169,986 research outputs found
Knowledge: a Challenge for the Austrian Theory of the Firm.
No full textIn this paper I argue that the unequal distribution of knowledge implies that an Austrian theory of the firm must investigate two items. The first is the growth of knowledge within the firm (learning process), the second the way in the rights to decide over the distribution of knowledge are assigned and controlled. Finally, because those two elements are interdependent, we must define what their possible relations can be.
Early-life circumstances and late-life income
No full textThis paper aims at evaluating and comparing across European countries the influence of early-life circumstances, like childhood disparities and educational attainments, on incomes in later life. Using life-history data from SHARELIFE, country-specific structural relationships among childhood socio-economic status, education and incomes at the first and the last job are investigated by means of recursive models, controlling for individual covariates. Poorer childhood socio-economic conditions are associated with higher differentials in years of full-time education and higher income inequalities. The extent of these results varies across countries
Eodromyia Myskowiak & Garrouste & Nel 2018, gen. nov.
No full textGenus Eodromyia gen. nov. Type species. Eodromyia pumilio sp. nov., by present designation. Etymology. Named after the Eocene period and suffix –dromia (from Greek ‘dromos’: runner), widely used through Tachydromiinae. Its gender is feminine. Diagnosis. Eyes contiguous on face and widely separated on frons; posterior pair of ocellar setae long; postocellar setae minute; one pair of vertical setae; one series of four rather long pairs of setae on occiput; aristalike stylus subapical; one pair anterior of ocellar setae; disc of scutum with setae arranged in distinct rows; dorsocentral setae uniserial; mesopleuron with hairs; all longitudinal veins simple; C ending at apex of M; Rs rather long, longer than base of R4+5 and r-m, weaker than R2+3 and R4+5; R2+3 distinctly curved; R4+5 and M divergent; M and CuA strongly divergent; complete reduction of CuA2; no cell bm, no crossvein bm-cu; anal vein very short; hind femur lacking subapical setae; hind tibia with six anterodorsal setae; mesopleuron with setulae.Published as part of Myskowiak, J., Garrouste, R. & Nel, A., 2018, Eodromyia pumilio gen. et sp. nov., a new empidoid fly from the Earliest Eocene amber of France (Diptera: Hybotidae: Tachydromiinae), pp. 279-286 in Zootaxa 4379 (2) on page 280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4379.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/117552
Data Quality: Three Examples of Consistency Across SHARE and SHARELIFE Data
No full textSHARELIFE is the third wave of SHARE and constitutes its retrospective survey focusing on the life histories of the European population aged 50 and over across 14 European countries. As any retrospective survey, SHARELIFE is subject to memory bias, which can present serious problem in the analysis of retrospective data. Given the evidence-based increased risk of recall bias in the retrospective surveys and given the length of the recall period covered by the SHARELIFE survey (i.e. at least 50 years), this paper aims at assessing the quality of the SHARELIFE data by investigating (i) the extent to which SHARELIFE respondents remember past events incorrectly; and (ii) the extent to which this recall bias may vary by type of individual characteristics (e.g., gender, education level, childhood background, health status). In that effort, this paper focuses on three variables, namely year of stopping working, date of birth of the first (still alive) child and date of the last marriage for cohabitating respondents
Lodevoisadia Nel & Kundura & Pouillon & Garrouste & Jouault 2022, gen. nov.
No full textGenus Lodevoisadia gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CB082E08-C310-4BBD-ACE8-FEFA3D7DC580 Type species Lodevoisadia coheni gen. et sp. nov. Diagnosis Costal area narrow; ScP ending into C; RP simple; MA simple; MP forked; CuA1 with three branches; CuA2 simple; arculus m-cua present between M and CuA1; areas between RA and RP, RP and MA, and between MA and MP distally widened; few simple crossveins between RP, MA, and MP. Etymology The genus name is a combination of the town of Lodève and the genus name Isadia. Gender feminine.Published as part of Nel, André, Kundura, Jean-Paul, Pouillon, Jean-Marc, Garrouste, Romain & Jouault, Corentin, 2022, A new ' grylloblattodean' genus and species (Insecta: Polyneoptera) from the middle Permian Salagou Formation (France), pp. 77-84 in European Journal of Taxonomy 852 (1) on page 79, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.852.2011, http://zenodo.org/record/745902
Lodevoisadia coheni Nel & Kundura & Pouillon & Garrouste & Jouault 2022, gen. et sp. nov.
No full textLodevoisadia coheni gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 59BE288B-C752-4898-ACE5-72799793A9F6 Fig. 1 Diagnosis As for the genus (vide supra). Etymology Named after Henri Cohen, who discovered the type specimen and allowed us to study it. The specific epithet is to be treated as a noun in genitive case. Type material Holotype Specimen 2022.3.2 (number HC Can 01a-b, part and counterpart of a forewing, collection Henri Cohen); Musée of Lodève, France. Description Counterpart of an almost complete right forewing, with costal part of extreme base not preserved, 10.4 mm long (as preserved), ca 3.5 mm wide; area between C and ScP narrow, ca 0.2 mm wide; ScP simple, closely parallel to R, ending in C at 8.0 mm from wing base; few weak and short veinlets between RA and C near apex of RA; base of RP at 3.3 mm from wing base; RP simple; base of MP at 2.5 mm from wing base; MA simple; MP forked 3.3 mm distad origin of MP; crossveins in areas between RA and MP spaced; course of RP and MA nearly straight; areas between RA and RP and between RP and MA distally widened; CuA convex, with a nearly straight and simple basal posterior branch CuA2; CuA1 branched at 2.0 mm distad its base; area between MP and CuA1 rather broad basad first branch of CuA1; RP, M, and CuA well-separated; arculus m-cua present between M and CuA1; CuP concave, straight, and simple; AA1 and AA2 convex and simple.Published as part of Nel, André, Kundura, Jean-Paul, Pouillon, Jean-Marc, Garrouste, Romain & Jouault, Corentin, 2022, A new ' grylloblattodean' genus and species (Insecta: Polyneoptera) from the middle Permian Salagou Formation (France), pp. 77-84 in European Journal of Taxonomy 852 (1) on page 79, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.852.2011, http://zenodo.org/record/745902
Pseudostenolestes bechlyi Garrouste & Nel, 2015, sp. nov.
No full textPseudostenolestes bechlyi sp. nov. (Figs. 8–13) Material. Holotype specimen MeI 14781 a–b, paratypes specimens MeI 13209, MeI 14712, and MeI 14794 a–b, all at SMF. Etymology. Named after our friend and colleague Günter Bechly, for his contributions in odonatology. Age and outcrop. Lower Middle Eocene, Geiseltalian (Lower Lutetian), ca. 47 million year old former Maar lake Messel, near Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany. Diagnosis. As for the family, plus presence of a dark metallic zone crossing the wing around nodus level. Descriptions. Specimen MeI 14781 a–b: MeI 14781 a (a hind wing base up to nodus level): length of fragment 26.8 mm, max. width 8.9 mm; MeI 14781 b (apical two-thirds of wing): 25.7 mm long; max. width 8.2 mm; wing hyaline except for a broad dark area crossing it around nodus; wing ca. 32.3 mm long, 8.9 mm wide at nodus level; a very short petiole, 0.7 mm long; anal area with two rows of cells between AA and AP because of the presence of a strong vein emerging from posterior side of subdiscoidal cell in its middle and directed towards wing base; subdiscoidal cell broad and elongate, 1.2 mm long, 0.6 mm wide; CuP vein obliquely oriented between AA and MP+CuA; distance from base to arculus 2.9 mm, from arculus to nodus 8.6 mm, from nodus to pterostigma 12.3 mm; nodus in a basal position; pterostigma long and broad, 5.2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, covering ca. four cells; pterostigmal brace absent; distance from wing base to Ax 1 2.8 mm, from Ax 1 to Ax 2 1.8 mm, Ax 1 aligned with arculus; at least three supplementary antenodal crossveins of first row between C and ScP distal of Ax 2, without corresponding crossvein of second row; discoidal cell unicellular, 1.6 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, distinctly broadened in its distal part, basal side 0.6 mm long, anterior side 1.2 mm long, posterior side 1.1 mm long, distal side MAb 1.2 mm long; ScP not crossing through nodus, unlike in Stenolestes Scudder, 1895; nodal crossvein oblique; subnodus slightly oblique with corresponding crossvein below (between RP 1 / 2 and IR 2) of inverted obliquity; ca. 17 postnodal crossveins preserved, not aligned with the 18 postsubnodal crossveins; bases of RP 3 / 4 and IR 2 between arculus and nodus, closer to arculus than to nodus; base of RP 3 / 4 3.6 mm from arculus; base of RP 2 aligned with subnodus; base of IR 1 five cells and 3.3 mm distally; oblique crossvein ‘O’ present two cells distal of base of RP 2; cubito-anal area with four-six rows of cells between CuA and posterior wing margin; CuA reaching posterior wing margin just distal of nodus level; CuA strongly curved; area between MP and posterior wing margin very broad; postdiscoidal area distally widened, with one or two secondary longitudinal veins between MP and MA; area between RP 3 / 4 and MA with two secondary longitudinal veins in between; four rows of cells between RP 3 / 4 and IR 2 and two rows between RP 1 and IR 1; three rows of cells between IR 1 and RP 2 opposite pterostigma, but only one basally. Specimen MeI 13209 (a nearly complete hind wing). Hyaline except for a metallic colored area crossing it around nodus; 34.3 mm long, 9.4 mm wide at nodus level; length of metallic colored area at costal margin 6.9 mm; nearly all preserved details of venation identical to those of specimen MeI 14781 a–b. Specimen MeI 14712 (distal two-thirds of a wing). Hyaline except for a metallic colored area around nodus. Preserved part 24.0 mm long; length of metallic colored area at costal margin 6.9 mm; all preserved parts are identical to those of specimen MeI 14781 a–b. Specimen MeI 14794 a–b: fragment MeI 14794 a (nearly complete wing) 34.3 mm long, 9.3 mm wide; MeI 14794 b (fragment of median part of wing): max. width 9.2 mm. All preserved parts and pattern of coloration are identical to those of specimen MeI 14781 a–b, except for the distinctly less oblique subnodus. Discussion. The comparable preserved parts of these wings are nearly identical, supporting their attribution to the same taxon. The presence of discoidal cells of ‘sieblosiid type’ together with the positions of the bases of RP 3 / 4 and IR 2 midway between arculus and nodus suggest possible affinities with the Sieblosiidae or with the Dysagrioninae: Petrolestini. The presence of the oblique vein ‘O’ together supports affinities with the Sieblosiidae rather than with the Dysagrioninae. Nevertheless, Pseudostenolestes strongly differs from the known Sieblosiidae in the following characters: shape of nodus with ScP not crossing through it; base of RP 2 only one or two cells distal of subnodus instead of being more than five cells distal of it; presence of secondary antenodal crossveins distal of Ax 2. Furthermore Pseudostenolestes differs from both the Sieblosiidae and the Dysagrioninae (but also from all Zygoptera) in the very particular organization of the cubito-anal veins, viz. there is a strong vein emerging from posterior side of subdiscoidal cell in its middle and directed towards wing base. This structure constitutes one of the main synapomorphies of the Epiproctophora (Fleck et al., 2003; Bechly, 2014). It corresponds to the vein CuAb that is separating from CuAa in the postero-distal angle of the subdiscoidal cell, and is distally meeting with AA to vanish in the basal part of cubito-anal area. This structure is clearly visible in the Heterophlebioptera Bechly, 1996, in the Epiophlebiidae, (less distinct in the Stenophlebiidae), the Isophlebioptera, but also in the anisopteran Liassogomphidae (see Fleck et al. 2003). Fleck et al. (2004) proposed that the Sieblosiidae should be removed from the Zygoptera and could be the sister group of the Epiproctophora. Pseudostenolestes shares with the Epiproctophora the synapomorphic presence of a strong CuAb directed towards wing base. Pseudostenolestes has a subdiscoidal cell broader than in the Zygoptera and the Sieblosiidae. This character is reminiscent of the situation in the Isophlebioptera in which the hind wing subdiscoidal cell is enlarged and has a bulged posterior margin (Nel et al., 1993; Bechly, 1996, 2014). Nevertheless, nearly all the representatives of this clade have subdiscoidal cells broader than in Pseudostenolestes and a different pattern of the longitudinal veins. Only the Cyclothemistidae, Bechly, 1996 (e.g., Cyclothemistinae Cyclothemis Pritykina, 1980, and Shurabiola Pritykina, 1980, and Pseudotriassothemistinae Pseudotriassothemis), have a subdiscoidal cell as narrow as Pseudostenolestes. Interestingly the Cyclothemistidae also share with Pseudostenolestes several other characters, viz. the distal side (MAb) of the discoidal cell is about twice as long as the basal side (= posterior part of arculus); the typical pattern of the longitudinal veins in Isophlebioptera is reversed (the same situation also occurs in the Cyclothemistidae Handlirsch, 1939); thus the postdiscoidal space is not narrowed and RP 3 / 4 is not parallel to IR 2. If the Cyclothemistinae have a narrower cubito-anal area than that of Pseudostenolestes, the Triassic Pseudotriassothemis shares with Pseudostenolestes a broad cubito-anal area. Furthermore the CuP vein of Pseudostenolestes is obliquely oriented between AA and MP+CuA. This tendency is achieved in Pseudotriassothemis, in which CuP appears aligned with basal part of AA (Fujiyama 1991). Pseudostenolestes differs from the Cyclothemistidae in the subnodus aligned with the nodal crossing, instead of being in a more distal position (Pritykina 1980; Fujiyama 1991). This important difference is sufficient to justify a family separation. Mesozoic representatives of the Isophlebioptera have the discoidal cells of the fore and hind wings of different shapes (see Nel et al. 1993). Thus we can suppose that the specimens MeI 14781 a–b and MeI 13209 correspond to hind wings with closed discoidal cells. Pseudostenolestes can be considered as the first Cenozoic and youngest Isophlebioptera, while this clade was previously known only between the Upper Triassic and the Lower Cretaceous. This implies a position of ‘ghost’ taxa of the Pseudostenolestidae during the Upper Cretaceous. Until now, if we except the Cenozoic Sieblosiidae, the Epiophlebioptera was the unique Mesozoic subclade (except the Anisoptera) of the Epiproctophora that survived the Cretaceous-Cenozoic mass extinction, as it is known by modern species and a very recently discovered taxon in the mid Cretaceous Burmese amber (Bechly and Poinar 2013). The present discovery of an Isophlebioptera in the Paleogene demonstrates that this clade survived the major odonatological turnover of the Cenomanian-Turonian (Nel et al. 2010) and the K-T extinction.Published as part of Garrouste, Romain & Nel, André, 2015, New Eocene damselflies and first Cenozoic damsel-dragonfly of the isophlebiopteran lineage (Insecta: Odonata), pp. 354-366 in Zootaxa 4028 (3) on pages 361-364, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4028.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/23268
Early-life circumstances and cognitive functioning dynamics in later life
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