12 research outputs found
Coping with the un-natural: Tracking transcriptional activation and macromolecular profiles in Arabidopsis under microplastic exposure
No full textThe ocean's microplastic (MP) burden reflects the ultimate sink, yet plants are the key receivers of all sizes. However, just a few studies have been published so far have solely examined single-sized commercial PS, PE, and PET. Furthermore, commercially available disposable plastic petri usage and autoclave-sterilization of polymers with plant growth medium might affect the results when testing the premises. Here we show in-vitro phenotypic, metabolic, and transcriptional change schemes in the Arabidopsis under ozone sterilized individual polymer types of varying sizes (75-150 and 150-212 mu m) using authentic macro-plastic pieces in the environment. PS, PP and, PE exposed photosynthetically active young seedlings outperformed both sizes of PVC and PET. MP reformed transcriptional expression of functional protein families regulating redox and energy status, DNA synthesis, cell division/repair. Both PET sizes yielded more than 6-17-fold transcripts of one helix protein2 (OHP2) and A-type cyclins (CYCA3;2). While not a significant interaction between MP types and sizes was detected for pigments (p = 0.118), osmoprotectants (p = 0.979), reactive oxygen species (p = 0.065), cell membrane strength (p = 0.0850), and biomass (p = 0.115); the effect of different polymer types was found positively responsive on the root architecture (p < 0.001) and depending on what level of particle size is present, showing a significant interaction between polymers and their dimensions in triggered OHP2 and CYCA3;2 transcript abundance (p = 0.001). Changes in root structure, germination, osmotic balance, and redox status might be attributed to the strong release of chemical additives on plastics. Despite our limited understanding of how MPs impact the overall defense network, the findings provided here may be beneficial for future plant-MP interaction research at the gene and protein level
Particle size-dependent biomolecular footprints of interactive microplastics in maize
No full textThe world is dealing with the mismanaged plastic waste found even in the Arctic. The crisis is being tried to solve with the plastivor bugs or bio-plastics, and the marine pollution profiles become priority however, putative phytotoxicity on terrestrial farming have not received significant attention. Hence, morpho-physiological and molecular response in maize seedlings exposed to the most prevalent microplastic (MP) types (PP, PET, PVC, PS, PE) differing in their particle size (75-150 mm and 150 -212 mm) and combinations (PP thorn PET thorn PVC thorn PS thorn PE mix) was analyzed here for a predictive holistic model. While POD1 regulating the oxidative defense showed a slight down-regulation, HSP1 abundance quantified in the 75-150 mmMP lead a significant up-regulation particularly for PET (2.2 fold) PVC (3.3 fold), and the MP mix (6.4 fold). Biochemical imbalance detected at lower sized (75-150 mm) MPs in particular at the MP mix, involved the cell membrane instability, lesser photosynthetic pigments and a conjectural restraint in the photosynthetic capacity along with the accumulated endogenous H2O2 proved that the bigger the particle size the better the cells restore the damage under MP-caused xenobiotic stress. The determination of the impacts of MP pollution in in-vitro agricultural models might guide the development of policies in this direction and help ensure agricultural security by predicting the possible pollution damage. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Microplastic pollution profile of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected along the Turkish coasts
No full textGedik, Kenan/0000-0001-8244-6935Plastics profoundly threatens ecological balance in marine ecosystems across the globe in the current era of industrialization. Microplastics (MP), in particular, can pose risks reaching humans through the food web via various marine organisms. Among these organisms, since they are consumed as a whole, mussels are vital vectors of MP transfer during human consumption. Hence, here we analyzed MP pollution in Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) sampled from 23 different locations all along the Turkish coasts of the Black Sea, Sea of Marmara, and the Aegean Sea. After digestion of the mussels with H2O2, the micro-particles were determined under a stereomicroscope and characterized by confirming with FTIR analyses. 48% of the sampled mussels were found to have MPs. the average MP abundance was 0.69 item/mussel and 0.23 item/g fresh weight (fw) of soft tissue. Morphology was ordered as follows: fragments (67.6%)> fibers (28.4%)> films (4.05%). the dominant size of MPs was detected less than 0.5 mm (26.58%). 12 different polymers have been identified by FTIR and PET (32.9%), PP (28.4%), and PE (19.4%) were found to constitute 80% of the total MPs. the annual average exposure amount for mussel consumers in Turkey was estimated as 1918 MPs item/per year. Even though international organizations such as FAO, JECFA, or EU have not declared permissible limits, our data may inform human health uptake of MP ingestion via mussels. This data might also serve as a reference data-set for further MP monitoring research in Turkish and European Seas. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Research Fund of the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University [FBA-2020-1094, FYL-2019-1033]This work was supported by the Research Fund of the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University (grant numbers: FBA-2020-1094 and FYL-2019-1033). We would like to express our gratitude to Erdinc Turanli for his precious support for mussel sampling. Also, we thank Necla Pehlivan for her language edit
Tea-based biochar-mediated changes in cation diffusion homeostasis in rice grown in heavy metal (loid) contaminated mining soil
No full textForeseeable future scenarios highlight the urgency of applying eco-safe avoidance methods or tolerance to heavy metal(loid) (HM) stress in agricultural production areas of contamination. The analyses show that the Ni, Mn, As, and Cr concentrations detected in the soils of the paddy fields in the Black Sea region vary between 123.60 and 263.30; 687-1271; 8.90-14.50; 162.00-340.00 mg kg-1 proving high accumulation of Ni, Mn, As, Cr in rice. Overconsumption of rice farmed extensively on these soils might also lead to human HM-related health problems. Therefore, in the current study, the approach of using tea-based biochar (BC) proven to have one of the most significant potentials as a soil amendment to reduce HM transmission to in-vitro-grown rice plants was investigated in the soil medium naturally contaminated with HMs. The tea-BC was produced from readily available local black tea waste of a conventional fermentation process and applied in the in-vitro experiments. Among the tested doses examined, 1% tea-BC showed a more positive effect on rice plant growth and development characterized by a better relative growth rate (59.7 and 84 mg g- 1 d-1 for root and shoot tissues), photosynthetic pigment intactness (62.48 & mu;g mL-1), cellular membrane integrity (93%), and relative water (96%) than the other rates (0% BC, 3%BC, 5%BC). The mRNA expression data highlights the probability of a cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) (OsMTP11) in concert with catalase isozyme (CATa) and dehydrationresponsive element binding protein (DREB1a) linking the HM detoxification, oxidative defense, and dehydration pathways with the help of tea-BC. At the optimum concentration (1%BC), this approach might reduce HM accumulation levels of crops planted in HM-contaminated farmlands
Defensive manoeuvres of NHX1 and SOS1 co/overexpression in plant salt tolerance
No full textExcessive accumulation of salts is one of the most important factors affecting the production quality of plants. The difficulty to develop salt stress tolerant crops has prevented the security of the global food system. The classical crop breeding approach that uses random mutagenesis/recombination is time-consuming in the face of an ever-increasing human population and extreme weather pattern shifts. Today, technologies introducing foreign genetic material into plants have the best potential to assist in crop breeding improvement due to its high efficiency, accuracy, low risk of off-target effects, and minimal labour compared to classical methods. The notion of / antiporters in this technology has increased rapidly in recent years with numerous successful examples. In the awe of rapidly developing modern techniques, which do not yet exist at the required scale to face the aforementioned challenges, the current knowledge of the co/overexpressing / antiporters (NHX1 and SOS1) will be explored as a potential method to produce staple crops with greater resilience to over concentrated ions and abnormally high osmotic stress
Dynamic interactions of Trichoderma harzianum TS 143 from an old mining site in Turkey for potent metal(oid)s phytoextraction and bioenergy crop farming
No full textDespite high pollution risk, the termination of mining practices is not in question in the current era in line with the growing needs of beings. Instead, the rehabilitation by phytoremediation restores the economic and aesthetic values of the damaged locale. Here, potentially toxic elements (PTEs) tolerant 29 Trichoderma isolates from mining sites located foothills of Turkey`s NE Black Sea coast were isolated. The highest tolerant strain (As 1400 mg L?1, Cd 1200 mg L?1, Cu 2000 mg L?1, Pb 2100 mg L?1, Zn 3000 mg L?1) was characterized with tef-1? barcode and deposited in the GenBank. The PTEs removal strength of novel Trichoderma harzianum TS143 was highest for Pb (58%) and the lowest for As (8.5%) in the order of Pb > Cd > Cu > Zn > As. While bioleaching capacity was highest in Cd with 30%, the lowest was for As (8%). TS143 was found remarkably effective on all the physicochemical parameters in the shoot and root tissues of maize. The increase in the carbohydrate content (33%) proves the potential usage of the contaminated maize plants in bioenergy production. Core sustainable agents with their mesh type robust hyphal structure enfolding PTEs such as TS143 contribute to the phytoremediation technology along with potential plant biomass management for the biodiesel industry. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu, TÜBITAK 118O116We are grateful to Dr. Feng Cai and Dr. Irina Druzhinina from Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU) China, for their barcode suggestion. This work was supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Grant No. 118O116 )
Domates Bitkisinde (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Tohumların Trichoderma ile Ön Muamelesinin Kuraklık Direncine Etkisi
No full textTomato is one of the most important food crops immensely affected by water scarcity. Therefore, it is vital to find biocontrol agents for improving the yield of tomato crop in arid areas. The fungal genus, Trichoderma is widely used as an eco-friendly, biocontrol agent in commercial formulas because of the various beneficial effects it has on plants including the resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study, the effects of an isolate of Trichoderma atroviride ID20G (Ta) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings were investigated under drought stress. The isolated fungus was identified using ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequences. Root colonization by Ta induced changes in growth performance indexes such as root growth, root branching, and leaf number as compared to the untreated seedlings. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the untreated tomato seedlings decreased after drought stress along with extensive membrane deterioration, whereas seed colonization by Ta prevented lipid oxidation and ameliorated the harmful effects of drought on pigment contents. Antioxidant enzyme activity was elevated and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration was found to decrease under drought stress in the Ta treated seedlings. These observations suggest that colonization of tomato seedlings by Ta is effective in counteracting the injurious effects of drought, and therefore, may have a prominent role in increasing the drought tolerance of tomato plant by decreasing H2O2 concentration and activating the antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, fungus-based biocontrol agent formulation of Ta might serve as a potential tool in tomato agriculture owing to its low cost, effectiveness, and characteristics required for balancing the natural ecology.Domates, su kıtlığından etkilenen en önemli besin ürünlerinden biridir. Bu nedenle kurak bölgelerde yetişen domates verimini arttırmak için biyokontrol ajanları bulmak hayati önem taşır. Trichoderma mantar cinsi, biyotik ve abiyotik streslere direnç de dahil olmak üzere bitkiler üzerinde sahip olduğu çeşitli yararlı etkiler sayesinde ticari formüllerde çevre dostu bir biyolojik kontrol ajanı olarak yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Trichoderma atroviride ID20G (Ta) izolatının kuraklık stresi altında domates bitkilerindeki (Solanum lycopersicum L.) etkileri araştırılmıştır. İzole edilen mantar, ITS (internal transcribed spacer) dizileri kullanılarak tanımlanmıştır.Ta kök kolonizasyonu, uygulama yapılmamış bitkilere nazaran kök büyümesi, kök dallanması ve yaprak sayısı gibi büyüme performansı endekslerinde değişiklikler meydana gelmesini sağlamıştır. Mantar ile muamele edilmemiş domates bitkilerinin klorofil ve karotenoid içerikleri ağır membran hasarı ile birlikte kuraklık stresi sonrasında azalırken, tohumların Ta ile muamele edilmesi lipit oksidasyonunu önlemiş ve kuraklığın pigment içeriğindeki zararlı etkilerini azaltmıştır. Antioksidan enzim aktivitesi yükselmiş ve Ta ile muamele edilen kuraklık stresi altındaki bitkilerde hidrojen peroksit (H2O2) konsantrasyonunun azaldığı görülmüştür. Bu gözlemler, domates tohumlarının Ta ile muamelesinin, kuraklığın zararlı etkilerine karşı etkili olduğunu ve antioksidan enzimleri aktive ederek ve H2O2 konsantrasyonunu azaltarak domates bitkisinin kuraklık toleransını arttırmada önemli bir role sahip olabileceğini önermektedir. Dahası, Ta mantarı tabanlı bir biyo-kontrol ajan formülasyonu, düşük maliyetli olması, etkinliği ve ekolojiyi dengeleyebilecek özelliklerden dolayı domates tarı- mı için potansiyel bir araç görevi görebilir
Potansiyel biyokontrol ajanları olarak yerel trichoderma spp. Türlerinin karakterizasyonu, in vitro antagonistik aktivitelerinin ve fungisit toleransların i?ncelenmesi
No full textEnlightening effects of biocontrol agents as Trichoderma spp. to provide disease control by combating pathogens is an important alternative in agricultural crop production. To that end, 9 species of Hypocrea/ Trichoderma having green ascospores isolated from the soil that tea plants cultivated in are identified by ITS sequences and were found to be close relative of Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium (77%). Ethyl acetate extracts of fungal isolates exhibited the antimicrobial activity against to Vibrio sp, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Bacillus cereus but no antifungal activity was detected. The highest level of inhibitory activity was observed against to M. smegmatis by Trichoderma harzianum ID4A, ID4B and ID6B. In dual culture test, all Trichoderma strains were found to be showing the highest inhibitory activity against to the plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotonia sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani (AG3), but relatively low activity against to the entomopathogen fungi. Volatile metabolites of Trichoderma spp. caused maximum reduction in mycelial growth and sclerotial production. Tested strains showed the highest tolerance to the fungicide Dikozin, whereas the lowest tolerance was against to the Captan regardless of the dosage.Trichoderma spp. gibi biyokontrol ajanlarının etkilerini incelemek tarımsal üretimde patojenlerle mücadele yoluyla hastalık kontrolünü sağlamada önemli bir alternatiftir. Bu amaçla, çay bitkilerinin topraklarından izole edilmiş yeşil askosporlara sahip 9 Hypocrea/ Trichoderma türü, ITS sekansları ile tanımlanmış ve türlerin % 77 oranında Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium ile yakın akraba olduğu belirlenmiştir. Fungal izolatların etil asetat ekstraktlarının, Vibrio sp., Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium smegmatis ve Bacillus cereus’a karşı antimikrobiyal aktivite sergilediği tespit edilmesine karşın, izolatlarda antifungal aktivite gözlenmemiştir. En yüksek inhibisyon aktivitesinin, Trichoderma harzianum ID4A, ID4B ve ID6B tarafından M. smegmatis’e karşı oluşturulduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Çift kültür testinde, tüm Trichoderma suşlarının Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotonia sclerotiorum ve Rhizoctonia solani (AG3) bitki patojenlerine karşı en yüksek inhibitör aktivite gösterdiği, fakat entomopatojen mantarlara karşı nispeten düşük etkide oldukları bulunmuştur. Trichoderma spp. uçucu metabolitleri, misel artışı ve sklerotik üretimde maksimum azalmaya neden olmuştur. Test edilen suşların, dozajdan bağımsız olarak en yüksek toleransı Dikozin fungisitine karşı, en düşük toleransı ise; Captan’a karşı gösterdiği belirlenmiştir
Salt Stress Triggered Changes in Osmoregulation and Antioxidants in Herbaceous Perennial Inula Plants (Asteraceae)
No full textGlobal demand to cure ailments is a growing need. Inula genus extensively holds hundreds of species in warmer regions of Europe and Asia. It is being well-known for its phytochemical and pharmacological applications in industry thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial interests. However, growth and production of Inula in the cuttingedge industry is commonly influenced by salt stress except for the halophyte species such as the Inula crithmoides. Salt tolerance level by means of changes in osmoregulation and antioxidant systems in an herbaceous perennial Inula plant has been biochemically evaluated here. Both salt stress treatments caused photosynthetic pigments’ degradation, increase in the leaf levels of osmolytes, and induction of oxidative stress indicated by the malondialdehyde (MDA). Higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) amount was recorded in high salt concentration than low salt. High salinity caused an increase in ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) contents besides target enzymes of Inula leaves. NaCl tolerance of Inula also was found comprehensible through the higher concentrations of proline and to a lesser extent, total soluble sugar. Salt tolerance mechanisms of this rich bioresourse needs to be further studied in detail for herbal medicines in pharma sector
Pseudomonas putida kt2440 induces drought tolerance during fruit ripening in tomato
No full textThe current study investigated the effects of Pseudomonas putida strain KT2440 on the drought tolerance of tomato plants during
fruit maturation. Plants at the ripening stage of the mature-green were not watered for 20 days to promote drought stress.
Concentrations of photosynthetic pigments were determined. Bacteria-soaked tomato plants (BSS) had higher levels of
chlorophyll and carotenoids than non-soaked plants (DWS) under stress conditions. Compared to the DWS, stomatal conductance,
lipid peroxidation, and hydrogen peroxide content in the BSS plants decreased under drought stress. The ascorbate peroxidase
(APX), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities increased in BSS plants compared to DWS under drought stress.
Furthermore, the number and weight of fruits in both DWS and BSS plants was reduced by the stress, but the reduction in BSS
plants was lower than in DWS plants. These results showed that bacteria treatment conferred tolerance to drought stress in tomato
plants by reducing the peroxidation extent of polar lipids (PLs), increasing photosynthetic pigment content, and activities of the
antioxidant enzymes in the leaves. Therefore, P. putida KT2440 has supported high fruit yield under drought stress as a biotic
tolerance elicitor for this plant stressEl estudio investigó los efectos de la cepa KT2440 de Pseudomonas putida sobre la tolerancia a la sequía de plantas de tomate
durante la maduración de la fruta. Las plantas en etapa de fruta verde madura no se regaron durante 20 días para promover el
estrés por sequía. Se determinaron los contenidos de pigmentos fotosintéticos. Las plantas que recibieron la bacteria (PCB)
tuvieron mayor cantidad de clorofila y carotenoides que las plantas sin la bacteria (PSB) en condiciones de estrés. En
comparación con las PSB, la sequía indujo menor conductancia estomática, peroxidación de lípidos y peróxido de hidrógeno, y
mayor actividad de ascorbato peroxidasa (APX), catalasa (CAT) y peroxidasa (POD) en las PCB. El número y peso de los frutos
en las PCB y PSB se redujo por el estrés por sequía, pero la reducción fue menor en las PCB. Estos resultados indican que el
tratamiento con bacterias confirió tolerancia al estrés por sequía en plantas de tomate al reducir el grado de peroxidación de los
lípidos polares (PLs), aumentar el contenido de pigmentos fotosintéticos y las actividades de las enzimas antioxidantes en las
hojas. Se concluye que P. putida KT2440 facilitó un alto rendimiento de frutos bajo estrés por sequía como un inductor biótico de
tolerancia a este tipo de estrés
