, and gene-editing technology. This interdisciplinary volume explores case examples of black boxes using theoretical analytic tools, looks at the ways they are sealed, and presents attempts to disclose their contents
Black Boxes - Versiegelungskontexte und Öffnungsversuche: Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven
Full text linkWe are surrounded by complex things that affect us but which remain concealed behind interfaces. Examples of such black boxes are diverse: smart watches, artificial intelligence, complex software, and gene-editing technology. This interdisciplinary volume explores case examples of black boxes using theoretical analytic tools, looks at the ways they are sealed, and presents attempts to disclose their contents
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
KI-Gesundheitssystem-Netzwerke: Für eine strategische Neubestimmung des Informed Consent
Full text linkDie Ära der Anwendung von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) in der Medizin beginnt gerade erst. Sie wird begleitet von großen Hoffnungen für Fortschritte in der medizinischen Versorgung, die sich auf neue Formen der Behandlung genauso beziehen wie auf den besseren Zugang zu therapeutischen Angeboten. Die Komplexität von KI-Gesundheitssystem-Netzwerken und die Dynamik der Datenzirkulation innerhalb dieser Netzwerke sind jedoch selbst von etablierten Expertinnen und Experten auf diesem Gebiet kaum zu erfassen. Allein die Frage, wo die Grenzen zwischen Behandlung, medizinischer Forschung, Technikentwicklung und Kommerzialisierung verlaufen, ist schwer zu entscheiden. Die Unübersichtlichkeit von KI-Anwendungen und -Effekten in der Medizin droht auch das Patientinnen-/ Patientenrecht auf einen Informed Consent zu unterminieren, demgemäß über eine Behandlung informiert und aufgeklärt werden muss, bevor ein Behandlungsauftrag ergeht. In diesem Artikel wird anhand der methodisch kontrollierten Kartierung von Patientinnen-/Patientendaten gezeigt, inwiefern es möglich und lohnenswert ist, neue Formen der Aufklärung zu etablieren. Die These ist, dass eine Strategie, die das Ziel von Datensouveränität in KIGesundheitssystem-Netzwerken verfolgt, nicht auf uninformierter Freigabe von Patientinnen-/Patientendaten gründen sollte. Vielmehr ist die Neubestimmung des Informed Consent notwendig – und möglich.The era of applied Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medicine is just beginning. It is accompanied by great hopes for advances in medical care, in terms of both new forms of treatment and better access to therapeutic services. The complexity of AI health system networks and the dynamics of data circulation within these networks can hardly be grasped even by established experts in this field. The very question of what differentiates treatment, medical research, technological development and commercialisation is difficult to determine. The complexity of AI in medicine threatens to undermine the patients’ rights to informed consent, which implies an adequate explanation of the process, treatment, risks and rights preceding the patient’s agreement thereto. In this article, a methodologically controlled mapping of patient data is used to show the extent to which it is worthwhile establishing new forms of informed consent. The argument is that a strategy aiming for data sovereignty within AI health should not be based on uninformed release of patient data. Instead, the redefinition of informed consent is necessary – and possible
Parliamentarian (co-)design of artificial intelligence: Past technical futures in the reports of the German Bundestag’s committees of inquiry
Full text linkSeit 40 Jahren beschäftigen sich Enquete-Kommissionen des Deutschen Bundestages in ihren Berichten mit Fragen der Auswirkungen „neuer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien“ auf die bundesdeutsche Gesellschaft, worunter bereits frühzeitig auch ‚künstliche Intelligenz‘ fällt. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird ein erster Überblick über die Entwicklung der inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte wie auch der Präsentationsform in diesem Quellentyp gegeben dessen Aufkommen in den 1980er-Jahren mit dem Anfang der parlamentarischen Technikfolgenabschätzung zusammenfällt. Unsere Forschungsergebnisse zeigen unter anderem, dass aktuelle Berichte weniger konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen an Parlamentarier:innen geben als frühere und somit politische (Mit-)Gestaltungsansprüche weniger stark betonen.For 40 years, committees of inquiry of the German Bundestag have been dealing in their reports with questions of the effects of “new information and communication technologies” on German society, including artificial intelligence at an early stage. This article gives an initial overview of the development of the main focus areas and the form of presentation in this source type, whose emergence in the 1980s coincides with the beginning of parliamentary technology assessment. Our research findings show that current reports give less concrete policy recommendations to parliamentarians than earlier ones, thus placing less emphasis on political (co-)design
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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